[314]
Jane herself says of Anne Elliot, “You may perhaps like the heroine as she is almost too good for me,” yet the too-good note seems less obtrusive13 with Anne than with Fanny Price, whose exceeding surface meekness15 does sometimes produce a little exasperation16. Anne and Fanny have the most in common among the heroines of the novels, yet what a difference is there! Fanny has many virtues17, but her intense nervous sensitiveness makes one feel her self-consciousness, and underlying18 all her shrinking there was a quality of obstinacy19 that is felt without being insisted upon. It is just the subtle difference that Jane knew so well how to make, the feeling perhaps is that Fanny is not quite a gentlewoman, that she would be difficult to get on with, however meek14 and self-effacing on the surface, while Anne could never be anything but a delightful20 companion.
Incidentally some parts of Persuasion have already been referred to, Louisa Musgrove’s fall on the Cobb, the scenes that take place in Bath, the touching21 words of Anne when she feels that she has hopelessly lost her lover, which strike a deeper note of feeling than any other in the whole range of the novels. It remains22 therefore but to say that there is no secondary character to equal those of Miss Bates or Mr. Collins, that the secondary characters are in all cases less sharply defined than those usually depicted24 by Jane, but that Captain Wentworth is equal to his good fortune, and that as a pair of lovers he and Anne stand unrivalled.
Persuasion was finished in July 1816, but Jane was not satisfied with it, perhaps her own failing health and the sense of tiredness that went with it, had made her lose that grip of the action that she had hitherto held so well; she felt the story did not end satisfactorily, that it wanted bringing together and clinching25 so to speak; Mr. Austen-Leigh says: “This weighed upon her mind, [315] the more so probably on account of her weak state of health, so that one night she retired26 to rest in very low spirits. But such depression was little in accordance with her nature, and was soon shaken off. The next morning she woke to more cheerful views and brighter inspirations; the sense of power revived and imagination resumed its course. She cancelled the condemned27 chapter and wrote two others, entirely28 different, in its stead.”
These were the tenth and eleventh chapters, and contained the scene in which Anne so touchingly29 expresses her ideas on the theme of woman’s love. There is no question that the story as it now stands is improved by the change, and that her instinct was true. Mr. Austen-Leigh gives the cancelled chapter in his Memoir30, and it certainly is “tame and flat” compared with the others, and had she not made the substitution it might justly have been said that Persuasion, however charming, did show signs of failing power.
This book was not published until after her death, when it appeared in one volume with Northanger Abbey, the first to which her name was prefixed, this came out in 1818 with a Memoir by her brother Henry. Up to the time of her death she had received nearly seven hundred pounds for the published books, which, considering her anonymity32, and entire lack of publicity33 and influence, must have appeared to her, and indeed was, wonderful, though in comparison with the true value of the work very little indeed.
In December 1816 her brothers, Henry and Charles, were both at Chawton, and she speaks of their being in good health and spirits. She got through the winter well, and wrote to a friend in January, “Such mild weather is, you know, delightful to us, and though we have a great many ponds and a fine running stream [316] through the meadows on the other side of the road, it is nothing but what beautifies us and does to talk of. I have certainly gained strength through the winter, and am not far from being well. And I think I understand my own case now so much better than I did, as to be able by care to keep off any serious return of illness.”
She had taken to using a donkey-carriage in good weather, and doubtless this was a great boon34, though she was able to walk one way either to or from Alton without over-fatigue35, and hoped to be able to manage both ways when the summer came. In January also she mentions that her brother Henry, who was now ordained36, was coming down to preach. “It will be a nervous hour for our pew, though we hear that he acquits37 himself with as much ease and collectedness as if he had been used to it all his life.”
Her last completed book Persuasion was not her last work, even in declining strength the motive38 power was unabated.
“Upon a fitful revival39 of her strength, at the beginning of 1817, she fell eagerly to work at a story, of which she wrote twelve chapters. It has no name, and the plot and purpose are undeveloped. But some of the personages sketched40 have more than promise. There is a Mr. Parker with fixed31 theories as to the fashionable watering place he hopes to evolve out of a Sussex fishing village; there is a rich and vulgar Lady Denham, who will certainly disappoint her relatives by the testamentary disposition41 of her property, and there are two maiden42 ladies who thoroughly43 ‘enjoy’ bad health, and quack44 themselves to their heart’s content. Whatever the plot to be unravelled45, there is no sign that the writer’s hand had lost its cunning.” (Mr. Austin Dobson’s preface to Macmillan’s edition of Northanger Abbey.)
[317]
We are told by Mr. Austen-Leigh that the date on the last chapter of this MS. was March 17, which, “as the watch of a drowned man denotes the time of his death, so does this final date seem to fix the period when her mind could no longer pursue its accustomed course.”
It was in March that her own family began to think seriously of the malady46 that was so insidiously47 making inroads on her vitality48. Her niece Caroline, Anna’s half-sister, and sister of the Mr. Austen-Leigh to whose Memoir the world is so much indebted, was then a child of twelve; she came about the end of March to stay at Chawton, but found her aunt so ill that she could not be taken in, so she was sent on to her half-sister Anna Lefroy; in her private records she gives the following account from recollection: “The next day we walked over to Chawton to make enquiries after our aunt, she was then keeping her room, but said she would see us and we went up to her. She was in her dressing-gown, and was sitting quite like an invalid49 in an arm-chair, but she got up and kindly50 greeted us, and then pointing to seats which had been arranged for us by the fire, ‘There is a chair for the married lady, and a little stool for you, Caroline.’... I was struck by the alteration51 in herself. She was very pale, her voice was weak and low, and there was about her a general appearance of debility and suffering, but I have been told that she never had much acute pain. She was not equal to the exertion52 of talking to us, and our visit to the sick room was a very short one, aunt Cassandra soon taking us away. I do not suppose we stayed a quarter of an hour, and I never saw aunt Jane again.”
It was in May that Jane was persuaded to go with her sister to lodgings53 in Winchester for the sake of [318] further medical advice, and she never returned to Chawton, though probably that was the last thought that would have occurred to her on leaving it, for she was never inclined to be analytical55 or valetudinarian56, and certainly she was one of the last to affect illness, or become an invalid for fancy. Cassandra cannot have known how soon she was to be bereaved57 of that dear sister whose life had run in such harmony with her own, and though anxiety must have darkened her heart, Jane’s own sanguineness58 would buoy59 her with fresh hope, and the weeks the sisters passed together in Winchester must have been singularly peaceful.
The house in which Jane stayed still stands, it is in College Street, close to the great archway that marks the entrance to the College precincts. She says of it herself, “Our lodgings are very comfortable, we have a neat little drawing-room with a bow window overlooking Dr. Gabell’s garden.”
Here her life and strength slowly ebbed60 away; day by day she was longer chained to her sofa from increasing weakness. The elementary medical knowledge of her day was powerless to help her, though her life, humanly speaking, could probably have been prolonged if medical science had then known what it knows now.
Day by day through the bow window overlooking the street, would come the sound of boyish voices, the clatter61 of boyish feet, and she could see the greenery of the trees in the garden beyond the wall. She had plenty of companionship, Cassandra was ever with her, and Mrs. James Austen helped in the nursing.
The slight sharpness arising from unusual penetration62, which had sometimes marked Jane’s comments in earlier days, had all died down, she said gratefully to her sister-in-law, “You have always been a kind sister [319] to me, Mary,” and of her own dear Cassandra she said, “I will only say further that my dearest sister, my tender, watchful63, indefatigable64 nurse, has not been made ill by her exertions65. As to what I owe her, and the anxious affection of all my beloved family on this occasion, I can only cry over it, and pray God to bless them more and more.”
And on July 18, when all the trees were at their greenest, and the bright sunshine lighted up the walls of the hoary66 abbey, she passed away. We can add nothing to her sister’s account, written in the agony of the first bereavement67, to her who was now closest to her heart, her niece, Fanny Knight68.
“My dearest Fanny,—Doubly dear to me now for her dear sake whom we have lost. She did love you most sincerely.... Since Tuesday evening when her complaint returned, there was a visible change, she slept more, and much more comfortably; indeed during the last eight and forty hours she was more asleep than awake. Her looks altered and she fell away, but I perceived no material diminution69 of strength, and, though I was then hopeless of her recovery, I had no suspicion how rapidly my loss was approaching.
“I have lost a treasure, such a sister, such a friend as never can have been surpassed. She was the sun of my life, the gilder70 of every pleasure, the soother71 of every sorrow, I had not a thought concealed72 from her, and it is as if I had lost a part of myself.
“... She felt herself to be dying about half an hour before she became tranquil73 and apparently74 unconscious. During that half hour was her struggle, poor soul! She said she could not tell us what she suffered, though she complained of little fixed pain. When I asked her if there was anything she wanted, her answer was she wanted nothing but death, and some of her [320] words were, ‘God grant me patience; pray for me, oh, pray for me!’ Her voice was affected75, but as long as she spoke76 she was intelligible77.
“I hope I do not break your heart, my dearest Fanny, by these particulars, I mean to afford you gratification while I am relieving my own feelings. I could not write so to anybody else.... On Thursday, when the clock struck six, she was talking quietly to me. I cannot say how soon afterwards she was seized again with faintness, which was followed by the sufferings which she could not describe, but Mr. Lyford who had been sent for, had applied78 something to give her ease, and she was in a state of quiet insensibility by seven o’clock at the latest. From that time till half past four when she ceased to breathe, she scarcely moved a limb, so that we have every reason to think with gratitude79 to the Almighty80, that her sufferings were over. A slight motion of the head with every breath remained till almost the last. I sat close to her with a pillow in my lap to assist in supporting her head which was almost off the bed, for six hours; fatigue made me then resign my place to Mrs. J. A. for two hours and a half, when I took it again, and in about an hour more she breathed her last.
“... There was nothing convulsed which gave the idea of pain in her look; on the contrary, but for the continual motion of the head, she gave one the idea of a beautiful statue, and even now in her coffin81, there is such a sweet serene82 air over her countenance83 as is quite pleasant to contemplate84.”
And later on after the funeral she wrote again, “Thursday was not so dreadful a day to me as you imagined.... Everything was conducted with the greatest tranquillity85, and but that I was determined86 that I would see the last, and therefore was upon the listen, I [321] should not have known when they left the house. I watched the little mournful procession the length of the street, and when it turned from my sight, and I had lost her for ever, even then I was not over-powered, nor so much agitated87 as I am now in writing of it. Never was a human being more sincerely mourned by those who attended her remains than was this dear creature. May the sorrow with which she is parted with on earth be a prognostic of the joy with which she is hailed in heaven!... Oh, if I may one day be reunited to her there!”
Cassandra herself survived for twenty-eight years, and spent her last days in the cottage at Chawton endeared to her by recollections of her mother and beloved sister.
Jane’s resting-place in the Cathedral is almost opposite the tomb of the founder88, William of Wykeham. A large black slab89 of marble let into the pavement marks the spot, it bears an inscription90 including the following words: “The benevolence91 of her heart, the sweetness of her temper, and the extraordinary endowments of her mind obtained the regard of all who knew her, and the warmest love of her immediate92 connexions.”
Subsequently her nephew Mr. Austen-Leigh inserted a brass93 on the wall near with an inscription which runs as follows: “Jane Austen, known to many by her writing, endeared to her family by the varied94 charms of her character, and ennobled by Christian95 faith and piety96, was born at Steventon in the county of Hampshire Dec. 16, 1775, and buried in this cathedral July 24, 1817. ‘She openeth her mouth with wisdom and in her tongue is the law of kindness.’”
In 1900 a memorial window was inserted as the result of a public subscription97; it was designed and executed by C. E. Kemp. In the head of the window [322] is a figure of St. Augustine whose name in its abbreviated98 form is St. Austin. In the centre of the upper row of lights is David with his harp23. Below his figure, in Latin, are the words, “Remember in the Lord Jane Austen who died July 18, A.D. 1817.” In the centre of the bottom row is the figure of St. John, and the remaining figures are those of the sons of Korah carrying scrolls99, with sentences in Latin, indicative of the religious side of Jane Austen’s character, namely, “Come ye children, hearken unto me; I will teach you the fear of the Lord.” “Them that are meek shall He guide in judgement, and such as are gentle them shall He teach His way.” “My mouth shall speak of wisdom and my heart shall muse100 on understanding.” “My mouth shall daily speak of Thy righteousness and Thy salvation101.”
That Jane was so deeply and dearly loved by her own people speaks much for her worth. She and Cassandra, especially Cassandra, were very reticent102 in their expression of feeling, but seldom has heart been knit to heart as were theirs. The love of sisters has not often formed the theme of song or romance; we hear of a mother’s love for her son, of a brother for a brother, but the love of sisters is, when it exists in perfection, as strong as these, as pure in its spring, and more full of feeling. Sisters whose hearts are open to one another, who have shared the same experiences, look on the world from a similar standpoint, and the breaking of such ties is severe agony. At only forty-one Jane had passed away still in the highest maturity of her powers, leaving behind her but six completed books, all short, but each one perfect in itself. This is what will be said of her—She did what she attempted to do perfectly103. The books are all instinct with the same qualities, the precision of word and phrase, the genius for knowing what to select [323] and what to leave unsaid, but not one is a repetition of another, in the whole gallery of characters each one is distinct.
She was a real artist. Her work lay apart from and outside of herself. We do not find a picture of herself under different names playing heroine in different sets of circumstances; each heroine stands by herself, and in her women’s portraits she reaches her high-water mark—Elizabeth Bennet, Emma Woodhouse, Fanny Price, Anne Elliot, Catherine Morland, Elinor Dashwood, we know each one as a friend, and each one is completely differentiated104.
So brilliant, so perfect, so stamped with its own individuality is each of the books, that one wonders what she could possibly have produced next to take rank with its forerunners105. Within so small a compass, with such a narrow stage on which to set the dramatis person?, how did she manage to make so great a variety?
It is in keeping with her character and work that there should be no decline, no falling off, that all should be good; it is true that some of the novels are preferred by one, some by another; some are stronger in one point, some in another, but neither decay nor improvement can justly be found between first and last. This is genius. Genius cannot grow nor can it be cultivated, it is there, and its work is done without effort and without labour. If Jane had not died at so early an age, her life would not have seemed so complete, so rounded as it did. Her dying in the full plenitude and maturity of power is in keeping with the level excellence106 of her work.
Her life had been a happy one, free from mind worries, free from great sorrows, her affections had wide play, her tastes full development; she was happy in the love of one very near and dear, and if she missed great ecstasies107, she at least had no hideous108 sorrows to endure [324] in the sin or vice54 of those near to her. Her one great sorrow was perhaps the death of her father, but he was not young, and in the natural course of events his death cannot be called unexpected. Sunny, well-occupied, surrounded with the refinements109 that a sensitive mind appreciates, she lived out a life on a high uniform level. Her books supplied a motive and mainspring that otherwise might have been felt to be lacking by one so energetic. If, as has been said, happiness on earth demands “someone to love, something to do, and something to hope for,” she had all these, and much more.
The End
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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steadfastness
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| n.坚定，稳当 | |
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stereotyped
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| adj.(指形象、思想、人物等)模式化的 | |
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outgrows
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| 长[发展] 得超过（某物）的范围( outgrow的第三人称单数 )； 长[发展]得不能再要（某物）； 长得比…快； 生长速度超过 | |
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immaturity
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| n.不成熟；未充分成长；未成熟；粗糙 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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redeems
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| 补偿( redeem的第三人称单数 )； 实践； 解救； 使…免受责难 | |
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obtrusive
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| adj.显眼的；冒失的 | |
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meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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meekness
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| n.温顺，柔和 | |
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exasperation
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| n.愤慨 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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underlying
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| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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clinching
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| v.（尤指两人）互相紧紧抱[扭]住( clinch的现在分词 )；解决（争端、交易），达成（协议） | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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touchingly
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| adv.令人同情地，感人地，动人地 | |
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memoir
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| n.[pl.]回忆录，自传；记事录 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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anonymity
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| n.the condition of being anonymous | |
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publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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acquits
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motive
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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quack
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| n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人；骗子 | |
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unravelled
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| 解开，拆散，散开( unravel的过去式和过去分词 )； 阐明； 澄清； 弄清楚 | |
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malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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insidiously
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| 潜在地，隐伏地，阴险地 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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kindly
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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analytical
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| adj.分析的；用分析法的 | |
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valetudinarian
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| n.病人；健康不佳者 | |
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bereaved
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| adj.刚刚丧失亲人的v.使失去（希望、生命等）( bereave的过去式和过去分词)；（尤指死亡）使丧失（亲人、朋友等）；使孤寂；抢走（财物） | |
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sanguineness
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buoy
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| n.浮标；救生圈；v.支持，鼓励 | |
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ebbed
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| （指潮水）退( ebb的过去式和过去分词 )； 落； 减少； 衰落 | |
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clatter
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| v./n.(使)发出连续而清脆的撞击声 | |
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penetration
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| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
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watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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hoary
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| adj.古老的；鬓发斑白的 | |
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bereavement
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| n.亲人丧亡，丧失亲人，丧亲之痛 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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gilder
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| 镀金工人 | |
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soother
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| n.抚慰者，橡皮奶头 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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slab
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| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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abbreviated
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| adj. 简短的，省略的 动词abbreviate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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scrolls
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| n.（常用于录写正式文件的）纸卷( scroll的名词复数 )；卷轴；涡卷形（装饰）；卷形花纹v.（电脑屏幕上）从上到下移动（资料等），卷页( scroll的第三人称单数 )；（似卷轴般）卷起；（像展开卷轴般地）将文字显示于屏幕 | |
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muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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reticent
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| adj.沉默寡言的；言不如意的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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differentiated
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| 区分，区别，辨别( differentiate的过去式和过去分词 )； 区别对待； 表明…间的差别，构成…间差别的特征 | |
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forerunners
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| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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107
ecstasies
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| 狂喜( ecstasy的名词复数 )； 出神； 入迷； 迷幻药 | |
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108
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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109
refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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