The largest tree of this species that I have myself measured was nearly twelve feet in diameter at a height of five feet from the ground, and, as near as I could make out under the circumstances, about three hundred feet in length. It stood near the head of the Sound not far from Olympia. I have seen a few others, both near the coast and thirty or forty miles back in the interior, that were from eight to ten feet in diameter, measured above their bulging14 insteps; and many from six to seven feet. I have heard of some that were said to be three hundred and twenty-five feet in height and fifteen feet in diameter, but none that I measured were so large, though it is not at all unlikely that such colossal15 giants do exist where conditions of soil and exposure are surpassingly favorable. The average size of all the trees of this species found up to an elevation16 on the mountain slopes of, say, two thousand feet above sea level, taking into account only what may be called mature trees two hundred and fifty to five hundred years of age, is perhaps, at a vague guess, not more than a height of one hundred and seventy-five or two hundred feet and a diameter of three feet; though, of course, throughout the richest sections the size is much greater.
In proportion to its weight when dry, the timber from this tree is perhaps stronger than that of any other conifer in the country. It is tough and durable17 and admirably adapted in every way for shipbuilding, piles, and heavy timbers in general. But its hardness and liability to warp18 render it much inferior to white or sugar pine for fine work. In the lumber19 markets of California it is known as "Oregon pine" and is used almost exclusively for spars, bridge timbers, heavy planking, and the framework of houses.
The same species extends northward20 in abundance through British Columbia and southward through the coast and middle regions of Oregon and California. It is also a common tree in the canyons21 and hollows of the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, where it is called "red pine" and on portions of the Rocky Mountains and some of the short ranges of the Great Basin. Along the coast of California it keeps company with the redwood wherever it can find a favorable opening. On the western slope of the Sierra, with the yellow pine and incense22 cedar23, it forms a pretty well-defined belt at a height of from three thousand to six thousand feet above the sea, and extends into the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California. But, though widely distributed, it is only in these cool, moist northlands that it reaches its finest development, tall, straight, elastic24, and free from limbs to an immense height, growing down to tide water, where ships of the largest size may lie close alongside and load at the least possible cost.
Growing with the Douglas we find the white spruce, or "Sitka pine," as it is sometimes called. This also is a very beautiful and majestic25 tree, frequently attaining26 a height of two hundred feet or more and a diameter of five or six feet. It is very abundant in southeastern Alaska, forming the greater part of the best forests there. Here it is found mostly around the sides of beaver27-dam and other meadows and on the borders of the streams, especially where the ground is low. One tree that I saw felled at the head of the Hop28-Ranch meadows on the upper Snoqualmie River, though far from being the largest I have seen, measured a hundred and eighty feet in length and four and a half in diameter, and was two hundred and fifty-seven years of age.
In habit and general appearance it resembles the Douglas spruce, but it is somewhat less slender and the needles grow close together all around the branchlets and are so stiff and sharp-pointed on the younger branches that they cannot well be handled without gloves. The timber is tough, close-grained, white, and looks more like pine than any other of the spruces. It splits freely, makes excellent shingles29 and in general use in house-building takes the place of pine. I have seen logs of this species a hundred feet long and two feet in diameter at the upper end. It was named in honor of the old Scotch30 botanist31 Archibald Menzies, who came to this coast with Vancouver in 1792 23.
The beautiful hemlock32 spruce with its warm yellow-green foliage is also common in some portions of these woods. It is tall and slender and exceedingly graceful33 in habit before old age comes on, but the timber is inferior and is seldom used for any other than the roughest work, such as wharf34-building.
The Western arbor-vitae 24 (Thuja gigantea) grows to a size truly gigantic on low rich ground. Specimens35 ten feet in diameter and a hundred and forty feet high are not at all rare. Some that I have heard of are said to be fifteen and even eighteen feet thick. Clad in rich, glossy36 plumes37, with gray lichens38 covering their smooth, tapering39 boles, perfect trees of this species are truly noble objects and well worthy40 the place they hold in these glorious forests. It is of this tree that the Indians make their fine canoes.
Of the other conifers that are so happy as to have place here, there are three firs, three or four pines, two cypresses41, a yew42, and another spruce, the Abies Pattoniana 25. This last is perhaps the most beautiful of all the spruces, but, being comparatively small and growing only far back on the mountains, it receives but little attention from most people. Nor is there room in a work like this for anything like a complete description of it, or of the others I have just mentioned. Of the three firs, one (Picea grandis) 26, grows near the coast and is one of the largest trees in the forest, sometimes attaining a height of two hundred and fifty feet. The timber, however, is inferior in quality and not much sought after while so much that is better is within reach. One of the others (P. amabilis, var. nobilis) forms magnificent forests by itself at a height of about three thousand to four thousand feet above the sea. The rich plushy, plumelike branches grow in regular whorls around the trunk, and on the topmost whorls, standing43 erect44, are the large, beautiful cones. This is far the most beautiful of all the firs. In the Sierra Nevada it forms a considerable portion of the main forest belt on the western slope, and it is there that it reaches its greatest size and greatest beauty. The third species (P. subalpina) forms, together with Abies Pattoniana, the upper edge of the timberline on the portion of the Cascades46 opposite the Sound. A thousand feet below the extreme limit of tree growth it occurs in beautiful groups amid parklike openings where flowers grow in extravagant47 profusion48.
The pines are nowhere abundant in the State. The largest, the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), occurs here and there on margins49 of dry gravelly prairies, and only in such situations have I yet seen it in this State. The others (P. monticola and P. contorta) are mostly restricted to the upper slopes of the mountains, and though the former of these two attains50 a good size and makes excellent lumber, it is mostly beyond reach at present and is not abundant. One of the cypresses (Cupressus Lawsoniana) 27 grows near the coast and is a fine large tree, clothed like the arbor-vitae in a glorious wealth of flat, feathery branches. The other is found here and there well up toward the edge of the timberline. This is the fine Alaska cedar (C. Nootkatensis), the lumber from which is noted51 for its durability52, fineness of grain, and beautiful yellow color, and for its fragrance53, which resembles that of sandalwood. The Alaska Indians make their canoe paddles of it and weave matting and coarse cloth from the fibrous brown bark.
Among the different kinds of hardwood trees are the oak, maple54, madrona, birch, alder55, and wild apple, while large cottonwoods are common along the rivers and shores of the numerous lakes.
The most striking of these to the traveler is the Menzies arbutus, or madrona, as it is popularly called in California. Its curious red and yellow bark, large thick glossy leaves, and panicles of waxy-looking greenish-white urn-shaped flowers render it very conspicuous56. On the boles of the younger trees and on all the branches, the bark is so smooth and seamless that it does not appear as bark at all, but rather the naked wood. The whole tree, with the exception of the larger part of the trunk, looks as though it had been thoroughly peeled. It is found sparsely57 scattered58 along the shores of the Sound and back in the forests also on open margins, where the soil is not too wet, and extends up the coast on Vancouver Island beyond Nanaimo. But in no part of the State does it reach anything like the size and beauty of proportions that it attains in California, few trees here being more than ten or twelve inches in diameter and thirty feet high. It is, however, a very remarkable-looking object, standing there like some lost or runaway59 native of the tropics, naked and painted, beside that dark mossy ocean of northland conifers. Not even a palm tree would seem more out of place here.
The oaks, so far as my observation has reached, seem to be most abundant and to grow largest on the islands of the San Juan and Whidbey Archipelago. One of the three species of maples61 that I have seen is only a bush that makes tangles62 on the banks of the rivers. Of the other two one is a small tree, crooked63 and moss60-grown, holding out its leaves to catch the light that filters down through the close-set spires of the great spruces. It grows almost everywhere throughout the entire extent of the forest until the higher slopes of the mountains are reached, and produces a very picturesque64 and delightful65 effect; relieving the bareness of the great shafts of the evergreens66, without being close enough in its growth to hide them wholly, or to cover the bright mossy carpet that is spread beneath all the dense67 parts of the woods.
The other species is also very picturesque and at the same time very large, the largest tree of its kind that I have ever seen anywhere. Not even in the great maple woods of Canada have I seen trees either as large or with so much striking, picturesque character. It is widely distributed throughout western Washington, but is never found scattered among the conifers in the dense woods. It keeps together mostly in magnificent groves68 by itself on the damp levels along the banks of streams or lakes where the ground is subject to overflow69. In such situations it attains a height of seventy-five to a hundred feet and a diameter of four to eight feet. The trunk sends out large limbs toward its neighbors, laden70 with long drooping mosses71 beneath and rows of ferns on their upper surfaces, thus making a grand series of richly ornamented72 interlacing arches, with the leaves laid thick overhead, rendering73 the underwood spaces delightfully74 cool and open. Never have I seen a finer forest ceiling or a more picturesque one, while the floor, covered with tall ferns and rubus and thrown into hillocks by the bulging roots, matches it well. The largest of these maple groves that I have yet found is on the right bank of the Snoqualmie River, about a mile above the falls. The whole country hereabouts is picturesque, and interesting in many ways, and well worthy a visit by tourists passing through the Sound region, since it is now accessible by rail from Seattle.
Looking now at the forests in a comprehensive way, we find in passing through them again and again from the shores of the Sound to their upper limits, that some portions are much older than others, the trees much larger, and the ground beneath them strewn with immense trunks in every stage of decay, representing several generations of growth, everything about them giving the impression that these are indeed the "forests primeval," while in the younger portions, where the elevation of the ground is the same as to the sea level and the species of trees are the same as well as the quality of the soil, apart from the moisture which it holds, the trees seem to be and are mostly of the same age, perhaps from one hundred to two or three hundred years, with no gray-bearded, venerable patriarchs—forming tall, majestic woods without any grandfathers.
When we examine the ground we find that it is as free from those mounds75 of brown crumbling76 wood and mossy ancient fragments as are the growing trees from very old ones. Then perchance, we come upon a section farther up the slopes towards the mountains that has no trees more than fifty years old, or even fifteen or twenty years old. These last show plainly enough that they have been devastated77 by fire, as the black, melancholy78 monuments rising here and there above the young growth bear witness. Then, with this fiery79, suggestive testimony80, on examining those sections whose trees are a hundred years old or two hundred, we find the same fire records, though heavily veiled with mosses and lichens, showing that a century or two ago the forests that stood there had been swept away in some tremendous fire at a time when rare conditions of drouth made their burning possible. Then, the bare ground sprinkled with the winged seed from the edges of the burned district, a new forest sprang up, nearly every tree starting at the same time or within a few years, thus producing the uniformity of size we find in such places; while, on the other hand, in those sections of ancient aspect containing very old trees both standing and fallen, we find no traces of fire, nor from the extreme dampness of the ground can we see any possibility of fire ever running there.
Fire, then, is the great governing agent in forest distribution and to a great extent also in the conditions of forest growth. Where fertile lands are very wet one half the year and very dry the other, there can be no forests at all. Where the ground is damp, with drouth occurring only at intervals81 of centuries, fine forests may be found, other conditions being favorable. But it is only where fires never run that truly ancient forests of pitchy coniferous trees may exist. When the Washington forests are seen from the deck of a ship out in the middle of the sound, or even from the top of some high, commanding mountain, the woods seem everywhere perfectly82 solid. And so in fact they are in general found to be. The largest openings are those of the lakes and prairies, the smaller of beaver meadows, bogs83, and the rivers; none of them large enough to make a distinct mark in comprehensive views.
Of the lakes there are said to be some thirty in King's County alone; the largest, Lake Washington, being twenty-six miles long and four miles wide. Another, which enjoys the duckish name of Lake Squak, is about ten miles long. Both are pure and beautiful, lying imbedded in the green wilderness84. The rivers are numerous and are but little affected85 by the weather, flowing with deep, steady currents the year round. They are short, however, none of them drawing their sources from beyond the Cascade45 Range. Some are navigable for small steamers on their lower courses, but the openings they make in the woods are very narrow, the tall trees on their banks leaning over in some places, making fine shady tunnels.
The largest of the prairies that I have seen lies to the south of Tacoma on the line of the Portland and Tacoma Railroad. The ground is dry and gravelly, a deposit of water-washed cobbles and pebbles86 derived87 from moraines—conditions which readily explain the absence of trees here and on other prairies adjacent to Yelm. Berries grow in lavish88 abundance, enough for man and beast with thousands of tons to spare. The woods are full of them, especially about the borders of the waters and meadows where the sunshine may enter. Nowhere in the north does Nature set a more bountiful table. There are huckleberries of many species, red, blue, and black, some of them growing close to the ground, others on bushes eight to ten feet high; also salal berries, growing on a low, weak-stemmed bush, a species of gaultheria, seldom more than a foot or two high. This has pale pea-green glossy leaves two or three inches long and half an inch wide and beautiful pink flowers, urn-shaped, that make a fine, rich show. The berries are black when ripe, are extremely abundant, and, with the huckleberries, form an important part of the food of the Indians, who beat them into paste, dry them, and store them away for winter use, to be eaten with their oily fish. The salmon-berry also is very plentiful89, growing in dense prickly tangles. The flowers are as large as wild roses and of the same color, and the berries measure nearly an inch in diameter. Besides these there are gooseberries, currants, raspberries, blackberries, and, in some favored spots, strawberries. The mass of the underbrush of the woods is made up in great part of these berry-bearing bushes. Together with white-flowered spiraea twenty feet high, hazel, dogwood, wild rose, honeysuckle, symphoricarpus, etc. But in the depths of the woods, where little sunshine can reach the ground, there is but little underbrush of any kind, only a very light growth of huckleberry and rubus and young maples in most places. The difficulties encountered by the explorer in penetrating90 the wilderness are presented mostly by the streams and bogs, with their tangled91 margins, and the fallen timber and thick carpet of moss covering all the ground.
Notwithstanding the tremendous energy displayed in lumbering92 and the grand scale on which it is being carried on, and the number of settlers pushing into every opening in search of farmlands, the woods of Washington are still almost entirely93 virgin94 and wild, without trace of human touch, savage95 or civilized96. Indians, no doubt, have ascended97 most of the rivers on their way to the mountains to hunt the wild sheep and goat to obtain wool for their clothing, but with food in abundance on the coast they had little to tempt98 them into the wilderness, and the monuments they have left in it are scarcely more conspicuous than those of squirrels and bears; far less so than those of the beavers99, which in damming the streams have made clearings and meadows which will continue to mark the landscape for centuries. Nor is there much in these woods to tempt the farmer or cattle raiser. A few settlers established homes on the prairies or open borders of the woods and in the valleys of the Chehalis and Cowlitz before the gold days of California. Most of the early immigrants from the Eastern States, however, settled in the fertile and open Willamette Valley or Oregon. Even now, when the search for land is so keen, with the exception of the bottom lands around the Sound and on the lower reaches of the rivers, there are comparatively few spots of cultivation100 in western Washington. On every meadow or opening of any kind some one will be found keeping cattle, planting hop vines, or raising hay, vegetables, and patches of grain. All the large spaces available, even back near the summits of the Cascade Mountains, were occupied long ago. The newcomers, building their cabins where the beavers once built theirs, keep a few cows and industriously101 seek to enlarge their small meadow patches by chopping, girdling, and burning the edge of the encircling forest, gnawing102 like beavers, and scratching for a living among the blackened stumps103 and logs, regarding the trees as their greatest enemies—a sort of larger pernicious weed immensely difficult to get rid of.
But all these are as yet mere104 spots, making no visible scar in the distance and leaving the grand stretches of the forest as wild as they were before the discovery of the continent. For many years the axe105 has been busy around the shores of the Sound and ships have been falling in perpetual storm like flakes106 of snow. The best of the timber has been cut for a distance of eight or ten miles from the water and to a much greater distance along the streams deep enough to float the logs. Railroads, too, have been built to fetch in the logs from the best bodies of timber otherwise inaccessible107 except at great cost. None of the ground, however, has been completely denuded108. Most of the young trees have been left, together with the hemlocks109 and other trees undesirable110 in kind or in some way defective111, so that the neighboring trees appear to have closed over the gaps make by the removal of the larger and better ones, maintaining the general continuity of the forest and leaving no sign on the sylvan112 sea, at least as seen from a distance.
In felling the trees they cut them off usually at a height of six to twelve feet above the ground, so as to avoid cutting through the swollen113 base, where the diameter is so much greater. In order to reach this height the chopper cuts a notch114 about two inches wide and three or four deep and drives a board into it, on which he stands while at work. In case the first notch, cut as high as he can reach, is not high enough, he stands on the board that has been driven into the first notch and cuts another. Thus the axeman may often be seen at work standing eight or ten feet above the ground. If the tree is so large that with his long-handled axe the chopper is unable to reach to the farther side of it, then a second chopper is set to work, each cutting halfway115 across. And when the tree is about to fall, warned by the faint crackling of the strained fibers116, they jump to the ground, and stand back out of danger from flying limbs, while the noble giant that had stood erect in glorious strength and beauty century after century, bows low at last and with gasp117 and groan118 and booming throb119 falls to earth.
Then with long saws the trees are cut into logs of the required length, peeled, loaded upon wagons120 capable of carrying a weight of eight or ten tons, hauled by a long string of oxen to the nearest available stream or railroad, and floated or carried to the Sound. There the logs are gathered into booms and towed by steamers to the mills, where workmen with steel spikes121 in their boots leap lightly with easy poise122 from one to another and by means of long pike poles push them apart and, selecting such as are at the time required, push them to the foot of a chute and drive dogs into the ends, when they are speedily hauled in by the mill machinery123 alongside the saw carriage and placed and fixed124 in position. Then with sounds of greedy hissing125 and growling126 they are rushed back and forth127 like enormous shuttles, and in an incredibly short time they are lumber and are aboard the ships lying at the mill wharves128.
Many of the long, slender boles so abundant in these woods are saved for spars, and so excellent is their quality that they are in demand in almost every shipyard of the world. Thus these trees, felled and stripped of their leaves and branches, are raised again, transplanted and set firmly erect, given roots of iron and a new foliage of flapping canvas, and sent to sea. On they speed in glad, free motion, cheerily waving over the blue, heaving water, responsive to the same winds that rocked them when they stood at home in the woods. After standing in one place all their lives they now, like sight-seeing tourists, go round the world, meeting many a relative from the old home forest, some like themselves, wandering free, clad in broad canvas foliage, others planted head downward in mud, holding wharf platforms aloft to receive the wares129 of all nations.
The mills of Puget sound and those of the redwood region of California are said to be the largest and most effective lumber-makers in the world. Tacoma alone claims to have eleven sawmills, and Seattle about as many; while at many other points on the Sound, where the conditions are particularly favorable, there are immense lumbering establishments, as at Ports Blakely, Madison, Discovery, Gamble, Ludlow, etc., with a capacity all together of over three million feet a day. Nevertheless, the observer coming up the Sound sees not nor hears anything of this fierce storm of steel that is devouring130 the forests, save perhaps the shriek131 of some whistle or the columns of smoke that mark the position of the mills. All else seems as serene132 and unscathed as the silent watching mountains.
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1
drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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12
sifted
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| v.筛( sift的过去式和过去分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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13
mellowed
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| （使）成熟( mellow的过去式和过去分词 )； 使色彩更加柔和，使酒更加醇香 | |
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bulging
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| 膨胀； 凸出（部）； 打气； 折皱 | |
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colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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durable
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| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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warp
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| vt.弄歪，使翘曲，使不正常，歪曲，使有偏见 | |
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lumber
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| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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canyons
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| n.峡谷( canyon的名词复数 ) | |
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incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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hop
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| n.单脚跳，跳跃；vi.单脚跳，跳跃；着手做某事；vt.跳跃，跃过 | |
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shingles
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| n.带状疱疹；（布满海边的）小圆石( shingle的名词复数 )；屋顶板；木瓦（板）；墙面板 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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botanist
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| n.植物学家 | |
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hemlock
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| n.毒胡萝卜，铁杉 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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tapering
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| adj.尖端细的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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cypresses
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| n.柏属植物，柏树( cypress的名词复数 ) | |
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42
yew
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| n.紫杉属树木 | |
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43
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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44
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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45
cascade
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| n.小瀑布，喷流；层叠；vi.成瀑布落下 | |
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46
cascades
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| 倾泻( cascade的名词复数 )； 小瀑布（尤指一连串瀑布中的一支）； 瀑布状物； 倾泻（或涌出）的东西 | |
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47
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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48
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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49
margins
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| 边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数 | |
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50
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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51
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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52
durability
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| n.经久性，耐用性 | |
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53
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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54
maple
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| n.槭树，枫树，槭木 | |
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55
alder
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| n.赤杨树 | |
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56
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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57
sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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58
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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59
runaway
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| n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的 | |
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60
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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61
maples
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| 槭树，枫树( maple的名词复数 )； 槭木 | |
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62
tangles
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| （使）缠结， （使）乱作一团( tangle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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63
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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64
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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65
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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66
evergreens
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| n.常青树，常绿植物，万年青( evergreen的名词复数 ) | |
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67
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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68
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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69
overflow
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| v.(使)外溢，(使)溢出；溢出，流出，漫出 | |
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70
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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71
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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72
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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74
delightfully
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| 大喜，欣然 | |
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75
mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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76
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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77
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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80
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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81
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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82
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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83
bogs
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| n.沼泽，泥塘( bog的名词复数 )；厕所v.（使）陷入泥沼， （使）陷入困境( bog的第三人称单数 )；妨碍，阻碍 | |
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84
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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85
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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86
pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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87
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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88
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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89
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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90
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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91
tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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92
lumbering
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| n.采伐林木 | |
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93
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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94
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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95
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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96
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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97
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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98
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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99
beavers
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| 海狸( beaver的名词复数 )； 海狸皮毛； 棕灰色； 拼命工作的人 | |
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100
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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101
industriously
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102
gnawing
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| a.痛苦的，折磨人的 | |
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103
stumps
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| （被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分 | |
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104
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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105
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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106
flakes
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| 小薄片( flake的名词复数 )； （尤指）碎片； 雪花； 古怪的人 | |
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107
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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108
denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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109
hemlocks
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| 由毒芹提取的毒药( hemlock的名词复数 ) | |
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110
undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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111
defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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112
sylvan
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| adj.森林的 | |
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113
swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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114
notch
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| n.(V字形)槽口，缺口，等级 | |
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115
halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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116
fibers
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| 光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质 | |
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117
gasp
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| n.喘息，气喘；v.喘息；气吁吁他说 | |
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118
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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119
throb
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| v.震颤，颤动；(急速强烈地)跳动，搏动 | |
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120
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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121
spikes
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| n.穗( spike的名词复数 )；跑鞋；（防滑）鞋钉；尖状物v.加烈酒于( spike的第三人称单数 )；偷偷地给某人的饮料加入（更多）酒精（ 或药物）；把尖状物钉入；打乱某人的计划 | |
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122
poise
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| vt./vi. 平衡，保持平衡；n.泰然自若，自信 | |
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123
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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124
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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125
hissing
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| n. 发嘶嘶声, 蔑视 动词hiss的现在分词形式 | |
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126
growling
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| n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼 | |
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127
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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128
wharves
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| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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129
wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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130
devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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131
shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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132
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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