They read pretty much everything, and never are at a loss for ways of obtaining something to read.
Books are cheaper here than anywhere else in the world, thanks to immunity1 from arrest and punishment for theft of literary property. We can take the brains of all Europe, as expressed in printed pages on the other side of the Atlantic, and reprint them here without fear of the sheriff, and what man can do without fear of the law he is likely to do so long as he sees any money in it.
There is no section, State or town so poor that its people cannot find something to read when they want it. The inhabitants of a township whose centre is nothing but a post-office, a store and a blacksmith shop, may be too poor to buy{532} a paper of pins, unless they have credit with the storekeeper, but they always are able to find something to read. If there is nothing else, they can fall back upon the Sunday-school books, and nowadays Sunday-school libraries are not as bad as they used to be. Almost any book that is respectable and has any feature of interest can be worked into a Sunday-school library by an enterprising publisher. A Methodist parson, who was congratulated a short time ago on his great success in organizing a Sunday-school in a sparsely2 settled district in one of the Western States, said, with a long sigh: “These children don’t come here to learn the truths of the Gospel; they come to get books for their families to read during the week.” Perhaps the old man was right in his fear that the religious work of his parish was not going on as well as he wished; he certainly was entirely3 correct regarding the demand for the books. Children who were dull and listless while the prayers and singing and lessons were going on brightened up quickly when the librarians came in to distribute the books which had been asked for, and the worst boys in town would cheerfully forego base-ball, swimming parties, watermelon stealing, cock-fighting and card-playing for an hour or two on Sunday for the sake of borrowing a book upon which to spend the spare hours of the week that was to follow. A good many people were drawn{533} to Jesus by the loaves and fishes, but books are the most successful bait of the modern church.
But the Sunday-school library is the most modest of the many sources from which the poorer class of Americans draw their reading matter. There are at least a dozen series of novels being published in the United States at the present time on a plan which enables the publishers to dodge4 the postal5 laws regarding printed matter by assuming to be serial6 publications. Under the law any book sent out by a publisher should pay postage at the rate of half a cent an ounce; but a library, so called, may send out its publications under the rules governing serials7 of every kind, which can be paid for at the post-office at the rate of two cents per pound; consequently for several years there has been an absolute inundation8 of fiction. Stimulated10 by this feature of the law, a number of enterprising men have reprinted all the standard novels of the past century in cheap form and distributed them broadcast over the entire country; and, to do them justice, have also issued a number of histories and other standard works in the same manner, and as people have purchased them, it is reasonable to suppose that they have read them.
But books are not all that is read by that great portion of our people who have a great deal of leisure time and no sufficient means of{534} enjoying it beyond reading. A million magazines are circulated every month, and twice as many weeklies. Some time ago the newspapers began to realize this fact, and straightway they supplemented their Saturday or Sunday editions with additional sheets containing miscellaneous reading-matter of all kinds, some of it as good as any that appears in the magazines. The worst of it is quite as good as the majority of current novels; and as the highest price of a newspaper in the United States is five cents per copy, and the supplementary11 sheets of some papers contain as much as an entire magazine, there is no lack of reading matter for any one who has the price of a glass of beer or a cheap cigar.
Not only is the supply of printed matter great, but the demand is being increased in many ways that are entirely admirable. There are now several societies which at a very trifling12 cost advise people what to read, and in what order to take certain books in hand. Some of them—notably the well-known Chautauqua Society—have reading circles under advice and partial supervision13 which number as many people as the students of all the colleges in the country. A number of societies of similar purpose are scattered14 about the country, each with its list of books which its members are advised to read—books which are carefully selected by men whose literary judgment15{535} would be accepted in any intelligent circle in the union.
One result of the American avidity for reading matter is that the guild16 of American authors is becoming quite as numerous as that of any other country in the world. The American who does not write a book is almost a curiosity at the present time, and generally thinks it necessary to explain why he has not already done something of the kind, and when and how he would be able to do it. The stories which are published in cheap form in the United States are largely from foreign pens, but it is known to those who observe the subject closely that the number of American authors is increasing more rapidly than in any other country. Any one here who knows anything on a particular subject, or who has any reputation or prominence17 for any reason whatever, is asked to write a book, and such invitations are very seldom declined; for if the man cannot write, he can at least hire some one to put his thoughts into words. Men who in older countries would be ashamed to take pen in hand at all to produce anything for publication, have here received enormous compensation for single volumes on subjects with which they merely were acquainted, not those upon which they had any reason to be quoted as authority.
Even in the serious department of history we{536} have recently seen numerous books from men notoriously unfit in point of judgment to inflict19 anything of the sort upon a confiding20 public. But money is offered as an inducement, pen and ink are cheap, type-writers are plentiful21, so the work goes merrily on, and it may need all the wisdom of another generation to correct the mistakes which have been made in print by writers of the present time.
Nevertheless, the steady demand which seems to be profitable to both authors and publishers is inciting22 the intelligent and educated class to efforts which once would have been impossible except to the very small number who were sufficiently23 well off to regard their literary work as a labor24 of love, and to expect no compensation except what might come from approving consciences. The modern novelist frequently gets more for a single volume than the elder Hawthorne received for all the books of his incomparable series. Literature has become a business as well as an intellectual occupation. Mr. Bancroft probably expended25 more money upon his well-known “History of the United States” than was received by those who sold his books at retail26, but nowadays the writer of an alleged27 history can count upon as much pay for a hastily prepared book as a prominent lawyer would expect to receive for handling a case requiring long study and effort.{537}
These things being true—and authors and publishers will assure the public that they are—it is entirely safe to assume that we are soon to have a highly successful and valuable class of writers in the United States. “The coming book,” an expression which must soon go out of date, may be a history, a poem, a biography or a novel, but there will be so many more books than heretofore, that a work of great merit in any department of literature will possibly have to wait until another generation for proper recognition. There is so much to read that no book-worm can keep pace with the publishers’ presses. The last new novel may be very good or very bad, but whichever may be the case the general public stands very little chance of knowing, for before it has had time to reach the hands of many readers a dozen more have come from the press, and it is only chance or an exceptional degree of merit, which it is unfair to expect of any one more than once in a century, that will bring a book properly to notice.
For instance, some years ago Gen. Lew Wallace wrote a story entitled “Ben-Hur,” which sold fairly for a little while, but made no great excitement in the literary world. Fortunately for the author and the book, which certainly was an original and meritorious28 production, Gen. Wallace had an immense host of personal friends who little by little had the book brought to their{538} notice; they read it and talked about it, until finally, by this unsolicited and unpaid29 advertising30, his story became famous and is now in its third hundredth thousand of circulation, with a promise of going on perhaps indefinitely.
Two years ago Mr. Edward Bellamy wrote his “Looking Backward.” It was a thoughtful, able story, touching31 many of the nearest interests of humanity, but it sold only a few thousand copies, and seemed making its way to the backs of booksellers’ shelves, when two or three essays upon the general subject recalled attention to it. The people of a single city—which, of course, was Boston—took it up first as a fad32, and afterwards as a serious study, and now the book is in general demand and promises to renew and widely stimulate9 public discussion of a very old subject which must come to the surface once in a little while until perhaps it becomes a recognized principle of human conduct and existence.
These are merely two of many books of great value, or at least great interest, which have been saved from the general literary deluge33 by means which seem merely accidental. Of the many which have been lost perhaps irrevocably the public has no idea. Hawthorne himself, to whom allusion34 has already been made, was not read one-twentieth as much by the people of his own day as now. Carlyle, who probably is more read in America than in{539} Europe, owes his popularity here and the great sale of his works to the personal efforts of his friend, Mr. Emerson, who insisted that the book should be published in this country, but who would not have succeeded had not his own publishers had reasons for wishing to oblige him personally.
These facts regarding literature are not peculiar35 to America. Many years ago an Englishman named Charles Wells wrote a dramatic poem which did not pass its first edition of a few hundred copies. About a quarter of a century later Swinburne chanced upon a copy of the book, and wrote a review of it, which set all lovers of dramatic poetry to looking for the poem itself, and now it is making its way through edition after edition. Only ten years ago Browning’s latest long poem, whatever it may have been, was refused successively by nearly all reputable American publishers, yet the Browning craze is now a matter of history.
The meaning of all this is that books come from the press far more rapidly than people can read them, but the ease of circulation of literature in the United States promises to change all that. There is now scarcely a town of two thousand people in the United States which has not its circulating library, and which has not also some people who are thoughtful, intelligent and influential36. A book getting into such a library{540} is sure, sooner or later, to find a large number of readers. The individual reader is the best advertisement that either author or publisher can ask for, and though the first edition may be very small, so small that the publisher hesitates to reprint, nevertheless in time a book of any value is sure to be brought properly to the attention of the public.
There is every reason, therefore, to believe that our native authors, and many people who can write and should write but have not yet felt encouraged to do so, will yet be stimulated to do their best work. A prominent publisher in New York was once asked—the question being suggested by a poor book which he had published on a very interesting subject—why he did not secure a better man to write it? “For the best reason in the world,” said he; “the men who could do justice to the subject are all making their living in some other way and have to pay close attention to their business. They can’t afford to write books.” This lack of financial encouragement is rapidly disappearing. The man who has anything to say in this country and knows how to say it properly can now afford to give time and thought to his subject, with the assurance that, when he is ready to write and to print, he will find readers.
It does not follow that everything written with earnestness and sincerity37 of purpose is worth attention. “Great minds think alike,” but not all{541} great minds are properly educated, and we get an immense number of books, supposed by their authors to be original, whose contents are mere18 skeletons of what has been better expressed by some one else. The publisher often finds himself in the position of the patent office examiner. It is well known that at the patent office applications in large numbers are received every week for letters patent on supposed inventions which were made long ago by some one else, but of which the latest applicant38 was entirely ignorant. Men of thoughtful and inventive minds reproduce each other in every clime. There is not a savage39 tribe on the face of the earth which did not find out for itself the art of making cutting tools, building houses, constructing boats, cooking utensils40 and whatever else might be necessary to domestic life and its many necessities. The same holds in literature. Certain self-evident truths of philosophy or ethics41, certain plots and situations in fiction, are common to all classes of people; and the consequence is that our literature is burdened with material of every kind, from the highest theology to the lowest sensation, which seems mere plagiarism42 on something which has preceded. Even Longfellow, who is nearer the American heart than any other of our poets, was persistently43 accused of plagiarism because he expressed thoughts and ideas which had been said as well, sometimes better, by older poets; yet{542} Longfellow was supposed to be a man of wide reading.
But American facilities for reading and for learning all that has been said by the wiser minds and more brilliant wits of other times is bound to change all that, and probably within the lifetime of the present generation. Besides from the incidents, peculiarities44 and necessities of our own national life, our literature is now extending into all fields heretofore monopolized45 by the wiser minds of the old world. American essays, poems and novels are now frequently reprinted in Europe and translated into many languages. Many American novels may now be found in several of the older languages of Europe, and the popular author of the present day does not consider his work done until he has sent copies of his original manuscript to at least two European publishers. The French Revue des Deux Mondes, which is supposed to be the most fastidious of foreign publications in its selection of material, has given a great deal of space to American novelists and poets, and again and again English novelists have complained that some upstart American was crowding their books off of the railway station news-stands. Emerson’s essays, Longfellow’s poems, and Howell’s novels may be found in any bookstore in England, and it is not hard to find them on the continent. There are half a dozen different editions{543} of Poe’s poems in the French language alone. American historical works not entirely on American topics may be found in several European languages, and are held in high esteem46 by foreign historians. One historical work published in the United States two or three years ago has already been translated into every language of Northern Europe. How many more there may be deponent knoweth not.
All this is cheering, not only to national pride, but because there are features in American literature which are superior to those of any older nation. This is noticeably true of our fiction, in which there are elements of cheerfulness, hope and humor, which are almost entirely lacking in the light literature, so-called, of other countries. When one speaks of a foreign novel from any press but that of Great Britain the supposition naturally is that it relates entirely to the closer relations of the sexes; that the end of it will not be entirely pleasing; and that, however strong its plot and diction, it will not be what is called “entirely proper,”—it will not be a book which one can safely take home without reading and leave on the table of his sitting-room47 for wife, children and visitors to pick up at random48.
Some of that sort of stuff has come from the American press of late years, more’s the pity, but it promises to be rather sporadic49 and accidental than a prominent feature of our literature. It{544} resembles an outbreak of yellow fever in a Northern port—something which may get there by accident and do mischief50 for a little while, but which cannot effect a permanent lodgment. The mass of unclean stories which ventured into the daylight of print after the publication of Amelie Rives’ sensational51 novel is already beginning to disappear. When for a day or two a city chances to fall under mob law, the world seems turned upside down for the time being; but the better sense and strength of the community soon come to the rescue and the dangerous element is suppressed. A similar result is already being accomplished52 regarding pernicious fiction. Publishers who have hastily accepted stories which their professional readers pronounced “strong” are beginning to apologize for offering such stuff to the public.
American literature will be marked by a hopeful, cheerful, clean, energetic spirit, and as such it will give our people what they cannot easily obtain from the presses of foreign countries. We have faults enough, of which mention has frequently been made in this book, but lack of respectability and of hopefulness are not among them. Our novels are cleaner than those of any other land; our history in the main is decidedly cheering and stimulating53 in its influence; our poetry, although perhaps not as elegant as that of Europe, has a great deal more of inspiration in it for readers, and our{545} fiction is based upon the life of our own people, which is in the main respectable. Incidents and scenes as bad as any that the world can supply may of course be found in American life by those who choose to look for them, but they are not likely to be written up or read to any extent, except by the vulgar classes. Books about which intelligent and cultivated people on the continent will talk freely in social circles are scarcely tolerated here; some of them are reprinted, but the editions as a rule are very small. Translations of continental54 novels have generally failed dismally55 in a commercial sense in the United States. There are a few exceptions, but the rule is so distinct that no one of literary taste, ability and intelligence now wastes his time in translating foreign novels in the hope of securing American publishers. The native writer as a rule is not as skilful56 as his foreign brother, but he successfully tells our people of what they wish to know. He is in sympathy with their thoughts, tastes, customs and aspirations57, so his stories and essays are found in all our weekly papers and magazines, while more skilful productions of foreign pens, which might be had for nothing, are generally excluded. There is no longer any question as to whether we shall have a literature of our own. We have it. It is increasing in volume more rapidly than our people can follow it. It is a good sign. It means that we are a “peculiar people”—not perhaps{546} in the sense in which the expression was used regarding the ancient Hebrews, yet in some respects it means the same. Conceit58 aside, it really means that we are better than other people. Long may we remain so!
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1
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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postal
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| adj.邮政的，邮局的 | |
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serial
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| n.连本影片，连本电视节目；adj.连续的 | |
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serials
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| n.连载小说，电视连续剧( serial的名词复数 ) | |
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8
inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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supplementary
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| adj.补充的，附加的 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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guild
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| n.行会，同业公会，协会 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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confiding
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| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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inciting
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| 刺激的，煽动的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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retail
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| v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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unpaid
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| adj.未付款的，无报酬的 | |
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advertising
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| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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fad
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| n.时尚；一时流行的狂热；一时的爱好 | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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applicant
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| n.申请人，求职者，请求者 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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plagiarism
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| n.剽窃，抄袭 | |
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persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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monopolized
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| v.垄断( monopolize的过去式和过去分词 )；独占；专卖；专营 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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sitting-room
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| n.（BrE）客厅，起居室 | |
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random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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sporadic
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| adj.偶尔发生的 [反]regular；分散的 | |
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50
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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51
sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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52
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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53
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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54
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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dismally
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| adv.阴暗地，沉闷地 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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57
aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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conceit
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| n.自负，自高自大 | |
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