In the first chapter of our history, we traced the rise and progress of the monastery2 of Peterburgh through a period of 462 years, at the expiration3 of which time we saw it burned to the ground, with all the treasures which it had accumulated. We have now to witness its restoration, and to follow it until we come to the nineteenth century, through all the ravages4 which it has survived.
At the time of the eventful destruction which we have mentioned [1116], John de Sais was abbot of the monastery, and had regained5 for it several of the lands which had been forfeited6 by his predecessors7. He was, according to Gunton, a very learned man, and possessed9 great strength of mind and decision of character. He showed his energy by the prompt measures which he took to rebuild the abbey after its destruction, and to get all those lands, manors11, and fees confirmed to it which it had so long enjoyed, and which continued daily to increase. It was a very long time, however, before the new monastery was built. John de Sais superintended it during his abbacy, but he lived only nine years after he had laid the foundation-stone (which ceremony he performed in the month of March, 1117), and the building was not completed at his death; nor did he succeed in securing to the monastery all its former possessions, although he exerted himself very assiduously to obtain them.
John de Sais was succeeded by Henri de Angeli, in 1128, of whom nothing of moment is recorded. He was a man of no character, and tried to injure the monastery in the estimation of the king, by speaking falsely of the brotherhood12. Some writers say that he was detected in his villany by the king, who obliged him to resign his chair, and leave the country; others assert that he quitted England on account of other crimes. All historians agree, however, that he was a very bad man.
The appointment of the next abbot devolved upon the king, and Martin de Vecti was chosen by him to govern the monastery, in 1133. The monks14 received him with every expression of respect, as he was reported to be a man of profound erudition and good moral character. He began his rule by forwarding the erection of the new monastery, and it was during his abbacy that it was completed and re-dedicated15—which latter ceremony was conducted with great pomp, and all the abbots of the neighbouring monasteries16, with numbers of the barons18 and gentry19, were present [1140]. It appears that De Vecti was very zealous20 in the work of improvement, and that he not only built a new gate to the monastery, but formed a new village on the western side of it; altered the place of wharfage, erected21 a new bridge, planted the present vineyard, and built many new houses near the abbey. He is also said to have re-built the parish church, then situate in St. John's close, in the precincts. The destruction of the castle, which stood near this church, is likewise attributed to this abbot. It is probable that it was situate upon Mount Thorold, or Tout22 Hill, as it is now called. This hill may yet be seen in a close on the north-western side of the cathedral.
De Vecti ruled twenty-two years, and died in 1155.
After the death of De Vecti, the monks resolved to maintain the right which they possessed of choosing their own abbot, and William de Waterville was elected by them to the government of the monastery: their choice was afterwards ratified23 by the king. Waterville was formerly24 a chaplain to Henry II., and having some influence with him, he regained for his abbey "the eight hundreds of that part of the country which had formerly been granted by the king's predecessors;" and, being firmly established in the monastery, he turned his attention to the improvement of the town. He founded a hospital for the sick in Spitalfield; built St. Martin's church and St. Michael's nunnery, at Stamford—besides settling a yearly sum upon the church of St. John Baptist,[7] Peterburgh—covering the monastery with lead, and founding the chapel25 of Thomas à Becket.
It is stated by Gunton, that this chapel is in "the middle of the arch of the church porch," but this is an error which it will be well to correct. The present school-house near the minster gateway26 is found to be the chancel of the chapel; and it is thus described by Kennel—"The chapel of the blessed Thomas the Martyr27, near the outer gate of the abbey there."
After a government of 20 years, Waterville was deposed28, at the instigation of the monks, by the Archbishop of Canterbury. No positive crime was alleged30 against him—at least the monks have not mentioned any in their accounts of the monastery.
The next abbot of whom we read is Benedict, a man of great learning, who was appointed to the rule of the monastery by the king in 1177, after he had held it in his possession two years. The abbot brought several relics31 to the monastery, and finished the chapel of Thomas à Becket. He was very zealous likewise in his endeavours to re-obtain the abbey lands which had been forfeited or seized during the rule of his predecessors; nor was he scrupulous32 of the means which he took to effect it: sometimes he took possession of them by force, and at others he tried to conciliate the usurpers by large sums of money and fair promises.
The monastery, during his government, underwent many important changes. He rebuilt the whole body of the church, "from the lantern to the porch;" and it is the opinion of Gunton, that the curiously33 painted ceiling which covers the middle of the building was of his workmanship. He likewise added several houses to those which were already within the precincts of the abbey, and built the present gate which leads to the west front of the cathedral, with a chapel over it, which was dedicated to St. Nicholas.[8]
Benedict likewise obtained a charter for holding a fair upon the feast of St. Peter, and a market to be held every Thursday. The fair was to continue eight days.
This abbot ruled seventeen years, and died in 1194.
Andreas succeeded Benedict, and rose gradually from a monk13 to a prior, and finally to an abbot. It is said that he was a good man, and secured the esteem34 of the monks by giving them the lands of Fletton and Alwalton to enrich their table. He ordered likewise six marks a year to be given out of the monastery funds to the infirmary. This donation was continued by his successors for a long time, but Abbot Walter, during his rule, directed that it should be employed in purchasing wine for the "pitanciary."
During the reign35 of Andreas there were several lands given to the "Eleemossynary," and the monastery was very flourishing. He governed seven years, and died in 1201. His body was entombed in the south aisle36, with two of his brethren, under a Norman arch, beneath which is the following epitaph:—
Hos tres abbates quibus est prior abba Iohannes,
Alter Martinus, Andreas ultimus, unus
Hic claudit tumulus; pro1 clausis ergo rogemus.
Acharius succeeded Andreas in 1200. He was originally a prior of St. Albans, but was presented by King John to the abbacy of this monastery, on account of his many virtues37 and distinguished39 talents. He seems to have had the interest of the monastery at heart as greatly as any of his predecessors, and was engaged in several lawsuits40 with different landowners, in order to recover the lost possessions of the abbey. He gained the marsh41 of Singlesholt from the Abbot of Crowland "for a yearly acknowledgement of four stones of wax," and increased the number of his monks. He endowed the church with many valuable articles—such as silver basins for the great altar, with a case of gold and silver, set with precious stones, for the arm of St. Oswald! He gave likewise two large silver cups to the refectory, with silver feet richly gilt42, according to Gunton, and four table knives with ivory hafts. He paid money off the monastery debts, and purchased houses in London, which he added to the abbey possessions.
During the festival of St. Peter, a large wax candle, of five pounds weight,[9] was set before the altar, and burnt day and night, until the festival was completed. This custom was observed in all other feasts of the saints in the abbey; and during the rule of Acharius the festivals were remarkable43 for their pomp and splendour.
This abbot ruled ten years, died in 1214, and was succeeded by Robert of Lindsay, or Lyndesheye.
It was during the rule of this abbot that one of the most interesting changes was effected in the monastery: the windows until this time had been "stuffed with straw," to keep out the cold and the rain; and, at an immense expense, he had thirty-nine of them adorned44 with glass, which enterprise gained for him a considerable amount of fame and esteem. Not content with this change in his own monastery, he extended his generosity45 to other parts, and built a chancel to the church at Oxney. He was confirmed by the king at Winchester, and received the benediction46 of the Bishop29 of Lincoln.
Being thus installed in his new office with so much honour, he directed his attention to the forest lands by which he was surrounded. By virtue38 of the forest laws, foresters let their cattle run at liberty to graze, and they frequently did much damage to the possessions of the monastery, and to the property of the town inhabitants. Lindsay therefore wrote to the king to try to "disafforest" the lands which were contiguous to the monastery, and he effected his object by payment of 1320 marks. Of his other improvements we read that "he made in the south cloister47 a lavatory48 of marble, for the monks to wash their hands in when they went to meals—their hall being near on the other side of the wall, the door leading into it being yet standing49; the lavatory continued entire until the year 1651, and then, with the whole cloister, it was also pulled down."
About this time, in the reign of King John, England was the scene of those civil contentions50 which terminated in favour of the barons, and the attainment51 of a charter of liberties. A large number of the monasteries in England were, however, despoiled52 by the king before the fate of the war was decided53, and amongst them was Crowland Abbey. It is likely that of Peterburgh escaped the fury of the king's soldiers, for we do not read of any outrage54 being committed upon it at that time in the monkish55 records. Lindsay wrote a history of the monastery, according to Pitseus, but he did not enrich the church library with any valuable additions. He ruled seven years, and died in 1222.
Alexander de Holderness was the successor of Lindsay, and was elected November 30, 1222. He was called Holderness from the place where he was born. This abbot made a number of improvements in his monastery, and enriched it with money and relics. He built, says Gunton, "the solarium magnum at the door of the abbot's chamber56, and a cellerarium under it, and furnished the church also with that precious crystal vessel57 wherein the blood of Thomas à Becket was kept." He likewise built halls at Oundle, Castor, Eyebury, and other places. He was much beloved by the monks, and died, after a government of four years, in 1226.
An interesting incident in connexion with this abbot may here be mentioned. On the 2nd of April, 1830, when the workmen were making a foundation in the cathedral church for the erection of a new choir58, they discovered beneath one of the slabs59 a stone coffin60, which their curiosity led them to open. They were surprised to find that it contained the body of a man, with a large coarse garment around it, equipped with boots, and having a crosier by its side. There were several very remarkable things connected with this discovery. The boots were what are called "rights and lefts," and in a good state of preservation61. The crosier was perfect, and a part of the body was hard, and of a copper-coloured hue62, whilst the other part was decomposed63. The body was headless, and a piece of lead was found lying in place of the skull64, with this inscription65 upon it—
ABBAS: ALEXANDR:
These remains66 were gathered together, replaced in the shell, and buried in the south aisle, nearly opposite the burial place of Mary Queen of Scots.
Martin de Ramsey was chosen abbot after the death of Alexander. His election was sanctioned by the king, and he was confirmed by the Bishop of Lincoln, at Westminster. There is nothing remarkable recorded of this abbot. He "disafforested" several lands about Peterburgh, and added them to the possessions of the monastery.
During the rule of this abbot, Pope Gregory IX. ordered that when there should be an interdiction67 of the monastery lands, the monks should close their doors, and not allow the people to hear their prayers, or participate in them; but the privilege was granted to the monks of Peterborough to say the service in a low voice to themselves, the ringing of the bell being dispensed68 with.
Martin ruled six years, died in 1232, and was succeeded by Walter de St. Edmond, in 1233. It was during the government of this abbot that the monastery of Peterburgh was re-dedicated and consecrated69 with holy oil, by the Bishops70 of Lincoln and Exeter [1238], according to the decrees of the constitution of Otto.[10] The ceremony was attended with the usual pomp of such proceedings71, and the possessions of the monastery were ratified anew. Walter de Whittlesea gives a very favourable72 account of the disposition73 of this abbot, and speaks very highly of his benevolence74 to King Henry, who was reduced to the necessity of seeking support from this and other monasteries. St. Edmond entertained the king twice at Peterburgh, in company with the queen and the young prince. He also "gave 60 marks towards the marriage of Margaret, his daughter, with Alexander III., King of Scotland," and increased the number of his monks to one hundred and ten. He made likewise three several journeys to Rome upon civil and ecclesiastical business. The cause of one of these journeys was this:—The Pope (Gregory, 1241) sent messages to Burgh, demanding that the abbot should give unto one of his favourites a certain yearly sum, or a number of lands equal to that sum, and the abbot refused to do so without the consent of the king who was patron of the monastery; and going to Rome to know the cause of such an arbitrary demand, he was reproved by the Pope in person, and treated with great indignity75 by the cardinals77, and expelled the court. The abbot was so much grieved, by this cruel and ungenerous treatment that he never recovered, but died in the same year [1245], after having ruled twelve years with the greatest mildness, prudence78, and benevolence. This story of the Pope's arbitrary conduct calls forth79 a very pithy80 couplet from Gunton—
"Rome gnaweth hands as dainty cates,
And when it cannot gnaw—it hates."
Walter was a learned man, and increased the books of the library. Gunton says "he was pious81 and merciful to all, exacted nothing unduly82 of his tenants83, whether rich or poor; but if any poor man or woman made their necessities known to him, he would burst into tears, and take compassion84 upon them."
The next abbot of whom we read is William de Hotot, who was elected on the 6th of February, 1246. His rule was not favourable to the monastery. He lavished85 the possessions of the church upon his friends and kinsmen86. His conduct was reprehended87 by the monks, and finally represented to the Bishop of Lincoln, when William, fearing he should be deposed, resigned his office, and retired88 upon an allowance from the monastery in 1249, after governing three years.
Mr. Owen Davys, in his Guide to the Cathedral, remarks that "it is a matter of great surprise that we have no record handed down to us of the exact date when that magnificent appendage89 to the Cathedral, the western front, was erected, though it must have been about this time. The name of the architect under whose directions this original and strikingly beautiful design was carried out is also buried in obscurity. This noble front is almost entirely90 built in the style usually known by the name of early English Gothic, of which it is, perhaps, the finest example we have now left us.
"It would seem that scarcely any time elapsed between the building of the western transepts of this monastic church and the commencement of the west front, as the style of the western transepts is Late Transition Norman, and in some places almost Early English, and that of the west front pure Early English. Now, as the Transition Norman gave place to the Early English in this country, about the commencement of the thirteenth century, it would seem probable that these western transepts were built at that time, probably during the government of Acharius [1200]; these works being carried on by Robert de Lindsay, his successor, might have been completed by him: the mixture of Early English work with that of the former style in them may thus be satisfactorily accounted for. It would seem, therefore, that these transepts were erected before the time of Walter St. Edmonds, and that the building of the west front probably followed immediately after the erection of them. Mr. Britton, in his 'History and Antiquities91 of Peterborough Cathedral,' page 56, refers the building of this interesting feature of the church to the times of Acharius and Robert de Lindsay. It would seem, however, that though it was probably begun in the time of the latter abbot, it was not finished till the time of John de Caleto, who came to the government of this abbey a.d. 1249. The reason for this opinion is the similarity of some of its details to those of the infirmary church, which was erected by this abbot. Some beautiful portions of this church are still to be seen. This abbot is said to have been a great builder; and it is probable that the refectory and south cloister were rebuilt by him; and that the door by which the Bishop usually enters the Cathedral, was inserted at the same time. The Chapel of St. Lawrance, which stood at the east end of the infirmary church, seems to have been erected about this time. There was an entrance into this chapel, from the infirmary church, through an arch, which is still standing, the chapel having been converted into a prebendal house."
Richard de London was elected abbot in 1274. He had held several offices in the monastery before his instalment, and being well acquainted with the discipline of the church, he governed well and wisely. He recovered the manor10 of Biggins, near Oundle, of the Earl of Clare, and his success was mainly owing to the eloquence92 of one of his monks, who pleaded the cause of the monastery in person, before the judge of assize at Northampton.
It was during the government of Richard de London that Prior Parys built and endowed the Lady Chapel.[11] This abbot ("when he was sacrist") also built one of the largest steeples of the church, and gave two bells to the monastery. He died in 1295, having ruled twenty years. In his reign the library and the monastery lands were increased considerably93.
William de Woodford was next elected abbot. During the latter part of the rule of Richard, he had assisted him in performing the duties of abbot, which the latter was unable to do of himself, on account of his great age.
Swapham informs us that whilst William was abbot, the Pope taxed all the manors of the abbey.
Woodford is described as a fair and impartial94 man, of much kindness and benevolence, who added to the provisions of the monks,—obtained a charter for the possession of all the deer that might be slain95 on the monastery lands, and devoted96 his attention to the better regulation of the hospital of St. Leonard.[12] He died after a rule of four years, in 1299, and was succeeded by Godfrey de Croyland in the same year. This abbot, on his installation, was presented by Prince Edward with a silver cup, and had the confirmation97 fees returned to him by the Bishop's order.
The service in the chapel of Thomas à Becket was for a time suspended during this abbot's rule, in consequence of a violation98 of the sanctity of the place by certain officers, who, being in search of several men that had transgressed99 against the laws, and hearing they had taken shelter in the monastery, dragged them hence by force. The Bishop of Lincoln therefore put his curse upon the place, nor was it without much persuasion100 that he granted an absolution.
The same year, being 1300, says Gunton, "a marriage being intended betwixt the heirs of Offord and Southorp, king Edward supposing himself to be interested therein, appointed inquisition to be made whether the disposal of that marriage belonged to him or the abbot of Peterburgh. And it being upon the inquisition certified101 that those heirs and their progenitors102 held their lands of the abbey of Peterburgh, the right of disposal of those heirs did therefore belong to the abbot, which the king, understanding, desisted." This right of disposal is well worthy103 of notice, as it illustrates104 the spirit of the time better than a great deal of writing.
Godfrey was remarkable for his generosity and sumptuous105 entertainments. The king and queen, with all their retinues106, were provided for at the monastery, and once Prince Edward came with Peter Gaveston, and the abbot presented them with two magnificent robes.[13]
Godfrey added many beautiful improvements to his monastery, and built "the great gate-tower, over which was the chamber called the knights107' chamber," being the gateway leading to the Bishop's Palace. The walls of this room were carved with knights and their coats of arms.
Peterborough Cathedral—Remains of Cloisters108.
Peterborough Cathedral—Remains of Cloisters.
Whilst Edward was preparing for war against Scotland, he sent five successive times to this abbey for money to assist him in carrying on his enterprise, and Godfrey gave him in all about ￡500. His other gifts and entertainments were sumptuous and large, and the sum of money which he expended109 during his abbacy was ￡3646 4s. 3d. This remarkable man died in 1321, after a splendid rule of twenty-two years. The value of the monastery possessions in his time, about Peterborough alone, was ￡621 16s. 3d; but this sum was but a small portion of the vast property which then belonged to the church.
Adam de Boothby was the next abbot. He entertained the king, queen, and royal household, in the year 1327, which cost him ￡327 15s. Prince Edward, with his sisters and servants, were likewise hospitably110 treated at this abbey during a stay of eight weeks. Like Godfrey, Boothby was a generous man, but the expenses which the royal family cost him and his predecessors must have been a heavy impost111 upon the monastery. He died in 1338, in the eighteenth year of his rule.
Henry de Morcot was installed in February, 1338. There is nothing of any moment recorded of him, except that he was engaged in successful litigation with a baron17 for the recovery of some church lands. He died in 1346, having ruled eight years.
"Henry being dead, was buried betwixt the quire and the great altar, near unto his predecessor8 Adam. His grave being, in the year 1648, opened to receive the body of John Towers, late head bishop of this place, there was found a seal of lead (the instrument wholly consumed), having on one side these letters thus inscribed:—'Spa Spe,' over their several effigies112; on the reverse—'Clemens P P VI.' (Gunton, p. 47-48). It is probable that the instrument was some indulgence gotten at the jubilee113, which was but three years before."
Robert Ramsey succeeded to the abbacy in 1346, but of him nothing particular is recorded.
Henry de Overton was Abbot in 1361, and was followed by Nicholas, who was noted114 for his prudence and economy.
We now come to the rule of William Genge, who was elected in 1396, and ruled twelve years. He was, according to Gunton the first abbot of this monastery who was dignified115 with a mitre. In the supplement to Gunton's history, it is stated "that they put on mitres in token they had episcopal jurisdiction116, and being advanced to the dignity of barons, and to sit in parliament which no other abbots had done." During his abbacy, the church which was then situate in St. John's close, in Boongate, was taken down, and re-erected on its present site. The cause of this removal was the fearful inundations to which, from its proximity117 to the fens118, it was exposed.
Between 1408 and 1438 the monastery was presided over by John Deeping. During his abbacy great complaints were made of the conduct of the Monks, and the heads of the Benedictine order were summoned before the King at Westminster, to answer the charge of abuses, which they could not deny, but promised to reform.
Richard Ashton was appointed abbot in 1438, and ruled 33 years. He made many visits to the neighbouring monasteries, and likewise received many from their abbots. He granted several corrodies to persons who endowed his abbey. One to John Delaber, bishop of St. David's, is worthy of notice.—This John had his choice, whether to remain at Peterburgh for life, and receive a pension of ￡32 per annum, or retreat to the abbot's manor at Eyebury[14] with the same advantages.
There was another corrody granted to Alice Garton, the widow of Thomas Garton, who was a benefactor119 to the Cathedral, and whose name is engraved120 on stone, in characters of an hieroglyphic121 kind, over the large painted window at the west end of the building; it is well worth examining. It was in the year 1439 that king Henry granted a charter unto this abbot to hold a fair "for three days," commencing on St. Matthew's day, (O.S.) in a field, (now named the Mending,) which joins the counties of Huntingdon and Northampton together. This fair, on account of its vicinity to the bridge, was called "Brigge Fair," by which name it is still known. Ashton was called to parliament at Westminster, but being too infirm to attend, he deputed William Tresham, (probably one of his monks) to appear for him. He afterwards took the oaths of allegiance to his sovereign, at Coventry. During his rule it is stated that 33 monks died in the monastery, and many festivals were suspended in consequence, there not being a sufficient number left to perform the ceremonies. This abbot made several additions to the church; and the building at the east end, according to Britton, was commenced by him.
Mr. Davys is of opinion that, "though we read of no further additions being made to the church between the time of Godfrey, (1299), and that of abbot Ashton, much took place in this interval122. Almost all the windows of the church must have been transformed from their original character into their present shapes, and those which escaped this mutilation, as in the transepts and clerestory, were filled with their present unsuitable tracery, about the conclusion of the fourteenth century.
"The porch, or chapel, now used as the Chapter Library, standing within the central arch of the West Front, was probably built soon after this time. The reason why it was erected will be evident to any one who will examine the front carefully; for it will be seen that the clustered column, between the northern and middle arch, leans out to a very great extent, and were it not for the support it receives from this chapel, very serious consequences must ensue. The whole front also leans to the westward123, though not so much so as this column. This inclination124 is evidently of very early date, and probably took place shortly after the completion of the front. This chapel was therefore added as a support to the front; its insertion is, nevertheless, much to be regretted, as it materially diminishes the beauty of the finest part of the Cathedral.
"Many alterations125, and additions, seems to have taken place in this abbey, during the time when the decorated style was prevalent in England; and consequently between the time when the Infirmary Church was built, and the last-mentioned structure was erected, at the west end of the church. Of these may be mentioned, the two elegant spires126 on the north and south towers of the West Front, and the great south-west tower of the church, which has since been materially diminished in height. The present Chapter School, which was originally the chancel of Thomas à Becket's Chapel, was also built at this period; its nave127 was taken down in the time of Abbot Genge, who presided here between the years 1396 and 1408, and the materials were given to the inhabitants of Peterborough to re-build their parish church with, in a more convenient situation. The eastern and western arches of the lantern must also have been altered into their present shape about this time, and the first story of a tower, which, if it had been completed, would have been one of the finest in England, built upon them: this is now remaining, and forms all the pretence128 that this Cathedral can show to a central tower."
Ashton resigned in 1471, to the Bishop of Lincoln, and was succeeded by William Ramsey, in the same year, who, with the assistance of prior Maldon, erected a "brazen129 eagle" in the church, to which the bible and mass book were chained. This eagle is now in the choir of the Cathedral, and used when reading the lessons. Ashton was indicted[15] in 1480, for releasing a felon130 from the gaol131 at Peterburgh, and accepting a bribe132 for the same. He was tried and convicted, and was obliged to find sureties for better conduct. The original judgment133 is yet retained in the chapter-house; with the names of the abbot's sureties. He died in 1496, after a rule of 25 years.
Robert Kirton was made abbot in 1496. During his rule the regulations of the monastery were in a measure broken up; many of the monks had become disorderly and even licentious134, and one of them robbed the shrine135 of St. Oswald of a number of jewels, and other valuable articles, for the purpose of paying a woman in the town the wages of her prostitution. Others gave themselves up to bacchanalian136 riots in a neighbouring tavern137, and, instead of devoting their nights to "prayer," gave themselves up to the vulgar "company of dancers and ballad138 singers."
These irregularities took place in the 19th year of this abbot's rule. They were, however, speedily terminated by the Bishop of Lincoln, who, hearing of such notorious infringements139 of the monastic rules, came in person to restore those licentious members of the fraternity to their duty.
Abbot Kirton had many contests with his tenants, "but notwithstanding," says Gunton, "he forgat not to enlarge and beautify his monastery, for he built that goodly building at the east end of the church, now commonly known by the name of the new building,"[16] wherein he placed three altars, opposite three pair of stairs, descending140 from the back of the great altar. He likewise built a chamber in the abbey house, which is still called "heaven-gate chamber." He made also a beautiful window in the great hall "overlooking the cloyster." He added many pictures to those which were already in the chapel of St. Mary, or the Lady's Chapel, as it is now called, all which have since been destroyed. The gate that leads to the deanery is likewise of his workmanship, and bears his signature in hieroglyphics141, viz:—a Kirk, and a tun under it. This gate is a magnificent specimen142 of architecture, and should be seen by every person who visits Peterborough. Abbot Kirton ruled nearly 32 years, and died in 1528.
John Chambers143 was the last abbot, and was elected in 1528.
Cardinal76 Wolsey visited the abbey in the 17th year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, and washed and kissed the feet of fifty-nine poor people, which ceremony was called "keeping his maundy." He then gave them twelve pence, three ells of canvas, a pair of shoes, and divided a barrel of red herrings amongst them: he likewise sang mass himself on Easter-day, and absolved144 from their sins all those who heard him.
It was during the rule of Chambers that Queen Catherine, the first wife of Henry the 8th, died [July 1, 1535], and was buried in the monastery. Her tomb may be seen in the north side of the choir. The scaff which covered her pall145 was originally deposited at the back of the great altar. It was inwoven with silver, and was very massive and heavy.
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| n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者 | |
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monastery
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expiration
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| n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物 | |
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ravages
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regained
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forfeited
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predecessors
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predecessor
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possessed
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manor
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manors
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| n.庄园（manor的复数形式） | |
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12
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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13
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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14
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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15
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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16
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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17
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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18
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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19
gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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20
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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21
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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22
tout
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| v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱 | |
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23
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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24
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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25
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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26
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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27
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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28
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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29
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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30
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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31
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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32
scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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33
curiously
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|
| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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34
esteem
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|
| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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35
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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36
aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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37
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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38
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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39
distinguished
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|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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40
lawsuits
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|
| n.诉讼( lawsuit的名词复数 ) | |
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41
marsh
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|
| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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42
gilt
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|
| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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43
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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44
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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45
generosity
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|
| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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46
benediction
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|
| n.祝福；恩赐 | |
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47
cloister
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|
| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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48
lavatory
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|
| n.盥洗室，厕所 | |
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49
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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50
contentions
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| n.竞争( contention的名词复数 )；争夺；争论；论点 | |
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51
attainment
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|
| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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52
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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53
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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54
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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55
monkish
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|
| adj.僧侣的，修道士的，禁欲的 | |
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56
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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57
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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58
choir
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|
| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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59
slabs
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| n.厚板，平板，厚片( slab的名词复数 )；厚胶片 | |
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60
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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61
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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62
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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63
decomposed
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| 已分解的，已腐烂的 | |
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64
skull
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|
| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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65
inscription
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|
| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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66
remains
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|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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67
interdiction
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| n.禁止；封锁 | |
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68
dispensed
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|
| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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69
consecrated
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|
| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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70
bishops
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|
| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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71
proceedings
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|
| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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72
favourable
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|
| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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73
disposition
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|
| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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74
benevolence
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|
| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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75
indignity
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|
| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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76
cardinal
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|
| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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77
cardinals
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|
| 红衣主教( cardinal的名词复数 )； 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟为鲜红色）； 基数 | |
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78
prudence
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|
| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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79
forth
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|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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80
pithy
|
|
| adj.(讲话或文章)简练的 | |
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81
pious
|
|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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82
unduly
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|
| adv.过度地，不适当地 | |
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83
tenants
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|
| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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84
compassion
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|
| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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85
lavished
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|
| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
kinsmen
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| n.家属，亲属( kinsman的名词复数 ) | |
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87
reprehended
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|
| v.斥责，指摘，责备( reprehend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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88
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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89
appendage
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| n.附加物 | |
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90
entirely
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|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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91
antiquities
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|
| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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92
eloquence
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|
| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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93
considerably
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|
| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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94
impartial
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|
| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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95
slain
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|
| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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96
devoted
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|
| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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97
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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98
violation
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|
| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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99
transgressed
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|
| v.超越( transgress的过去式和过去分词 )；越过；违反；违背 | |
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100
persuasion
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|
| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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101
certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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102
progenitors
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|
| n.祖先( progenitor的名词复数 )；先驱；前辈；原本 | |
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103
worthy
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|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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104
illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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105
sumptuous
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|
| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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106
retinues
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| n.一批随员( retinue的名词复数 ) | |
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107
knights
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|
| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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108
cloisters
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|
| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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109
expended
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|
| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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110
hospitably
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| 亲切地，招待周到地，善于款待地 | |
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111
impost
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| n.进口税，关税 | |
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112
effigies
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| n.（人的）雕像，模拟像，肖像( effigy的名词复数 ) | |
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113
jubilee
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| n.周年纪念；欢乐 | |
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114
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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115
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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116
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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117
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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118
fens
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| n.（尤指英格兰东部的）沼泽地带( fen的名词复数 ) | |
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119
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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120
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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121
hieroglyphic
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| n.象形文字 | |
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122
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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123
westward
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|
| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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124
inclination
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|
| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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125
alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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126
spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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127
nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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128
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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129
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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130
felon
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| n.重罪犯；adj.残忍的 | |
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131
gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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132
bribe
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|
| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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133
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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134
licentious
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| adj.放纵的，淫乱的 | |
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135
shrine
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|
| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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136
bacchanalian
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|
| adj.闹酒狂饮的；n.发酒疯的人 | |
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137
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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138
ballad
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| n.歌谣，民谣，流行爱情歌曲 | |
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139
infringements
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| n.违反( infringement的名词复数 )；侵犯，伤害 | |
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140
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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141
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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142
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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143
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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144
absolved
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| 宣告…无罪，赦免…的罪行，宽恕…的罪行( absolve的过去式和过去分词 )； 不受责难，免除责任 [义务] ,开脱（罪责） | |
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145
pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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