Having in the preceding chapters given a brief history of the former monastery and present cathedral of Peterborough, up to the present time, it now remains5 for us to say something of its architectural peculiarities, and to notice some of the remarkable6 relicts of antiquity7 which are still to be found within its walls. It has already been stated, that in the year 655, the foundation for a monastic institution was laid at Medeshamstede; that it was completed seven years afterwards;—and was destroyed by fire in 870. The architectural character of the building at this period cannot be strictly8 ascertained9; but, from the accounts given of it by monkish11 writers, it is supposed to have been of the pure Saxon style. The monastery was again re-built in 966, and again destroyed by the lawless hands of barbarian12 invaders13. Five successive times did it undergo various changes of ruin and desolation, until the year 1117, when a new building was raised upon the foundations of the old one, and many additions were made to it;—extending its circuit, and improving its architectural appearance.
The immense stones which were laid as the foundation of the minster of Medeshamstede, is a sufficient proof of the vastness and massive strength of the building which was raised upon it;[25] —yet, as we have no definite information respecting the size of the monastery, we must leave it to be imagined by the reader, and proceed with the "new church," which was commenced in 1117, under the rule of John de Sais, and which we have already noticed in the first chapter of our history.
This John was a Norman by birth, and an admirer of the Norman style of architecture, which is discernable throughout the whole of this great building. That there is a mixture of style, however, in the monastery, is admitted on all hands;—nor could it well have been otherwise, if we take into consideration the different character of the ages in which additions were made to it. Still the leading features of the building clearly show that they are of Norman origin; and in this opinion we are supported by Mr. Britton, who says, "I cannot consent to discontinue this phrase, [viz. that the cathedral is a specimen15 of Norman architecture,] although it offends certain critics, who manifest more prejudice than discrimination in their reprobatory animadversion. That the Normans not only employed a peculiar2 style and character in the buildings of their own provence, and in England, after they possessed16 this country, is sufficiently17 proved by history, by the older edifices18 still remaining, and by the admission of the best informed antiquaries. It seems to me therefore absurd, as well as false, to say there is no Norman architecture—that the term is misapplied,—that the Normans were incompetent19 either to invent a novelty in art, or improve upon any thing of their Saxon predecessors20. The instance of the building before us, which is said by its monastic historians to have been raised between the years 1117 and 1250, is sufficient evidence to confute the reasoning, or rather dogmatic assertions, of those who wish to exalt21 the Saxons by depreciating22 the Normans: and we have a still stronger confutation of this theory in the style and general character of the Trinity chapel23, Canterbury, the history of which is well authenticated24 and generally credited. That it is a novelty and great beauty in architecture can only be disputed by those who are blinded by prejudice, or influenced by obstinacy25 and bad taste."[26]
During the prelacy of Bishop26 Marsh27, 1819-1839, great efforts were made to restore the cathedral to its original beauty, under the auspices28 of Dr. Monk10, then Dean of Peterborough, and afterwards Bishop of Gloucester. "By him the noble west front, which he found in a very ruinous state, was perfectly29 restored from top to bottom; six-and-thirty windows were opened in various parts of the church, which were built up, and two Norman doors were brought to light, which had been hidden under mean depressed30 arches."
It may, perhaps, be desirable to describe the different portions of the building in the order in which they present themselves to the visitor, and in doing this, we shall avail ourselves of the excellent remarks made by the Rev31. Owen Davys, son of bishop Davys, in his work on the cathedral, and also of the superior talent of a gentleman, formerly32 well known in this city, (the Rev. T. Garbett,) who has investigated, with great care, the whole plan of the building, and has laid the result of his researches before the public.
Western Gateway33.
First, then, is the ancient western gateway, built by Benedict, and though it has since been much altered, a considerable part of the original structure remains: "The western side has been faced with Perpendicular34 work, and an arch of that character has been built in front of the original Norman arch, above which is a very elegant arcade35, the alternate arches of which have small windows within them; these light the chamber36 over the gateway which occupies the situation of the chapel of St. Nicholas. The lower roof of this gateway is a good specimen of a plain Norman roof, being groined with bold cross ribs37. The arcades38 on the right and left hand, which have lately been very judiciously39 restored, are also worthy40 of notice; one of the arches in each arcade is considerably41 larger than the others, and forms a door-way. Above the arch, on the east side of this gateway, is a window which may strike the architect at first sight as being somewhat peculiar. It is in reality a part of an ancient Perpendicular shrine42, which formerly existed in the cathedral, of which a portion is still standing43 in the northern part of the new building; it was brought there, and turned to its present use as a window, some time ago."
Thomas à Becket's Chapel.
On the left hand, as we pass through the gate, is the grammar school-room, formerly the chapel of Thomas à Becket, who was assassinated44 at Canterbury, and canonized by the catholics as a saint and a martyr45. "The chancel of this building is of a very Late Decorated character, in fact so late as almost to come under the denomination46 of Transition from that style to Perpendicular; it has, on the south side, two windows, each of three lights, which appear, at first sight, to be Decorated, but, upon further examination, the architectural student will perceive, by a tendency to right lines in the tracery, that they are of Transition character, of which they form good examples. The east window of this chancel is a very good one, it is of five lights, and the tracery is very beautiful, though of a description not at all uncommon47; in fact most of the Decorated windows in parish churches throughout Northamptonshire, which have any pretensions48 to size or beauty, have their tracery of this form, as, for instance, the east window of Higham Ferrers church, and many others. Above this window is an elegant pierced cross, probably of the same date as the window itself. The parapet of this chancel has nothing worthy of notice about it; it is like the rest of the building, of plain Late Decorated character."
Palace Gateway.
On the right of us, is the magnificent gateway which leads to the bishop's palace, over which is a chamber, called the knights51' chamber. "This gateway is of somewhat peculiar Early English character, having a fine groined roof, springing from very beautiful clustered shafts53. A line of arches, each of which contain within them two smaller arches, continues along either side of the interior; which is entered on the north and south sides, through fine and lofty arches supported by clustered columns. The bases of all these columns, like those of many others about the remains of this abbey, are covered with soil which the lapse54 of years has caused to accumulate around them; this of course much diminishes the height of each shaft52. This beautiful gateway is flanked at its angles by square turrets56, each ornamented58, as also is the apex59 of the gable, with a fine niche60, which has within it a figure of an unusually large size. The niches61 on the south side, contain the figures of St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Andrew; those on the north, contain the representations of King Edward II., Abbot Godfrey de Croyland, and the Prior of the Abbey of that time, in full Benedictine costume.
West Front.
"The splendid front of the building is the most interesting and important of its members. This beautiful and original composition cannot fail to strike the mind of the beholder63 with awe64 and admiration65; the first sight of it usually makes an impression on the memory which is not easily obliterated66. It is indeed one of the finest specimens67 which the universe can produce, of the Pointed68 style of architecture. As a west front, scarcely any in this kingdom can be brought into comparison with it for beauty of proportion, and elegance69 of design. The west fronts of the cathedrals of Wells, York, and Lichfield have been mentioned as surpassing it in some respects; and in point of richness of detail, the two first may be perhaps considered as superior to it; but they all of them fall far short of Peterborough in the grandeur70 of their general effect.
"The outline of this front forms a regular square of 156 feet, that being the height of the side spires71, and also the extreme width of the building. Its plan consists of three lofty arches of the same height, of which that in the middle is considerably the narrowest, the two side ones being of equal dimensions. These rest on triangular73 piers74 faced with shafts. At either extremity75 of this arcade are two lofty turrets, flanked at the angles by clustered columns, instead of buttresses76, which run the whole height of the turrets. These turrets connect the arcade with the western wall of the church, from which it is distant fifteen feet, which gives the appearance of great depth and beauty to the arches." [Davys' Guide.]
"There was, perhaps little or no interval77 between the completion of the nave78 in the Circular style of architecture, and the erection of the north-west tower, in the Lancet, or first style of the Pointed. The original plan of the front, like that of Lincoln, comprised, no doubt, two towers rising at the western extremity of the side aisles80 of the nave, having a Norman base with circular lights, and an additional transept, projecting north and south beyond the line of the side aisles. But before this design could be carried into execution, architecture itself had undergone a change; pointed arches were substituted for circular ones, and slender isolated81 columns for the clustered shaft, or solid cylinder82. Hence the difference in style of the tower just referred to: the string moulding at the base of it, together with the superstructure, and the pinnacles84 and pediment which surmount85 the adjacent transept, being all of a later order than the work of the nave: and hence also the union of both styles in the transept itself—its lofty arches, parallel to the side walls, being highly pointed, but with the zigzag86 ornament57, and resting on Norman shafts; and the doorways87 of the front having circular heads, in accommodation to the arches of the nave, but with pointed mouldings and pillars.
"The tower, towards the south, appears never to have been finished, although unquestionably included in the architect's design. The present base, above the transept, is of a comparatively modern date, and altogether inferior to the work of the north-west tower. In the progress of great undertakings88 it not unfrequently happens that fresh objects present themselves to the mind, which at first were not thought of. Such appears to have been the case in respect of this cathedral, the architect of which, while completing the front, seems to have caught a new idea—that of erecting89 two lofty turrets beyond the outer angles of the transept, towards the west, and of converting the intermediate space into a sort of piazza90, by arches constructed in front of the nave and closed in above by a vaulted91 roof. This idea so unique and at the same time so splendid, he was enabled to realize: and posterity92, at the distance of six centuries, beholds93 with ineffable94 delight and admiration, a composition, the outlines and details of which, for their beauty and variety, render it one of the noblest facades95 in existence. Towards the north and south are two lofty turrets, flanked at the angles by clustered shafts, rising from a projecting base and crowned with spires, the height of which from the ground, makes a square with the breadth of the front. The space between these turrets is occupied by three pointed arches, reaching the whole height of the upper walls of the nave, and resting on triangular piers, which are faced with clustered shafts like those of the turrets, and terminate in octangular pinnacles, resting each upon a square basement, and divided by a moulding into two stages, the upper one of which is perforated with narrow lights, edged with the dog-toothed quatrefoil. The sides of the pier49 are lined with isolated columns in channelled recesses97, each column sustaining a ribbed moulding of the arch above, and the whole series being finished with interlaced and foliated capitals.
"The centre arch is narrower than the outer ones, the reason of which will appear when we look at the situation of the doorways opening into the side aisles of the nave. Had the architect designed the three arches of equal breadth, the piers which sustain the centre arch must have stood immediately in front of these door-ways, or the outer arches must have been so contracted as to bring the turrets within the line of the transept, and thereby99 conceal100, in part at least, the towers behind.
"This circumstance of itself shows that the turrets, piers, and arches, as they now exist, formed no part of the original plan. The interstices between the pillars which sustain the centre arch differ from those of the outer arches, in that they are chequered at regular distances with clumps101 of foliage102, as if exuberance103 of ornament were designed to compensate104 for inequality in other respects. This inequality has been still further obviated105 by the erection of a porch, which, after a minute inspection106, appears to have been inserted by way of support to the central piers, both of which had previously107 swerved108 from the perpendicular, as may still be seen. Over each arch rises a lofty pediment, bounded by the wave and billet ornaments109, and surmounted110 by a perforated cross. The spandrils formed by the base of the pediment and the arches beneath, severally contain, first, a deeply recessed111 quatrefoil, above this two trefoil arches, and still higher two pointed arches, resting on slender pillars, and filled with statues,—and also a hexagon, the featherings of which clasp a human head.
"The pediments contain each a large circular light, with other apertures112 and niches. The circle of the central pediment is divided by mullions into eight lights, under trefoil arches radiating from an orb113. Those on the sides are divided into six lights, the featherings of which are very beautiful. The mullions, or radii114, are all faced with small pillars and capitals, and lined with the dog-toothed quatrefoil. The outer moulding of the central circle is composed of closely compacted trefoils, that of the others has the wave ornament. At the base of each circle is a series of trefoil arches, rested on isolated columns, four of which admit light into an apartment above the vaulting115, and three contain statues. The intermediate spaces formed by the circle and the pediment, contain two niches, one on each side and another above, all filled with statues. The niche in the apex of the central pediment contains a statue, apparently116 of St. Peter, to whom the church is dedicated117, representing the apostle with the mitre, pall118, keys, and other insignia of the bishop of Rome.
"The turrets, before mentioned, are divided by the round moulding and string courses into six stages, which are empannelled in front with arches of different forms and dimensions. In the first stage from the ground, and rising from a channelled base, are two lofty pointed arches resting on slender pillars. In the second stage are four trefoil arches similarly supported; this range is continued round the facings of the inner wall immediately over the doorways, and forms the base of the windows. The third stage contains one pointed arch, intersected by a pillar in the centre, with curved mouldings, forming two lesser119 arches; which last are again subdivided120 by pillars sustaining one circular arch in the centre, and segments of arches on the sides.
"The interstices above contain two trefoil arches, with brackets at the base for the figures. The mouldings of the outer arch, with the sides of the pillars and all the sub-divisions, are studded with the dog-toothed quatrefoil. In the fourth stage, are two deeply recessed pointed arches, resting on clustered pillars; immediately over these is a string course of stemmated trefoils, which is continued round the front, the transepts, and the base of the north-west tower, together with the more modern base towards the south. In the fifth stage are four trefoil arches, like those of the second stage: these lie parallel with those at the base of the pediments, already described, and with those also of the side transepts. The sixth stage contains four long and narrow pointed arches, having corbels in the space above, and resting, like the whole series of arches below, on slender isolated columns, with prominent foliated capitals: above these is a string course of rosettes, forming the base of the parapet. Thus far the two turrets are strictly uniform; but in the parapets, by which they are surmounted, and in the pinnacles, which terminate the clustered shafts, there is a marked difference.
"The parapet of the north turret55 consists of the wave ornament, with double featherings and intersections121: the pinnacles at the angles are hexagonal, corbelled at the base of the pyramid with human heads, and finished above with crockets and finials.
"The parapet of the south turret contains a series of quatrefoils, while the pinnacles at the angles are beautifully blended with the clustered shafts, so as to form a regular and continuous course and termination; the mouldings are carried up in high pointed pediments, and from these a cinquefoil arch at each angle, surmounted also by a pediment, with a quatrefoil in the spandril, connects them with the spire72 in the centre, and sustains a lofty triangular pinnacle83, which, like the pediments below, is decorated with crockets and a finial. In this respect the south spire differs from the other, which has no connection with the side pinnacles. Both are pierced with pointed windows in two ranges, four in each range, divided by mullions, and crowned with crocketted pediments; and the apex of each is terminated by a finial and a cross, included in the extensive repairs carried on by the present dean[27] and chapter.
"The style of these spires, with the parapets and pinnacles, marks them out as a later work than the turrets beneath; and we may infer from the similarity of their details to those of the porch, that they formed a part of the repairs and alterations123 which the whole front appears to have undergone when the appendage124 was inserted; and when the central window of the nave was enlarged, and that, and the others which now enliven the inner wall, were filled with perpendicular tracery. The porch is vaulted with stone, and is entered by an obtuse125 arch, over which is an elliptical window, divided by mullions into six lights under cinquefoil arches, which are again subdivided in the head into lesser arches.
"The spandrils formed by the curve of the arch, and the base of the window, are enriched with circles, clasping shields of arms, and rosettes with other devices. The arches and windows are bounded by buttresses, which are broken by offsets126 and empannelled with niches. Besides these, the porch is flanked with staircases, one on each side, forming three parts of an octagon, and leading to an apartment now used as a library. The summit is closed with an embattled parapet, having a pediment at each end, and one in the centre. The surface of the walls is enriched with canopied127 niches, pilasters, brackets, panel work, and string courses in all the wildness and profusion128 which distinguish the last stage of gothic architecture.
"Besides the arch before mentioned, the porch has two smaller arches, north and south, parallel with the piazza formed by the great arches and piers of the front, and keeping up the communication with its opposite extremities129. Over these also are mullioned windows with blank interstices.
"The great window of the nave, the outer arch of which is obviously an alteration122 from the original design, is divided by mullions into five lights,—those of the side aisles into three lights, both under cinquefoil arches, and the lancet windows of the transepts into two lights, under trefoil arches: these windows are parted, each by an embattled transome into an upper and lower range of lights, and the heads filled with subordinate tracery.
"The door-ways beneath are exceedingly rich, and in point of execution and delicacy130 of detail perhaps the finest portions of the front. The central door-way is divided by a pillar, rising from a carved cylindrical131 base into two smaller arches; but the whole design and finish cannot be made out, in consequence of the introduction of the porch, the foundation and butments of which are built against it.
"The arches of the side door-ways are lined with isolated columns, receding4 in the manner of perspective; the ribbed mouldings between these columns, the interlaced and pendent foliage of the capitals, and the multiplied mouldings of which the arches above are composed, cannot be too closely examined, or too much admired. This is that peculiar style of gothic architecture, in which the beauty of the pointed arch, with its accompaniments is best discerned; and, therefore, it is that judges are wont132 to give it the preference over all subsequent alterations and refinements133. The spaces between these door-ways, like those of the windows over them, are empannelled with pointed arches, subdivided by smaller arches, and resting on slender pillars.
"From the description thus given of this stately front, the reader will perceive that it was begun in one age, and finished, as we now behold62 it, in another. Some discrepancies134 of style may therefore be expected to present themselves, but these are so eclipsed by the grandeur in its leading features, that the eye takes in the whole as a single conception, and overlooks, in its contemplation of such a magnificent association of objects, the marks of difference that exist between the efforts of earlier and later genius."[28] —The Purbeck pillar, which divides the greater arch of the West door into two lesser arches, has a curiously135 sculptured base, apparently representing a sinner being tormented136 by devils.
Gateway and Deanery.
As we cross the square to the north-eastern side of the church, we pass another gateway, which leads into the deanery, which is a fine specimen of architecture, and bears the monogram137 of its builder, viz.—the letter R, a kirk, and a tun, [R. Kirkton] and we then enter at once into the
Burial Ground.
Exterior138 north, east, and south.
A finer association of beautiful and mournful objects could not well be imagined than is here presented to us. The most graceful139 trees, arranged in delightful140 groups, hang over the decayed tombs, which are carpeted to their base by a green sward, covered with flowers. As we pass along, we get a view of the deanery, and at the end of the eastern part of the church we see Tout141 Hill with the Training College for schoolmasters on the left, and the pretty villa142 in the vineyard, with a splendid avenue of old elm trees leading to it by a broad gravel143 walk. We pass likewise the large painted window, and as we turn the eastern end of the building, we catch a glimpse of the ruins of the infirmary and great hall, with their magnificent arches and ivy144 clad columns. Proceeding145 round to the southern side of the cathedral, we enter the square, where are the ruins of the cloisters146, through a fine old door-way with a pointed arch, surmounting147 others of a circular form, and enriched with sculptural mouldings and figures. The southern and western walls of the cloisters remain, and contain a singular variety of tracery, mouldings, columns, and door-ways. Two door-ways to the southern aisles of the nave are also seen in the cloisters—one having a semicircular arch, with archivolt mouldings, enriched with the chevron148 and other Norman ornaments; the other in the pointed or gothic style, with raised mouldings, and supported by slender shafts at the sides.[29] At the southern extremity of the cloisters is another door-way of the same style and character as that by which we entered them, which leads through the bishop's garden to the palace.[30] Passing along the western wall of the cloisters we go through a plain Norman door-way, which brings us again, by a narrow passage, to the west front of the cathedral.
The Dimensions
Of the several parts of the Cathedral are as follows:—
The breadth of the west front, measuring from corner to corner on the outside of it, is 156 feet.
The length of the whole cathedral, measured on the outside of it, is 471 feet. In this measurement are included the most prominent buttresses at the west and east ends.
The distance from the inside of the west door of the cathedral to the organ screen at the entrance into the choir149 is 267 feet.
From the organ screen to the altar screen, 117 feet.
From the altar table to the east window 38 feet. So that the distance from the west door to the east window is 422 feet.
The length of the two cross aisles or transepts within, including the diameter of the lantern, 180 feet.
The breadth of the nave within, measuring from the south wall to the north wall, is 78 feet; that is half the breadth of the west front.
From the floor of the nave to its painted wooden roof is a height of 81 feet.
The height of the lantern within the church is 135 feet. The whole height of it without is 150 feet.
The height of each gothic arch at the west front of the cathedral is 82 feet.
The distance from the ground to the top of each pinnacle at the corners of the west front is 156 feet; that is, the same with the breadth of the front.
The Interior of the Building
is grand beyond conception. The northern and southern aisles are formed by massive ranges of pillars, supporting vast arches of singular simplicity150 and beauty. The great pictured roof or ceiling in the nave of the church, is a curious specimen of fanciful ingenuity151. The divisions are of a diagonal form filled with various devices, some representing kings and queens or early patrons and founders152 of the monastery: others being of an hieroglyphical153 character.
"The nave and its aisles," says Mr. Britton, [page 70] "display a uniform style of architecture in their arches, piers, triforia, and walls; but the windows of the clerestory, triforia, and aisles are all of a later date, and are evident insertions in the original walls,—excepting indeed the exterior walls of the triforium, which appear to have been raised, and a new roof formed when some great alterations were made to the church. On the eastern side of the transept is an aisle79, the southern division of which is separated into three chapels154, or oratories155, as they were originally appropriated, but now used as appendages156 to the choir. Over this aisle is a triforium, behind an arched screen, which extends along the aisles of the choir to their junction157 with the new work."
The lantern is another remarkable feature in this building. It "is open to the vaulted roof," and is a fearful height to contemplate158.
The choir is nearly of the same kind of architecture as the transept. Its vaulted roof is boarded, but assumes an imitation of the florid pointed style,—being disposed in several compartments159 by thin ribs. Over the altar end it is painted with an emblematical160 representation of Christ as a vine, and his disciples161 the branches. The remaining portion of the roof, which had been painted white and yellow, has also been recently restored to its original character, the bosses being gilt162 and the spandrils painted bright blue and richly ornamented.
Until the year 1827, the choir of this cathedral was composed of deal painted to resemble oak, and "although in good repair," was generally allowed to be "unworthy of the magnificent structure to which it belonged." At the suggestion, and under the immediate98 patronage163 of the then dean and chapter, a subscription164 was entered into for the purpose of erecting a new choir and organ screen; and the sum of ￡5021 11s. 0d. was shortly obtained towards that object. The architect employed was the celebrated165 Mr. Blore, who, assisted by Mr. Ruddle, of Peterborough, completed the work in 1830.
The organ screen is composed of clunch stone, and is decorated with spiral turrets, having a number of gaudily166 painted shields in the spandrils, which, together with the rainbow hues167 of the organ pipes, give it an appearance rather offensive to modern taste, although strictly in accordance with the rest of the work, which is in the style of the 1st and 3rd Edward.
On the right of the entrance to the choir is a brass168 plate with the following inscription169:—
this
ORGAN SCREEN
with the
CHOIR AND ALTAR SCREEN,
was erected170 a.d. mdcccxxx.
by subscription
from the members of this cathedral church,
the inhabitants of the
city and neighbourhood of peterborough,
and
other admirers of ecclesiastical architecture,
under the auspices of
THE VERY REV. JAMES HENRY MONK, D.D.,
dean.
The New Pulpit,
erected to the memory of the Rev. John James, D.D., for 40 years Canon of the Cathedral, has a most massive appearance. The principal material used in its construction is Dumfries stone, with pillars of Devonshire and Greek marble. The body rests on a centre marble base, with corner pillars of Greek marble. At each corner of the pulpit stand figures of the four evangelists. The three panels are richly carved, and in the centres are cut the figure of a lamb, a Norman cross, and the letters I.H.S. Greek marble has been employed as pillars for the stair rails, along which and around the upper part of the pulpit is Devonshire marble. The following inscription inlaid with gold is cut in the Greek marble bordering:—"In Memoriam. Johannes James, S.T.P., hujus Ecclesi? Cathedralis XL.; Anno Canonici P.C. Filii Superstites A.D. mdccclxxiii, O.B. xv Dec. mdccclxviii." The arms of the See and the Dean and Chapter are cut in the stone body. The architect was Mr. Barry, of London, and the work was executed by Messrs. Field, Poole, and Sons, Westminster.
Monuments.
There are very few ancient monuments remaining in this cathedral, the greater portion having been destroyed by Cromwell's soldiers. A brazen171 eagle, or lectern, in the centre aisle of the choir, from which the daily lessons are read; an ancient stone at the east end of the building, till lately supposed to be commemorative of the murder of eighty-four monks172 by the Danes, in 870;[31] and a picture of old Scarlet173, who died in 1594, aged174 98, are the principal objects of interest.
Turning to the left, as you enter the west door of the cathedral, hangs the portrait of this celebrated character, who buried within the walls of the cathedral, Catherine of Arragon, who died at Kimbolton Castle, in 1536; and Mary Queen of Scots, who was executed at Fotheringhay Castle fifty-one years afterwards. The accompanying engraving175 is a representation of the old sexton, with his spade, pickaxe, and other emblems176 of office.
In the south-west or opposite corner of the nave, is an ancient font, originally composed of native marble, obtained from the quarries177 at Alwalton.[32] The basin of this font was, for many years, in one of the prebendal gardens, where it was placed upon the base of an old Norman pillar, and used for holding flowers, but was removed by Dr. Monk, when dean of Peterborough, to the chapterhouse. The celebrated statuary, Mr. Gresley, of Oxford178, put it upon its present pediments, which are composed of Purbeck marble, and it was then placed where it now stands. It is considered a very fine piece of workmanship.
Man standing next to a table and holding a shovel179
YOV SEE OLD SCARLEITS PICTVRE STAND ON HIE BVT AT YOVR FEETE THERE DOTH HIS BODY LYE HIS GRAVESTONE DOTH HIS AGE AND DEATH TIME SHOW HIS OFFICE BY THEIS TOKENS YOV MAY KNOW SECOND TO NONE FOR STRENGTH AND STVRDYE LIMM A SCAREBABE MIGHTY180 VOICE WITH VISAGE GRIM HEE HAD INTERD TWO QVEENES WITHIN THIS PLACE AND THIS TOWNES HOVSE HOLDERS181 IN HIS LIVES SPACE TWICE OVER: BVT AT LENGTH HIS OWN TVRN CAME WHAT HEE FOR OTHERS DID FOR HIM THE SAME WAS DONE: NO DOVBT HIS SOVL DOTH LIVE FOR AYE IN HEAVEN: THO HERE HIS BODY CLAD IN CLAY.
As you enter the south aisle of the choir, upon the wall is a neat marble tablet to the Rev. Dr. William Parker, who died October 3rd, 1730.
Next, in a recess96, is a tablet to abbot Andreas, and two of his predecessors, with the following Latin inscription:—
"Hos tres abbates quibus est prior abba Iohannes
Alter Martinus, Andreas ultimus unus
Hic claudit tumulus; pro14 clausis ergo rogemus."
The following is a free translation of the above:—
"These three abbots, of whom the first is abbot John,
The other Martin, the last Andrew,
This one tomb shuts up [incloses]; therefore for those shut up, let us pray."
Above this is a small tablet to the memory of Mary, the wife of the Rev. Payne Edmunds.
Next, is a marble tablet to Robert Pemberton, who was a magistrate182 of this city, and steward183 to the Rev. the Dean and Chapter. He died in 1695, in the 75th year of his age.
Near these, removed from the old chapter-house, founded by king Peada, are the statues of three other abbots, whose names are unknown.
Adjoining, is an effigy184 of Abbot Alexander, whose body, with his boots and crosier, were found by some workmen when making a foundation for the new choir in 1830, as related at page 15 of this work.
Opposite to this, is a black marble slab185, beneath which the body of Mary, Queen of Scots, was at first deposited, and remained for twenty-five years, when it was disinterred and removed to Westminster Abbey, by order of her son, king James the 1st. Hanging near it is the original letter of the king ordering the removal. See note on page 29.
At the end of this aisle are two handsome compartments; the left hand, to the memory of Joseph Stamford, who died in 1683; and the right hand, to Thomas Whitwell, who died at Wisbech in 1759.
Above that of Joseph Stamford, is a tablet to Francis Lockier, who died 1740; and below, a small tablet to John Speechley, for 33 years organist of the cathedral.
We now enter the building known by the name of
The New Building.
"The whole appearance of the interior of this beautiful building is grand and imposing187 in the extreme; its roof, which is composed of the elaborate fan vaulting, for which the Perpendicular style is so famous, rises from slender shafts, and is ornamented with large and handsome bosses, upon each of which is carved a shield, with armorial bearings. In these respects, as well as in the general aspect of its details, this building so nearly resembles the noble chapel of King's College, Cambridge, as to warrant the supposition that they were both erected from the designs of one architect. The New Building is lighted by thirteen very fine windows, two of which are filled with modern painted glass. The space below the windows is occupied by a rich cornice, an elegant arcade, and a stone seat. Here is to be seen a monument, till lately supposed to be that of abbot Hedda and his monks, whose massacre188 by the Danes was spoken of in the first chapter of this work, which is considered to be one of the oldest christian189 monuments now extant in England." See note on page 4.
At the south end of this building, are the remains of a beautiful marble monument, erected by Sir Humphrey Orme, the destruction of which is recorded at page 34 of this work.
By the side of this monument are two tablets, one in memory of Archdeacon Davys, his wife Selina, and their son John William Owen; underneath190 which is a black tablet, surmounted by a shield, bearing a coat of arms, with a mitre, in memory of Francis Jeune, D.C.L., twenty-fifth bishop of Peterborough, who died in 1868.
On the south-east side of the altar, is a very stately and handsome marble monument of the Corinthian order; on which is a portraiture191 of the gentleman for whom it was erected, lying on his left side, and leaning on a cushion, with his hand upon a scull; above which statue is this inscription—
"Sacred to the memory of Thomas Deacon, Esq., a native of this city; sometime high sheriff of this county: a person eminent192 for his morality and good life; a true son of the established church: a constant attendant on her worship and service: his piety193 consisted not in empty profession, but in sincerity194 and unaffected truth. He had an ample estate, which he fairly acquired, and increased by an honest industry, and managed with excellent prudence195, and disposed of to laudable purposes. His charity (even in the time of his life) was very large, extensive, and exemplary; of which he has left a lasting196 monument in this city, by founding a charity school, and endowing it with a freehold estate, of above one hundred and sixty pounds per annum: And also, by settling another estate of twenty-five pounds per annum, for a constant annual distribution of alms to poor ancient inhabitants of this city. Having thus laid up in store to himself a good foundation against the time to come, he quietly departed this life, on the 19th day of August, 1721, aged 70 years.
"To whose memory as an instance of her conjugal197 affection, Mary, his sorrowful relict, caused this monument to be erected."
Beneath his effigy, and upon the front of the tomb, is the following inscription—
"In memory of Mary, the relict of Thomas Deacon, Esq.; daughter of John Harvey, of Spalding, gent. To which place she was a kind generous benefactor198, and bestowed199 upwards200 of ￡400 in pious201 and useful charities. She gave also to Fleet ￡250, for founding a charity school in that parish. To the poor of this city, she extended her daily bounty202, so private as not to be told; so large as not to be equalled; to which she added several public benefactions, and gave towards augmenting203 the vicarage of St. John Baptist ￡100; and likewise ￡100 to the salary of the grammar school; she died January 27th, 1730, aged 77 years."
In a recess adjoining this monument, is a neat tablet to the memory of Mary, the mother of the Rev. J. S. Pratt, formerly a prebendary of this cathedral, and vicar of the parish of St. John the Baptist, Peterborough.
Underneath this, a handsome tablet to the late William Strong, D.D., forty-five years archdeacon of this diocese, and for nearly half a century a magistrate for the Liberty of Peterborough.
Near the last monument, behind the altar screen, are interred186 the remains of six bishops204, viz.:—Cumberland, Kennett, Hinchcliffe, Madan, Marsh and Davys; tablets to the four latter, are in the recess opposite the large painted window.
Beneath these, is an effigy, supposed to be that of Abbot William de Hotot, who died in 1250.
On the north-east side of the altar, is a very handsome marble monument to Bishop Cumberland, great grandfather to the celebrated dramatist of that name.
Beneath this, is a neat tablet to Joseph Parsons, formerly a prebendary of this cathedral, and Letitia, his wife; near which, is a monument erected to his intimate friend William Tournay, D.D., also a prebendary of this cathedral, and of St. Peter's, Westminster, and for twenty-five years warden205 of Wadham College, Oxford, &c.
Adjoining, are the remains of an ancient shrine, supposed to be that of St. Ibba.
Above this is a marble tablet to Louisa Cole, of the Vineyard.
On leaving the Lady Chapel, in the north aisle of the choir, is a splendid monument to Richard Trice, beneath which is a handsome double piscina.
Opposite to this, a small marble monument to Frances, wife of Dean Cosin, who died March 25th, 1642; above which is an epitaph to Dorothy, the wife of Francis Standish, formerly precentor of this cathedral, who died in 1689.
Opposite, is another plain black marble slab, similar to that in the south aisle, with a small brass inscription which marks the grave of Catherine of Arragon.
On the north wall of the side aisle is a monument by the celebrated Gibbons, with the following inscription—
"Sacred to the memory of Constance, daughter of John May, of Rawmeare, in Sussex, Esquire; and of Constance, his wife, one of the daughters and co-heiress of Thomas Panton, of Westminster, knight50 and baronet, and wife of John Workman, prebendary of this church, who, having by all christian virtues206 and good qualities, been an ornament to her worthy family, and an honour to all her relations in her life, resigned up her soul to God with admirable patience at her death; she deceased in childbed at London; and, together with her infant son, she was according to her desire, here interred, where she had frequently worshipped God, in hope of a joyful207 resurrection, September 30th, A.D. 1681."
Next, is a tablet to James Duport, formerly dean of this cathedral, chaplain to Charles II., and professor of Greek at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Adjoining, is another tablet to the memory of the Rev. John Workman, M.A., formerly a prebendary of this cathedral, and rector of Peakirk, &c.
Next, is a tablet to William Rowles, of Washingley, and Ann Wilkinson, his daughter.
The next is to the Rev. William Gery, also a prebendary of this cathedral, and Susannah, his wife, who lived together 47 years. This is a very handsome tablet.
The last is a handsome tablet to the Rev. William Waring, A.M., formerly master of the grammar school, who died 1726, aged 66.
In a small chapel, known as the Morning Chapel, dedicated to St. John and St. James, is some ancient tapestry208; one piece representing St. Peter and St. John healing the lame209 man at the beautiful gate of the temple; the other representing St. Peter's deliverance from prison. In the north-east corner is a tablet to the Rev. John Stevens, A.M., rector of Folksworth, Hunts.; and in the centre of the east wall is a stained glass window, representing four scenes from the life of our Lord. Here also are the remains of the woodwork of the old choir, which have been converted into seats, and will serve to show to the curious its former character and style.
The Organ,
which is placed above the screen, dividing the nave from the choir, is a very fine toned instrument, and was built in 1809, by the late Mr. Allen, of Sutton Street, Soho. It has within the last few years been much improved and enlarged. It contains forty-eight stops, viz.:—twelve in the great organ, twelve in the swell210, ten in the choir, eight in the pedal organ, and six couplers. These improvements were made by H. P. Gates, Esq., of the Vineyard, and are commemorated212 by a brass plate on the south side of the organ, inscribed213 as follows: "To the praise and glory of God and memory of John and Frances Gates, this organ was re-built and enlarged at the charge of Henry Pearson Gates, their son, Anno Domini 1871." The case of the instrument, which is of carved oak, presents towards the nave, a front in the early English style, while on the side looking into the choir, the fronts are decorated, to harmonize with the interior fittings.
The Choir.
As we enter the choir, the bishop's throne, with the stalls, pulpit, pews, and altar screen burst upon us, all of which are beautifully carved. The altar screen is composed of a soft white stone, found near Cambridge; the rest that we have mentioned, is oak, very finely carved in the decorated style of architecture. The bishop's throne especially, with its ogee canopies215, and elegant and almost fairy-like spire, rivets216 the eye of the spectator. The coup211 d'?il of the choir is so strikingly beautiful, from the good arrangement and entire keeping of the whole, that it can scarcely be surpassed.
At the east end, immediately under the large window, are three tablets with the names of all the Abbots, Bishops, and Deans from the foundation of the monastery to the present time, of which the following is a copy:—
List of the Abbots of the Cathedral,
With the date of their appointment.
Saxulphus 654 Acharius 1200
Cuthbaldus 673 Robert of Lindsay 1214
Egbaldus Alexander 1222
Pusa Martin of Ramsey 1226
Beonna Walter St. Edmonds 1233
Celredus William Hotot 1246
Hedda 833 Iohn de Caleto 1249
Adulphus 972 Robert Sutton 1262
Kenulphus 992 Richard of London 1274
Elsinus 1005 William of Woodford 1295
Arwinus 1055 Godfrey of Croyland 1299
Leofricus 1063 Adam Boothby 1321
Brando 1066 Henry Morcot 1338
Thoroldus 1069 Robert Ramsey 1346
Godricus 1098 Henry of Overton 1361
Matthias 1103 Nicholaus 1391
Ernulpus 1107 Willielmus Genge 1396
Iohn of Salisbury 1114 Johannes Deeping 1408
Henricus de Angeli 1128 Richard Ashton 1438
Martinus de Vecti 1133 William Ramsey 1471
William de Waterville 1155 Robert Kirton 1496
Benedictus 1177 Iohn Chambers217 1528
Andreas 1194
Iohn Chambers was the last Abbot and the first Bishop.
List of the Bishops of Peterborough,
With the date of their appointment.
Iohn Chambers, b.d. 1541 Richard Cumberland, d.d. 1691
David Pool, ll.d. 1556 White Kennet, d.d. 1718
Edmund Scambler, d.d. 1560 Robert Clavering, d.d. 1728
Richard Howland, d.d. 1584 Iohn Thomas, d.d. 1747
Thomas Dove, a.m. 1600 Richard Terrick, d.d. 1757
William Pierse, d.d. 1630 Robert Lamb, ll.d. 1764
Augustine Lindsel, d.d. 1632 Iohn Hinchliffe, d.d. 1769
Francis Dee, d.d. 1634 Spencer Madan, d.d. 1794
Iohn Towers, d.d. 1638 John Parsons, d.d. 1813
Benjamin Lany, d.d. 1660 Herbert Marsh, d.d. 1819
Joseph Henshaw, d.d. 1663 George Davys, d.d. 1839
William Loyd, d.d. 1679 Francis Jeune, d.c.l. 1864
Thomas White, d.d. 1685 William Connor Magee, d.d. 1868
Bishop Davys was advanced to this see in 1839. He was formerly a fellow of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, and took a wrangler's degree in 1803. He subsequently became curate of Littlebury, and in 1814 of Chesterford; this latter curacy he held until Dr. Bloomfield, the late bishop of London, was presented to that living, when Mr. Davys became curate of Swaffham Prior; he afterwards removed to Kensington, and was appointed tutor to the Princess Victoria. Shortly after this he was presented to the rectory of All-Hallows, London, and in 1831 to the deanery of Chester, on which occasion he took the degree of doctor of divinity. He discharged his episcopal duties for a period of about twenty-five years in such a manner as to gain universal esteem218; and died at Peterborough, after a short illness, in the 84th year of his age, on the 18th April, 1864.
The Rev. Dr. Francis Jeune, who was appointed to the Bishopric in the room of Dr. Davys, was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, were he graduated in 1827, when he took a first-class in classics. In 1832 he was admitted into Holy Orders by Dr. Bagot, Bishop of Oxford, being then tutor of his College. In 1834 he was elected to the Head Mastership of King Edward's School, Birmingham, and held that appointment until 1838, when he was nominated to the Deanery of Jersey219, and the Rectory of St. Heliers. In 1843 he was elected to the Mastership of Pembroke College, with a canonry at Gloucester annexed220, and almost immediately afterwards he was presented by the Dean and Chapter of Gloucester to the Rectory of Taynton. In 1850 he was appointed one of Her Majesty221's Commissioners222 of Inquiry223 for the University of Oxford, and in 1859 was elected Vice-Chancellor of the University. About three months previous to his promotion224 to this Bishopric, Dr. Jeune was made Dean of Lincoln, in the room of the Rev. Thomas Garnier. Dr. Jeune lived only four years after his appointment to the see. Suffering from an internal disease he went to Whitby for change of air, where he died on the 21st of August, 1868, after a short and painful illness, and was succeeded by the Rev. W. Connor Magee.
Bishop Magee was born at Cork225 in the year 1821, his father at that time holding a cure in that city before being presented to the living of St. Peter's, Drogheda, in 1829. His grandfather filled the Metropolitan226 see of Dublin previous to Archbishop Whately. The future bishop of Peterborough received his earliest education at Kilkenny, from which place, at the age of thirteen, he was removed to Trinity College, Dublin. Here he obtained a scholarship in 1838, and Archbishop King's Divinity prize. He graduated A.B. in 1842, A.M. and B.D. in 1854, and D.D. in 1860. In 1844 Mr. Magee received deacon's orders at the hands of the Bishop of Chester, and in the following year was ordained227 priest by the Bishop of Tuam. His first curacy was that of St. Thomas, Dublin, which he was obliged to resign through ill health, and after a two years' residence abroad he accepted a curacy at St. Saviour's, Bath, in 1848. Two years later he was appointed to the joint228 incumbency229 of the Octagon Chapel, Bath. During his residence in Bath, Mr. Magee published two volumes of sermons. In 1859 he was nominated an Hon. Canon of Wells Cathedral, and received the degree of D.D. from his University; and on the resignation of Dr. Goulburn, minister of Quebec Chapel, Portman Square, London, Canon Magee was appointed to the vacant post. In 1860 he was transferred to the precentorship of Clogher in conjunction with the rectory of Enniskillen; in 1864, on the death of Dr. Newman, he was installed Dean of Cork; and in 1866 was appointed Dean of the Chapel Royal, Dublin. He was enthroned as Bishop of Peterborough shortly after the death of Bishop Jeune in 1868, receiving his appointment from the Conservative Prime Minister, Mr. Disraeli.
List of the Deans of Peterborough,
With the date of their appointment.
Francis Abree, d.d. 1541 Richard Kidder, d.d. 1689
Gerard Carlton, b.d. 1543 Samuel Freeman, d.d. 1691
James Curtop, a.m. 1551 White Kennet, d.d. 1707
Iohn Boxhall, ll.d. 1558 Richard Reynolds, ll.d. 1718
William Latimer, d.d. 1560 William Gee214, d.d. 1721
Richard Fletcher, d.d. 1585 Iohn Mandevil, d.d. 1722
Thomas Nevil, d.d. 1590 Francis Lockyer, d.d. 1725
Iohn Palmer, d.d. 1598 Iohn Thomas, d.d. 1740
Richard Cleyton, d.d. 1608 Robert Lamb, ll.d. 1744
George Meriton, d.d. 1612 Charles Tarrant, d.d. 1764
Henry Beaumont, d.d. 1616 Charles M. Sutton, d.d. 1791
William Pierse, d.d. 1622 Peter Peckard, d.d. 1792
Iohn Towers, d.d. 1630 Thomas Kipling, d.d. 1797
Thomas Jackson, d.d. 1638 James Henry Monk, d.d. 1822
Iohn Cosin, d.d. 1640 Thomas Turton, d.d. 1830
Edward Rainbow, d.d. 1660 George Butler, d.d. 1842
James Duport, d.d. 1664 Augustus P. Saunders, d.d. 1853
Simon Patrick 1679 J. J. Stewart Perowne, d.d. 1878
The present Dean of Peterborough, The Very Rev. John James Stewart Perowne, D.D., was born about the year 1823, and married in 1862 Anna Maria, third daughter of the late Humphry William Woolrych, Esq., Serjeant-at-Law, of Croxley, Hertfordshire. His family is of French (Huguenot) extraction, which came over to this country at the Revocation230 of the Edict of Nantes. He was appointed to the Deanery in August, 1878. He was educated at Norwich Grammar School and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, of which College he became a Fellow. He was a Bell's University Scholar in 1842, took the Members' Prize for a Latin Essay on three different occasions, viz., 1844, 1846, and 1847, and graduated B.A. in 1845, in which year he was also Crosse Scholar, and in 1848 he proceeded M.A. and was Tyrwhitt's Hebrew Scholar. Eight years afterwards he took the degree of B.D., having in the meantime been ordained deacon in 1847 and priest in the same year that he took his master's degree. In 1855 he was appointed examining chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich, and was made prebendary of S. Andrew's and canon of Llandaff cathedral in 1869. In 1872 he became pr?lector in Theology of Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1873 took his degree of D.D., and became Fellow of Trinity College. In 1875 Her Majesty was pleased to graciously appoint him one of her hon. chaplains, and in the same year he was appointed Hulsean Professor of Divinity. In 1851 and 1852 he was examiner for the Classical Tripos at Cambridge, and select preacher before the University on several different occasions. For 10 years he held the vice-principalship of St. David's College, Lampeter, which appointment he resigned in 1872. Before this, he had been Lecturer in Divinity at King's College, London, and assistant preacher at Lincoln's Inn. In 1868 he was Hulsean Lecturer, and Lady Margaret's Preacher in 1874-5. From 1867 to 1872 he was third cursal prebendary of S. David's Cathedral. From 1874 to 1876 he was one of the Whitehall preachers. The Dean is the author of "The Book of Psalms231, a New Translation with Notes, Critical and Exegetical232;" Hulsean Lectures on "Immortality"; a volume of Sermons; occasional Sermons; Articles in Dr. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible; Contemporary Review; Good Words, &c. And he is a member of the Company engaged on the revision of the Old Testament233.
The End
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
monastery
|
|
| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
peculiarities
|
|
| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
receding
|
|
| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
remains
|
|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
antiquity
|
|
| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
strictly
|
|
| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
ascertained
|
|
| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
monk
|
|
| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
monkish
|
|
| adj.僧侣的，修道士的，禁欲的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
barbarian
|
|
| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
invaders
|
|
| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
pro
|
|
| n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
specimen
|
|
| n.样本，标本 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
possessed
|
|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
edifices
|
|
| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
incompetent
|
|
| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
predecessors
|
|
| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
exalt
|
|
| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
depreciating
|
|
| v.贬值，跌价，减价( depreciate的现在分词 )；贬低，蔑视，轻视 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
chapel
|
|
| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
authenticated
|
|
| v.证明是真实的、可靠的或有效的( authenticate的过去式和过去分词 )；鉴定，使生效 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
obstinacy
|
|
| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
bishop
|
|
| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
marsh
|
|
| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
auspices
|
|
| n.资助，赞助 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
perfectly
|
|
| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
depressed
|
|
| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
rev
|
|
| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
gateway
|
|
| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
perpendicular
|
|
| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
arcade
|
|
| n.拱廊；(一侧或两侧有商店的)通道 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
chamber
|
|
| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
ribs
|
|
| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
arcades
|
|
| n.商场( arcade的名词复数 )；拱形走道（两旁有商店或娱乐设施）；连拱廊；拱形建筑物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
judiciously
|
|
| adv.明断地，明智而审慎地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
worthy
|
|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
considerably
|
|
| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
shrine
|
|
| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
standing
|
|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
assassinated
|
|
| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
martyr
|
|
| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
denomination
|
|
| n.命名，取名，(度量衡、货币等的)单位 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
uncommon
|
|
| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
pretensions
|
|
| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
pier
|
|
| n.码头；桥墩，桥柱；[建]窗间壁，支柱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
knight
|
|
| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
knights
|
|
| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
shaft
|
|
| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
shafts
|
|
| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
lapse
|
|
| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
turret
|
|
| n.塔楼，角塔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
turrets
|
|
| （六角）转台( turret的名词复数 )； （战舰和坦克等上的）转动炮塔； （摄影机等上的）镜头转台； （旧时攻城用的）塔车 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
ornament
|
|
| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
ornamented
|
|
| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
apex
|
|
| n.顶点，最高点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
niche
|
|
| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
niches
|
|
| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
behold
|
|
| v.看，注视，看到 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
beholder
|
|
| n.观看者，旁观者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
awe
|
|
| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
admiration
|
|
| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
obliterated
|
|
| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
specimens
|
|
| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
pointed
|
|
| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
elegance
|
|
| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
grandeur
|
|
| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
spires
|
|
| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
spire
|
|
| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
triangular
|
|
| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
piers
|
|
| n.水上平台( pier的名词复数 )；（常设有娱乐场所的）突堤；柱子；墙墩 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
extremity
|
|
| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
buttresses
|
|
| n.扶壁，扶垛( buttress的名词复数 )v.用扶壁支撑，加固( buttress的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
interval
|
|
| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
nave
|
|
| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
aisle
|
|
| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
aisles
|
|
| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
isolated
|
|
| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
cylinder
|
|
| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
pinnacle
|
|
| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
pinnacles
|
|
| 顶峰( pinnacle的名词复数 )； 顶点； 尖顶； 小尖塔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
surmount
|
|
| vt.克服；置于…顶上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
zigzag
|
|
| n.曲折，之字形；adj.曲折的，锯齿形的；adv.曲折地，成锯齿形地；vt.使曲折；vi.曲折前行 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
doorways
|
|
| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
undertakings
|
|
| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
erecting
|
|
| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
piazza
|
|
| n.广场；走廊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
vaulted
|
|
| adj.拱状的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
posterity
|
|
| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
beholds
|
|
| v.看，注视( behold的第三人称单数 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
ineffable
|
|
| adj.无法表达的，不可言喻的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
facades
|
|
| n.（房屋的）正面( facade的名词复数 )；假象，外观 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
recess
|
|
| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
recesses
|
|
| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
immediate
|
|
| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
thereby
|
|
| adv.因此，从而 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
conceal
|
|
| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
clumps
|
|
| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
foliage
|
|
| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
exuberance
|
|
| n.丰富；繁荣 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
compensate
|
|
| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
obviated
|
|
| v.避免，消除（贫困、不方便等）( obviate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
106
inspection
|
|
| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
previously
|
|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
swerved
|
|
| v.（使）改变方向，改变目的( swerve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
ornaments
|
|
| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
surmounted
|
|
| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
recessed
|
|
| v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的过去式和过去分词 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
apertures
|
|
| n.孔( aperture的名词复数 )；隙缝；（照相机的）光圈；孔径 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
orb
|
|
| n.太阳；星球；v.弄圆；成球形 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
radii
|
|
| n.半径；半径（距离）( radius的名词复数 )；用半径度量的圆形面积；半径范围；桡骨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
vaulting
|
|
| n.（天花板或屋顶的）拱形结构 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
apparently
|
|
| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
dedicated
|
|
| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
pall
|
|
| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
lesser
|
|
| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
subdivided
|
|
| 再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
intersections
|
|
| n.横断( intersection的名词复数 )；交叉；交叉点；交集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
alteration
|
|
| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
alterations
|
|
| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
appendage
|
|
| n.附加物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
obtuse
|
|
| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
offsets
|
|
| n.开端( offset的名词复数 )；出发v.抵消( offset的第三人称单数 )；补偿；（为了比较的目的而）把…并列（或并置）；为（管道等）装支管 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
canopied
|
|
| adj. 遮有天篷的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
profusion
|
|
| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
extremities
|
|
| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
delicacy
|
|
| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
cylindrical
|
|
| adj.圆筒形的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
wont
|
|
| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
refinements
|
|
| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
discrepancies
|
|
| n.差异，不符合（之处），不一致（之处）( discrepancy的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
curiously
|
|
| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
tormented
|
|
| 饱受折磨的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
monogram
|
|
| n.字母组合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
exterior
|
|
| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
graceful
|
|
| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
delightful
|
|
| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
tout
|
|
| v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
villa
|
|
| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
gravel
|
|
| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
ivy
|
|
| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
proceeding
|
|
| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
cloisters
|
|
| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
surmounting
|
|
| 战胜( surmount的现在分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
chevron
|
|
| n.V形臂章；V形图案 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
choir
|
|
| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
simplicity
|
|
| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
ingenuity
|
|
| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
founders
|
|
| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
153
hieroglyphical
|
|
| n.象形文字，象形文字的文章 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
154
chapels
|
|
| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
155
oratories
|
|
| n.演讲术( oratory的名词复数 )；（用长词或正式词语的）词藻华丽的言辞 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
156
appendages
|
|
| n.附属物( appendage的名词复数 )；依附的人；附属器官；附属肢体（如臂、腿、尾等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
157
junction
|
|
| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
158
contemplate
|
|
| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
159
compartments
|
|
| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
160
emblematical
|
|
| adj.标志的，象征的，典型的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
161
disciples
|
|
| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
162
gilt
|
|
| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
163
patronage
|
|
| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
164
subscription
|
|
| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
165
celebrated
|
|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
166
gaudily
|
|
| adv.俗丽地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
167
hues
|
|
| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
168
brass
|
|
| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
169
inscription
|
|
| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
170
ERECTED
|
|
| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
171
brazen
|
|
| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
172
monks
|
|
| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
173
scarlet
|
|
| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
174
aged
|
|
| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
175
engraving
|
|
| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
176
emblems
|
|
| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
177
quarries
|
|
| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
178
Oxford
|
|
| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
179
shovel
|
|
| n.铁锨，铲子，一铲之量；v.铲，铲出 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
180
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
181
holders
|
|
| 支持物( holder的名词复数 )； 持有者； （支票等）持有人； 支托（或握持）…之物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
182
magistrate
|
|
| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
183
steward
|
|
| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
184
effigy
|
|
| n.肖像 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
185
slab
|
|
| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
186
interred
|
|
| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
187
imposing
|
|
| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
188
massacre
|
|
| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
189
Christian
|
|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
190
underneath
|
|
| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
191
portraiture
|
|
| n.肖像画法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
192
eminent
|
|
| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
193
piety
|
|
| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
194
sincerity
|
|
| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
195
prudence
|
|
| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
196
lasting
|
|
| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
197
conjugal
|
|
| adj.婚姻的，婚姻性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
198
benefactor
|
|
| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
199
bestowed
|
|
| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
200
upwards
|
|
| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
201
pious
|
|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
202
bounty
|
|
| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
203
augmenting
|
|
| 使扩张 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
204
bishops
|
|
| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
205
warden
|
|
| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
206
virtues
|
|
| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
207
joyful
|
|
| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
208
tapestry
|
|
| n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
209
lame
|
|
| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
210
swell
|
|
| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
211
coup
|
|
| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
212
commemorated
|
|
| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
213
inscribed
|
|
| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
214
gee
|
|
| n.马；int.向右！前进！，惊讶时所发声音；v.向右转 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
215
canopies
|
|
| （宝座或床等上面的）华盖( canopy的名词复数 )； （飞行器上的）座舱罩； 任何悬于上空的覆盖物； 森林中天棚似的树荫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
216
rivets
|
|
| 铆钉( rivet的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
217
chambers
|
|
| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
218
esteem
|
|
| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
219
jersey
|
|
| n.运动衫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
220
annexed
|
|
| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
221
majesty
|
|
| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
222
commissioners
|
|
| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
223
inquiry
|
|
| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
224
promotion
|
|
| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
225
cork
|
|
| n.软木，软木塞 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
226
metropolitan
|
|
| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
227
ordained
|
|
| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
228
joint
|
|
| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
229
incumbency
|
|
| n.职责，义务 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
230
revocation
|
|
| n.废止，撤回 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
231
psalms
|
|
| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
232
exegetical
|
|
| adj.评释的，解经的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
233
testament
|
|
| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |