There are two weak points in this position. One is that the advantage to motherhood cannot be proved: the other, that it is not the uses of maternity to which she is specialized4, but the uses of sex-indulgence. So far from the economic dependence5 of women working in the interests of motherhood, it is the steadily6 acting7 cause of a pathological maternity and a decreasing birth-rate.
In simple early times there was a period when women were economically profited by child-bearing; when, indeed, that was their sole use, and, failing it, they were entitled to no respect or profit whatever. Such a condition tended to increase the quantity of children, if not the quality. With industrial development and the increasing weight of economic cares upon the shoulders of the man, children come to be looked upon as a burden, and are dreaded8 instead of desired by the hard-worked father. They subtract from the family income; and the mother, absolutely dependent 170upon that income and also overworked in her position of unpaid9 house-servant, is not impelled10 to court maternity by any economic pressure. In the working classes—to which the great majority of people belong—the woman is by no means “segregated11 to the uses of maternity.” Among the most intelligent and conscientious12 workingmen to-day there is a strong feeling against large families, and a consistent effort is made to prevent them.
Lest this be considered as not bearing directly upon the economic position of women, but rather on the general status of the working classes, let us examine the same condition among the wealthy. It is here that the economic dependence of women is carried to its extreme. The daughters and wives of the rich fail to perform even the domestic service expected of the women of poorer families. They are from birth to death absolutely non-productive in goods or labor14 of economic value, and consumers of such goods and labor to an extent limited only by the purchasing power of their male relatives. In this condition the economic advantage of the woman, married or unmarried, not merely in food and clothes, but in such social advantage as she desires, lies in her power to attract and hold the devotion 171of men; and this power is not the power of maternity. On the contrary, maternity, by lowering the personal charms and occupying the time of the mother, fails to bring her the pleasure and profit obtainable by the woman who is not a mother. It is through the sex-relation minus its natural consequence that she profits most; and, therefore, the force of economic advantage acts against maternity instead of toward it.
In the last extreme this is clear to all in the full flower of the sexuo-economic relation,—prostitution, than which nothing runs more absolutely counter to the improvement of the race through maternity. Specialization to uses of maternity, as in the queen bee, is one thing. Specialization to uses of sex without maternity is quite another. Yet this popular opinion, that we as a race are greatly benefited by having all our women saved from direct economic activity, and so allowed to concentrate all their energies on the beautiful work of motherhood, remains18 strong among us.
In The Forum19 for November, 1888, Lester F. Ward17 published a paper called “Our Better Halves,” in which was clearly shown the biological supremacy20 of the female sex. This naturally aroused much discussion; and in an answering article, “Woman’s Place in Nature” 172(The Forum, May, 1889), Mr. Grant Allen very thoroughly21 states the general view on this subject. He says of woman: “I believe it to be true that she is very much less the race than man; that she is, indeed, not even half the race at present, but rather a part of it told specially22 off for the continuance of the species, just as truly as drones or male spiders are parts of their species told off for the performance of male-functions, or as ‘rotund’ honey ants are individual insects told off to act as living honey jars to the community. She is the sex sacrificed to reproductive necessities.”
Since biological facts point to the very gradual introduction and development of the male organism solely23 as a reproductive necessity, and since women are sacrificed not to reproductive necessities, but to a most unnecessary and injurious degree of sex-indulgence under economic necessity, such a statement as Mr. Grant Allen’s has elements of humor. The opinion is held, however, not only by the special students of biology and sociology, but by the general public, and demands most careful attention. Those holding such a view may admit the over-development of sex consequent upon the economic relation between men and women, and the train of evils, individual 173and social, following that over-development. They may even admit, further, something of the alleged injury to economic evolution. But they will claim in answer that these morbid24 conditions are essential to human progress, and that the good to humanity through the segregation25 of the female to the uses of maternity overbalances the evil, great as this is; also, conversely, that the gain to the individual and to society to be obtained by the economic freedom of the female would be more than offset26 by the loss to the race caused by the removal of our highly specialized motherhood.
To meet this, it is necessary to show that our highly specialized motherhood is not so advantageous27 as believed; that it is below rather than above the efficacy of motherhood in other species; that its deficiency is due to the sexuo-economic relation; that the restoration of economic freedom to the female will improve motherhood; and, finally, to indicate in some sort the lines of social and individual development along which this improvement may be “practically” manifested.
In approaching this subject, we need something of special mental preparation. We need to realize that our ideas upon this theme are peculiarly colored by prejudice, that in 174no other field of thought are we so blinded by our emotions. We have felt more on this subject than on any other, and thought less. We have also felt much on the relation of the sexes; but it has been made a subject of study, of comparison, of speculation29. There are differences of feeling on the sex question, but as to motherhood none. Here and there, to be sure, some isolated30 philosopher, a Plato, a Rousseau, dares advance some thought on this ground; but, on the whole, no theme of commensurate importance has been so little studied. More sacred than religion, more binding31 than the law, more habitual32 than methods of eating, we are each and all born into the accepted idea of motherhood and trained in it; and in maturity33 we hand it down unquestioningly. A man may question the purposes and methods of his God with less danger of outcry against him than if he dare to question the purposes and methods of his mother. This matriolatry is a sentiment so deep-seated, wide-spread, and long-established as to be dominant34 in every class of minds. It is so associated with our religious instincts, on the one hand, and our sex-instincts, on the other, both of which we have long been forbidden to discuss,—the one being too holy and the other too unholy,—that 175it is well-nigh impossible to think clearly and dispassionately on the subject. It is easy to understand why we are so triple-plated with prejudice in the case.
The instinct that draws the child to its mother is exactly as old as the instinct that draws the mother to her child; and that dates back to the period when the young first needed care,—among the later reptiles35, perhaps. This tie has lasted unbroken through the whole line of progression, and is stronger with us than with any other creature, because in our social evolution the parent is of advantage to the child not only through its entire life, but even after death, by our laws of inheritance. So early, so radically36 important, so long accumulated an animal instinct, added to by social law, is a great force. Besides this, we must reckon with our long period of ancestor worship. This finally changed the hideous37 concepts of early idolaters into the idea of parental38 divinity; for, having first made a god of their father, they then made a father of God, and this deep religious feeling has added much to the heavy weight of instinct. Parental government, too, absolute in the patriarchal period, has added further to our devout39, blind faith in parenthood until it is lèse-majesté to question 176its right fulfilment. Two most interesting developments are to be noted40 along this line. One is that the height of filial devotion was reached in the patriarchal age; when the father was the sole governor and feeder of the family, and could slay41 or sell his child at will; and that this relic42 of ancestor worship has steadily declined with the extension of government, until, in our democracy, with the fullest development of individual liberty and responsibility, is found the lowest degree of filial reverence43 and submission44. Its place is taken, to our great gain, by such familiar, loving intercourse45 between parent and child as was utterly46 incompatible47 with the grovelling48 attitude of children in earlier times.
The other is the gradual swing from supreme49 devotion to the father, “the author of my being,” as the child used to consider him, to our modern mother-worship. The dying soldier on the battlefield thinks of his mother, longs for her, not for his father. The traveller and exile dreams of his mother’s care, his mother’s doughnuts. The pathos50 of the popular tale to-day is in bringing the prodigal51 back to his mother, not to his father. If the original prodigal had a mother, she was probably busy in cooking the fatted calf52. If to-day’s prodigal has a father, he is merely 177engaged in paying for the veal54. Our tenderest love, our deepest reverence, our fiercest resentment55 of insult, all centre about the mother to-day rather than about the father; and this is a strong proof that the recognition of woman’s real power and place in life grow upon us just as our minds grow able to perceive it. Nothing can ever exceed the truth as to the value of the mother. Our instinct is a right one, as all deep-seated social instincts are; but about it has grown up a mass of falsehoods and absurdities56 such as always tend to confuse and impede57 the progress of great truths.
As the main agent in reproduction, the mother is most to be venerated58 on basic physiological59 grounds. As the main agent in developing love, the great human condition, she is the fountain of all our growth. As the beginner of industry, she is again a source of progress. As the first and final educator, she outwardly moulds what she has inwardly made; and, as she is the visible, tangible60, lovable, living type of all this, the being in whose person is expressed the very sum of good to the individual, it is no wonder that our strongest, deepest, tenderest feelings cluster about the great word “mother.”
Fully61 recognizing all this, it yet remains 178open to us to turn the light of science and the honest labor of thought upon this phase of human life as upon any other; to lay aside our feelings, and use our reason; to discover if even here we are justified62 in leaving the most important work of individual life to the methods of primitive63 instinct. Motherhood is but a process of life, and open to study as all processes of life are open. Among unconscious, early forms it fulfils its mission by a simple instinct. In the consciousness and complexity64 of human life it demands far more numerous and varied65 forces for its right fulfilment. It is with us a conscious process,—a process rife66 with consequences for good or evil. With this voluntary power come new responsibility and a need for new methods,—a need not merely to consider whether or not we will enter upon the duties of maternity, but how best we can fulfil them.
Motherhood, like every other natural process, is to be measured by its results. It is good or evil as it serves its purpose. Human motherhood must be judged as it serves its purpose to the human race. Primarily, its purpose is to reproduce the race by reproducing the individual; secondarily, to improve the race by improving the individual. The mere16 office of reproduction is as well performed 179by the laying of eggs to be posthumously67 hatched as by many years of exquisite68 devotion; but in the improvement of the species we come to other requirements. The functions of motherhood have been evolved as naturally as the functions of nutrition, and each stage of development has brought new duties to the mother. The mother bird must brood her young, the mother cow must suckle them, the mother cat must hunt for them; and, in every varied service which the mother gives, its value is to be measured by its effect upon the young. To perform that which is most good for the young of the species is the measure of right motherhood, and that which is most good for the young is what will help them to a better maturity than that of their parents. To leave in the world a creature better than its parent, this is the purpose of right motherhood.
In the human race this purpose is served by two processes: first, by the simple individual function of reproduction, of which all care and nursing are but an extension; and, second, by the complex social function of education. This was primarily a maternal69 process, and therefore individual; but it has long since become a racial rather than an individual function, and bears no relation to sex or other 180personal limitation. The young of the human race require for their best development not only the love and care of the mother, but the care and instruction of many besides their mother. So largely is this true that it may be said in extreme terms that it would be better for a child to-day to be left absolutely without mother or family of any sort, in the city of Boston, for instance, than to be supplied with a large and affectionate family and be planted with them in Darkest Africa.
Human functions are race-functions, social functions; and education is one of them. The duty of the human mother, and the measure of its right or wrong fulfilment, are to be judged along these two main lines, reproduction and education. As we have no species above us with which to compare our motherhood, we must measure by those below us. We must show improvement upon them in this function which we all hold in common.
Does the human mother succeed better than others of her order, mammalia, in the reproduction of the species? Does she bring forth70 and rear her young more perfectly71 than lower mothers? They, being less conscious, act simply under instinct, mating in their season, bringing forth young in their season, nursing, guarding, defending as best they may; and 181they leave in the world behind them creatures as good, or better, than their mothers. Of wild animals we have few reliable statistics, and of tame ones it is difficult to detach their natural processes from our interference therewith. But in both the simple maintenance of species shows that motherhood at least reproduces fairly well; and in those we breed for our advantage the wonderful possibilities of race-development through this process are made apparent. How do we, with the human brain and the human conscience, rich in the power and wisdom of our dominant race,—how do we, as mothers, compare with our forerunners72?
Human motherhood is more pathological than any other, more morbid, defective73, irregular, diseased. Human childhood is similarly pathological. We, as animals, are very inferior animals in this particular. When we take credit to ourselves for the sublime74 devotion with which we face “the perils75 of maternity,” and boast of “going down to the gates of death” for our children, we should rather take shame to ourselves for bringing these perils upon both mother and child. The gates of death? They are the gates of life to the unborn; and there is no death there save what we, the mothers, by our unnatural76 lives, 182have brought upon our own children. Gates of death, indeed, to the thousands of babies late-born, prematurely77 born, misborn, and stillborn for lack of right motherhood. In the primal78 physical functions of maternity the human female cannot show that her supposed specialization to these uses has improved her fulfilment of them, rather the opposite. The more freely the human mother mingles79 in the natural industries of a human creature, as in the case of the savage80 woman, the peasant woman, the working-woman everywhere who is not overworked, the more rightly she fulfils these functions.
The more absolutely woman is segregated to sex-functions only, cut off from all economic use and made wholly dependent on the sex-relation as means of livelihood81, the more pathological does her motherhood become. The over-development of sex caused by her economic dependence on the male reacts unfavorably upon her essential duties. She is too female for perfect motherhood! Her excessive specialization in the secondary sexual characteristics is a detrimental82 element in heredity. Small, weak, soft, ill-proportioned women do not tend to produce large, strong, sturdy, well-made men or women. When Frederic the Great wanted grenadiers of great 183size, he married big men to big women,—not to little ones. The female segregated to the uses of sex alone naturally deteriorates84 in racial development, and naturally transmits that deterioration85 to her offspring. The human mother, in the processes of reproduction, shows no gain in efficiency over the lower animals, but rather a loss, and so far presents no evidence to prove that her specialization to sex is of any advantage to her young. The mother of a dead baby or the baby of a dead mother; the sick baby, the crooked86 baby, the idiot baby; the exhausted87, nervous, prematurely aged53 mother,—these are not uncommon88 among us; and they do not show much progress in our motherhood.
Since we cannot justify89 the human method of maternity in the physical processes of reproduction, can we prove its advantages in the other branch, education? Though the mother be sickly and the child the same, will not her loving care more than make up for it? Will not the tender devotion of the mother, and her unflagging attendance upon the child, render human motherhood sufficiently90 successful in comparison with that of other species to justify our peculiar28 method? We must now show that our motherhood, in its usually accepted sense, the “care” of the child (more 184accurately described as education), is of a superior nature.
Here, again, we lack the benefit of comparison. No other animal species is required to care for its young so long, to teach it so much. So far as they have it to do, they do it well. The hen with her brood is an accepted model of motherhood in this respect. She not only lays eggs and hatches them, but educates and protects her young so far as it is necessary. But beyond such simple uses as this we have no standard of comparison for educative motherhood. We can only study it among ourselves, comparing the child left motherless with the child mothered, the child with a mother and nothing else with the child whose mother is helped by servants and teachers, the child with what we recognize as a superior mother to the child with an inferior mother. This last distinction, a comparison between mothers, is of great value. We have tacitly formulated91 a certain vague standard of human motherhood, and loosely apply it, especially in the epithets92 “natural” and “unnatural” mother.
But these terms again show how prone93 we still are to consider the whole field of maternal action as one of instinct rather than of reason, as a function rather than a service. 185We do have a standard, however, loose and vague as it is; and even by that standard it is painful to see how many human mothers fail. Ask yourselves honestly how many of the mothers whose action toward their children confronts you in street and shop and car and boat, in hotel and boarding-house and neighboring yard,—how many call forth favorable comment compared with those you judge unfavorably? Consider not the rosy94 ideal of motherhood you have in your mind, but the coarse, hard facts of motherhood as you see them, and hear them, in daily life.
Motherhood in its fulfilment of educational duty can be measured only by its effects. If we take for a standard the noble men and women whose fine physique and character we so fondly attribute to “a devoted95 mother,” what are we to say of the motherhood which has filled the world with the ignoble96 men and women, of depraved physique and character? If the good mother makes the good man, how about the bad ones? When we see great men and women, we give credit to their mothers. When we see inferior men and women,—and that is a common circumstance,—no one presumes to question the motherhood which has produced them. When it comes to congenital criminality, we are beginning to murmur97 something 186about “heredity”; and, to meet gross national ignorance, we do demand a better system of education. But no one presumes to suggest that the mothering of mankind could be improved upon; and yet there is where the responsibility really lies. If our human method of reproduction is defective, let the mother answer. She is the main factor in reproduction. If our human method of education is defective, let the mother answer. She is the main factor in education.
To this it is bitterly objected that such a claim omits the father and his responsibility. When the mother of the world is in her right place and doing her full duty, she will have no ground of complaint against the father. In the first place, she will make better men. In the second, she will hold herself socially responsible for the choice of a right father for her children. In the third place, as an economic free agent, she will do half duty in providing for the child. Men who are not equal to good fatherhood under such conditions will have no chance to become fathers, and will die with general pity instead of living with general condemnation98. In his position, doing all the world’s work, all the father’s, and half the mother’s, man has made better shift to achieve the impossible than woman has in 187hers. She has been supposed to have no work or care on earth save as mother. She has really had the work of the mother and that of the world’s house service besides. But she has surely had as much time and strength to give to motherhood as man to fatherhood; and not until she can show that the children of the world are as well mothered as they are well fed can she cast on him the blame for our general deficiency.
There is no personal blame to be laid on either party. The sexuo-economic relation has its inevitable99 ill-effects on both motherhood and fatherhood. But it is to the mother that the appeal must be made to change this injurious relation. Having the deeper sense of duty to the young, the larger love, she must come to feel how her false position hurts her motherhood, and for her children’s sake break away from it. Of man and his fatherhood she can make what she will.
The duty of the mother is first to produce children as good as or better than herself; to hand down the constitution and character of those behind her the better for her stewardship100; to build up and improve the human race through her enormous power as mother; to make better people. This being done, it is then the duty of the mother, the human 188mother so to educate her children as to complete what bearing and nursing have only begun. She carries the child nine months in her body, two years in her arms, and as long as she lives in her heart and mind. The education of the young is a tremendous factor in human reproduction. A right motherhood should be able to fulfil this great function perfectly. It should understand with an ever-growing power the best methods of developing, strengthening, and directing the child’s faculties101 of body and mind, so that each generation, reaching maturity, would start clear of the last, and show a finer, fuller growth, both physically102 and mentally, than the preceding. That humanity does slowly improve is not here denied; but, granting our gradual improvement, is it all that we could make? And is the gain due to a commensurate improvement in motherhood?
To both we must say no. When we see how some families improve, while others deteriorate83, and how uncertain and irregular is such improvement as appears, we know that we could make better progress if all children had the same rich endowment and wise care that some receive. And, when we see how much of our improvement is due to gains made in hygienic knowledge, in public provision for 189education and sanitary103 regulation, none of which has been accomplished104 by mothers, we are forced to see that whatever advance the race has made is not exclusively attributable to motherhood. The human mother does less for her young, both absolutely and proportionately, than any kind of mother on earth. She does not obtain food for them, nor covering, nor shelter, nor protection, nor defence. She does not educate them beyond the personal habits required in the family circle and in her limited range of social life. The necessary knowledge of the world, so indispensable to every human being, she cannot give, because she does not possess it. All this provision and education are given by other hands and brains than hers. Neither does the amount of physical care and labor bestowed105 on the child by its mother warrant her claims to superiority in motherhood: this is but a part of our idealism of the subject.
The poor man’s wife has far too much of other work to do to spend all her time in waiting on her children. The rich man’s wife could do it, but does not, partly because she hires some one to do it for her, and partly because she, too, has other duties to occupy her time. Only in isolated cases do we find a mother deputing all other service to others, 190and concentrating her energies on feeding, clothing, washing, dressing106, and, as far as may be, educating her own child. When such cases are found, it remains to be shown that the child so reared is proportionately benefited by this unremittent devotion of its mother. On the contrary, the best service and education a child can receive involve the accumulated knowledge and exchanged activities of thousands upon thousands besides his mother,—the fathers of the race.
There does not appear, in the care and education of the child as given by the mother, any special superiority in human maternity. Measuring woman first in direct comparison of her reproductive processes with those of other animals, she does not fulfil this function so easily or so well as they. Measuring her educative processes by inter-personal comparison, the few admittedly able mothers with the many painfully unable ones, she seems more lacking, if possible, than in the other branch. The gain in human education thus far has not been acquired or distributed through the mother, but through men and single women; and there is nothing in the achievements of human motherhood to prove that it is for the advantage of the race to have women give all their time to it. Giving all 191their time to it does not improve it either in quantity or quality. The woman who works is usually a better reproducer than the woman who does not. And the woman who does not work is not proportionately a better educator.
An extra-terrestrial sociologist107, studying human life and hearing for the first time of our so-called “maternal sacrifice” as a means of benefiting the species, might be touched and impressed by the idea. “How beautiful!” he would say. “How exquisitely108 pathetic and tender! One-half of humanity surrendering all other human interests and activities to concentrate its time, strength, and devotion upon the functions of maternity! To bear and rear the majestic109 race to which they can never fully belong! To live vicariously forever, through their sons, the daughters being only another vicarious link! What a supreme and magnificent martyrdom!” And he would direct his researches toward discovering what system was used to develope and perfect this sublime consecration110 of half the race to the perpetuation111 of the other half. He would view with intense and pathetic interest the endless procession of girls, born human as their brothers were, but marked down at once as “female—abortive type—only use to produce males.” He would expect to see this 192“sex sacrificed to reproductive necessities,” yet gifted with human consciousness and intelligence, rise grandly to the occasion, and strive to fit itself in every way for its high office. He would expect to find society commiserating112 the sacrifice, and honoring above all the glorious creature whose life was to be sunk utterly in the lives of others, and using every force properly to rear and fully to fit these functionaries113 for their noble office. Alas114 for the extra-terrestrial sociologist and his natural expectations! After exhaustive study, finding nothing of these things, he would return to Mars or Saturn115 or wherever he came from, marvelling116 within himself at the vastness of the human paradox117.
If the position of woman is to be justified by the doctrine118 of maternal sacrifice, surely society, or the individual, or both, would make some preparation for it. No such preparation is made. Society recognizes no such function. Premiums119 have been sometimes paid for large numbers of children, but they were paid to the fathers of them. The elaborate social machinery120 which constitutes our universal marriage market has no department to assist or advance motherhood. On the contrary, it is directly inimical to it, so that in our society life motherhood means direct 193loss, and is avoided by the social devotee. And the individual? Surely here right provision will be made. Young women, glorying in their prospective121 duties, their sacred and inalienable office, their great sex-martyrdom to race-advantage, will be found solemnly preparing for this work. What do we find? We find our young women reared in an attitude which is absolutely unconscious of and often injurious to their coming motherhood,—an irresponsible, indifferent, ignorant class of beings, so far as motherhood is concerned. They are fitted to attract the other sex for economic uses or, at most, for mutual122 gratification, but not for motherhood. They are reared in unbroken ignorance of their supposed principal duties, knowing nothing of these duties till they enter upon them.
This is as though all men were to be soldiers with the fate of nations in their hands; and no man told or taught a word of war or military service until he entered the battlefield!
The education of young women has no department of maternity. It is considered indelicate to give this consecrated123 functionary124 any previous knowledge of her sacred duties. This most important and wonderful of human functions is left from age to age in the hands of absolutely untaught women. It is tacitly 194supposed to be fulfilled by the mysterious working of what we call “the divine instinct of maternity.” Maternal instinct is a very respectable and useful instinct common to most animals. It is “divine” and “holy” only as all the laws of nature are divine and holy; and it is such only when it works to the right fulfilment of its use. If the race-preservative processes are to be held more sacred than the self-preservative processes, we must admit all the functions and faculties of reproduction to the same degree of reverence,—the passion of the male for the female as well as the passion of the mother for her young. And if, still further, we are to honor the race-preservative processes most in their highest and latest development, which is the only comparison to be made on a natural basis, we should place the great, disinterested125, social function of education far above the second-selfishness of individual maternal functions. Maternal instinct, merely as an instinct, is unworthy of our superstitious126 reverence. It should be measured only as a means to an end, and valued in proportion to its efficacy.
Among animals, which have but a low degree of intelligence, instinct is at its height, and works well. Among savages127, still incapable128 of much intellectual development, instinct 195holds large place. The mother beast can and does take all the care of her young by instinct; the mother savage, nearly all, supplemented by the tribal129 traditions, the educative influences of association, and some direct instruction. As humanity advances, growing more complex and varied, and as human intelligence advances to keep pace with new functions and new needs, instinct decreases in value. The human creature prospers130 and progresses not by virtue131 of his animal instinct, but by the wisdom and force of a cultivated intelligence and will, with which to guide his action and to control and modify the very instincts which used to govern him.
The human female, denied the enlarged activities which have developed intelligence in man, denied the education of the will which only comes by freedom and power, has maintained the rudimentary forces of instinct to the present day. With her extreme modification132 to sex, this faculty133 of instinct runs mainly along sex-lines, and finds fullest vent13 in the processes of maternity, where it has held unbroken sway. So the children of humanity are born into the arms of an endless succession of untrained mothers, who bring to the care and teaching of their children neither education for that wonderful work nor experience 196therein: they bring merely the intense accumulated force of a brute134 instinct,—the blind devoted passion of the mother for the child. Maternal love is an enormous force, but force needs direction. Simply to love the child does not serve him unless specific acts of service express this love. What these acts of service are and how they are performed make or mar15 his life forever.
Observe the futility135 of unaided maternal love and instinct in the simple act of feeding the child. Belonging to order mammalia, the human mother has an instinctive136 desire to suckle her young. (Some ultra-civilized have lost even that.) But this instinct has not taught her such habits of life as insure her ability to fulfil this natural function. Failing in the natural method, of what further use is instinct in the nourishment137 of the child? Can maternal instinct discriminate138 between Marrow’s Food and Bridge’s Food, Hayrick’s Food and Pestle’s Food, Pennywhistle’s Sterilized139 Milk, and all the other infants’ foods which are prepared and put upon the market by—men! These are not prepared by instinct, maternal or paternal140, but by chemical analysis and physiological study; and their effect is observed and the diet varied by physicians, who do not do their work by instinct, either.
197If the bottle-baby survive the loss of mother’s milk, when he comes to the table, does maternal instinct suffice then to administer a proper diet for young children? Let the doctor and the undertaker answer. The wide and varied field of masculine activity in the interests of little children, from the peculiar human phenomenon of masculine assistance in parturition141 (there is one animal, the obstetric frog, where it also appears) to the manufacture of articles for feeding, clothing, protecting, amusing, and educating the baby, goes to show the utter inadequacy142 of maternal instinct in the human female. Another thing it shows also,—the criminal failure of that human female to supply by intelligent effort what instinct can no longer accomplish. For a reasoning, conscious being deliberately143 to undertake the responsibility of maintaining human life without making due preparation for the task is more than carelessness.
Before a man enters a trade, art, or profession, he studies it. He qualifies himself for the duties he is to undertake. He would be held a presuming impostor if he engaged in work he was not fitted to do, and his failure would mark him instantly with ridicule144 and reproach. In the more important professions, especially in those dealing145 with what we call 198“matters of life and death,” the shipmaster or pilot, doctor or druggist, is required not only to study his business, but to pass an examination under those who have already become past masters, and obtain a certificate or a diploma or some credential to show that he is fit to be intrusted with the direct responsibility for human life.
Women enter a position which gives into their hands direct responsibility for the life or death of the whole human race with neither study nor experience, with no shadow of preparation or guarantee of capability146. So far as they give it a thought, they fondly imagine that this mysterious “maternal instinct” will see them through. Instruction, if needed, they will pick up when the time comes: experience they will acquire as the children appear. “I guess I know how to bring up children!” cried the resentful old lady who was being advised: “I’ve buried seven!” The record of untrained instinct as a maternal faculty in the human race is to be read on the rows and rows of little gravestones which crowd our cemeteries147. The experience gained by practising on the child is frequently buried with it.
No, the maternal sacrifice theory will not bear examination. As a sex specialized to reproduction, giving up all personal activity, 199all honest independence, all useful and progressive economic service for her glorious consecration to the uses of maternity, the human female has little to show in the way of results which can justify her position. Neither the enormous percentage of children lost by death nor the low average health of those who survive, neither physical nor mental progress, give any proof of race advantage from the maternal sacrifice.
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justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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3
maternity
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| n.母性，母道，妇产科病房；adj.孕妇的，母性的 | |
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4
specialized
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| adj.专门的，专业化的 | |
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5
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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6
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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7
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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8
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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9
unpaid
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| adj.未付款的，无报酬的 | |
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10
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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11
segregated
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| 分开的； 被隔离的 | |
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12
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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13
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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14
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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15
mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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16
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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17
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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18
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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19
forum
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| n.论坛，讨论会 | |
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20
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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21
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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22
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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23
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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24
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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25
segregation
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| n.隔离，种族隔离 | |
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26
offset
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| n.分支，补偿；v.抵消，补偿 | |
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27
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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28
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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29
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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30
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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31
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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32
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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33
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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34
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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35
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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36
radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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37
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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38
parental
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| adj.父母的；父的；母的 | |
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39
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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40
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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41
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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42
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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43
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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44
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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45
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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46
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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47
incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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48
grovelling
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| adj.卑下的，奴颜婢膝的v.卑躬屈节，奴颜婢膝( grovel的现在分词 )；趴 | |
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49
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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50
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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51
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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52
calf
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| n.小牛，犊，幼仔，小牛皮 | |
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53
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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54
veal
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| n.小牛肉 | |
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55
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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56
absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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57
impede
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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58
venerated
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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60
tangible
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| adj.有形的，可触摸的，确凿的，实际的 | |
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61
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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62
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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63
primitive
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|
| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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64
complexity
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| n.复杂(性)，复杂的事物 | |
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65
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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66
rife
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| adj.(指坏事情)充斥的，流行的，普遍的 | |
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67
posthumously
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| adv.于死后，于身后；于著作者死后出版地 | |
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68
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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69
maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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70
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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71
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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72
forerunners
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| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
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73
defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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74
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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75
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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76
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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77
prematurely
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| adv.过早地，贸然地 | |
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78
primal
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| adj.原始的；最重要的 | |
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79
mingles
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| 混合，混入( mingle的第三人称单数 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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80
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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81
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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82
detrimental
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| adj.损害的，造成伤害的 | |
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83
deteriorate
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| v.变坏；恶化；退化 | |
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84
deteriorates
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| 恶化，变坏( deteriorate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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85
deterioration
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| n.退化；恶化；变坏 | |
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86
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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87
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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88
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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89
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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90
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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91
formulated
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| v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示 | |
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92
epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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93
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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94
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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95
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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96
ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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97
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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98
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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99
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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100
stewardship
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| n. n. 管理工作；管事人的职位及职责 | |
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101
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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102
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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103
sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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104
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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105
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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107
sociologist
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| n.研究社会学的人，社会学家 | |
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108
exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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109
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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110
consecration
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| n.供献，奉献，献祭仪式 | |
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111
perpetuation
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| n.永存，不朽 | |
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112
commiserating
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| v.怜悯，同情( commiserate的现在分词 ) | |
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113
functionaries
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| n.公职人员，官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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114
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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115
Saturn
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| n.农神，土星 | |
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116
marvelling
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| v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的现在分词 ) | |
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117
paradox
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| n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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118
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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119
premiums
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| n.费用( premium的名词复数 )；保险费；额外费用；（商品定价、贷款利息等以外的）加价 | |
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120
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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121
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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122
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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123
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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124
functionary
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| n.官员；公职人员 | |
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125
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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126
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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127
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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128
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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129
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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130
prospers
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| v.成功，兴旺( prosper的第三人称单数 ) | |
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131
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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132
modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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133
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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134
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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135
futility
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| n.无用 | |
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136
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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137
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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138
discriminate
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| v.区别，辨别，区分；有区别地对待 | |
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139
sterilized
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| v.消毒( sterilize的过去式和过去分词 )；使无菌；使失去生育能力；使绝育 | |
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140
paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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141
parturition
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| n.生产，分娩 | |
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142
inadequacy
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| n.无法胜任，信心不足 | |
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143
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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144
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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145
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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146
capability
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| n.能力；才能；(pl)可发展的能力或特性等 | |
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147
cemeteries
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| n.（非教堂的）墓地，公墓( cemetery的名词复数 ) | |
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