The British Parliament met late in November, 1758, at a time when the nation was aglow13 with enthusiasm over the successes of the year—Louisburg and Frontenac64 in North America, and the driving of the French from the Guinea coast as the result of battles at Sénégal (May) and Gorée (November).22 The war was proving far more costly14 than had been anticipated, yet Pitt rigidly15 held the country to the task; but not against its will, and the necessary funds were freely voted. Walpole wrote to a friend: “Our unanimity16 is prodigious17. You would as soon hear ‘No’ from an old maid as from the House of Commons.” The preparations for the new year were on a much larger scale than before; both by land and sea France was to be pushed to the uttermost, and the warlike spirit of Great Britain seemed wrought19 to the highest pitch.
The new French premier20, Choiseul, was himself not lacking in activity. He renewed with vigor21 the project of invading Great Britain, preparations therefor being evident quite early in the year 1759. Fifty thousand men were to land in England, and twelve thousand in Scotland, where the Stuart cause still lingered. But as usual the effort came to naught22. The Toulon squadron was to co-operate with one from Brest; Boscawen, who now commanded the Mediterranean24 fleet, apprehended25 the former while trying to escape through the Straits of Gibraltar in a thick haze27 (August 17), and after destroying several of the ships dispersed28 the others; while Sir Edward Hawke annihilated29 the Brest fleet in a brilliant sea-fight off Quiberon Bay (November 20).23 Relieved of the possibility of insular30 invasion, the Channel and Mediterranean squadrons were now free to raid French commerce, patrol French ports, and thus intercept31 communication with New France, and to harry32 French—and, later, Spanish—colonies overseas.
PROGRESS OF FRENCH DISCOVERY IN THE INTERIOR 1600–1762
(FULL SIZE)
In 1757 Clive had regained33 Calcutta and won Bengal at the famous battle of Plassey. Two years thereafter the East Indian seas were abandoned by the French after65 three decisive actions won by Pitt’s valiant34 seamen35, and India thus became a permanent possession of the British empire.24 In January, 1759, also, the British captured Guadeloupe, in the West Indies.25 Lacking sea power, it was impossible for France much longer to hold her colonies; it was but a question of time when the remainder should fall into the clutches of the mistress of the ocean.
Notwithstanding all this naval36 activity, Pitt’s principal operations were really centred against Canada. The movement thither37 was to be along two lines, which eventually were to meet in co-operation. First, a direct attack was to be made upon Quebec, headed by Wolfe, who was to be convoyed and assisted by a fleet under the command of Admiral Saunders; second, Amherst—now commander-in-chief in America, Abercrombie having been recalled—was to penetrate39 Canada by way of Lakes George and Champlain. He was to join Wolfe at Quebec, but was authorized40 to make such diversions as he found practicable—principally to re-establish Oswego and to relieve Pittsburg (Fort Duquesne) with reinforcements and supplies.
Wolfe’s selection as leader of the Quebec expedition occasioned general surprise in England. Yet it was in the natural course of events. He had been the life of the Louisburg campaign of the year before, and when Amherst was expressing the desire of attacking Quebec after the reduction of Cape26 Breton he wrote to the latter: “An offensive, daring kind of war will awe23 the Indians and ruin the French. Block-houses and a trembling defensive41 encourage the meanest scoundrels to attack us. If you will attempt to cut up New France by the roots, I will come with pleasure to assist.”26
Wolfe, whose family enjoyed some influence, had attained42 a captaincy at the age of seventeen and became a67 major at twenty. He was now thirty-two, a major-general, and with an excellent fighting record both in Flanders and America. Quiet and modest in demeanor43, although occasionally using excitable and ill-guarded language, he was a refined and educated gentleman; careful of and beloved by his troops, yet a stern disciplinarian; and although frail44 in body, and often overcome by rheumatism45 and other ailments46, capable of great strain when buoyed47 by the zeal48 which was one of his characteristics. The majority of his portraits represent a tall, lank49, ungainly form, with a singularly weak facial profile; but it is likely that these belie50 him, for he had an indubitable spirit, a profound mind, quick intuition, a charming manner, and was much thought of by women. Indeed, just before sailing, he had become engaged to the beautiful and charming Katharine Lowther, sister of Lord Lonsdale, and afterward52 the Duchess of Bolton.27
On February 17 Wolfe departed with Saunders’ fleet of twenty-one sail, bearing the king’s secret instructions to “carry into execution the said important operation with the utmost application and vigor.”28 The voyage was protracted53, and after arrival at Louisburg he was obliged to wait long before the promised troops appeared. He had expected regiments54 from Guadeloupe, but these could not yet be spared, owing to their wretched condition; and the Nova Scotia garrisons56 had also been weakened by disease, so that of the twelve thousand agreed upon he finally could muster57 somewhat under nine thousand.29 These were of the best quality of their kind; although the general still entertained a low opinion of the value of the provincials58, who, it must be admitted, were, however serviceable in bush-ranging, far below the68 efficiency of the regulars in a campaign of this character. The force was divided into three brigades, under Monckton, Townsend, and Murray, young men of ability; although Townsend’s supercilious59 manner—the fruit of a superior social connection—did not endear him either to his men or his colleagues.
On June 1 the fleet began to leave Louisburg. There were thirty-nine men-of-war, ten auxiliaries60, seventy-six transports, and a hundred and sixty-two miscellaneous craft, which were manned by thirteen thousand naval seamen and five thousand of the mercantile marine—an aggregate61 of eighteen thousand, or twice as many as the landsmen under Wolfe.30 While to the latter is commonly given credit for the result, it must not be forgotten that the victory was quite as much due to the skilful62 management of the navy as to that of the army, the expedition being in all respects a joint63 enterprise, into which the men of both branches of the service entered with intense enthusiasm.
The French had placed much reliance on the supposed impossibility of great battle-ships being successfully navigated64 up the St. Lawrence above the mouth of the Saguenay without the most careful piloting. This portion of the river, a hundred and twenty miles in length, certainly is intricate water, being streaked65 with perplexing currents created by the mingling66 of the river’s strong flow with the flood and ebb67 of the tide; the great stream is diverted into two parallel channels by reefs and islands, and there are numerous shoals—moreover, the French had removed all lights and other aids to navigation. But British sailors laughed at difficulties such as these, and, while they managed to capture a pilot, had small use for him, preferring their own cautious methods. Preceded by a crescent of sounding-boats, officered by Captain James Cook, afterward of glorious memory as a pathfinder,69 the fleet advanced slowly but safely, its approach heralded68 by beacons69 gleaming nightly to the fore18, upon the rounded hill-tops overlooking the long thin line of riverside settlement which extended eastward70 from Quebec to the Saguenay.31
The French had at first expected attacks only from Lake Ontario and from the south. But receiving early tidings of Wolfe’s expedition, through convoys71 with supplies from France that had escaped Saunders’ patrol of the gulf72, general alarm prevailed, and Montcalm decided73 to make his stand at Quebec. To the last he appears to have shared in the popular delusion74 that British men-of-war could not ascend75 the river; nevertheless, he promptly76 summoned to the capital the greater part of the militia77 from all sections of Canada, save that a thousand whites and savages78 were left with Pouchot to defend Niagara, twelve hundred men under De la Corne to guard Lake Ontario, and Bourlamaque, with upward of three thousand, was ordered to delay Amherst’s advance and thus prevent him from joining Wolfe. The population of Canada at the time was about eighty-five thousand souls, and of these perhaps twenty-two thousand were capable of bearing arms.32 The force now gathered in and about Quebec aggregated79 about seventeen thousand, of whom some ten thousand were militia, four thousand regulars of the line, and a thousand each of colonial regulars, seamen, and Indians; of these two thousand were reserved for the garrison55 of Quebec, under De Ramezay, while the remainder were at the disposal of Montcalm for the general defence.33
The “rock of Quebec” is the northeast end of a long, narrow triangular80 promontory81, to the north of which lies70 the valley of the St. Charles and to the south that of the St. Lawrence. The acclivity on the St. Charles side is lower and less steep than the cliffs fringing the St. Lawrence, which rise almost precipitously from two to three hundred feet above the river—the citadel82 cliff being three hundred and forty-five feet, almost sheer. Either side of the promontory was easily defensible from assault, the table-land being only reached by steep and narrow paths. Surmounting83 the cliffs, at the apex84 of the triangle, was Upper Town, the capital of New France. Batteries, largely manned by sailors, lined the cliff-tops within the town, and the western base, fronting the Plains of Abraham, was protected by fifteen hundred yards of insecure wall—for, after all, Quebec had, despite the money spent upon it, never been scientifically fortified85, its commanders having from the first relied chiefly upon its natural position as a stronghold.
At the base of the promontory, on the St. Lawrence side, is a wide beach occupied by Lower Town, where were the market, the commercial warehouses86, a large share of the business establishments, and the homes of the trading and laboring87 classes. A narrow strand88, little more than the width of a roadway, extended along the base of the cliffs westward89, communicating with the up-river country; another road led westward along the table-land above. Thus the city obtained its supplies from the interior both by highway and by river.
THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM ON THE MORNING OF THE BATTLE
Entrance to the St. Charles side of the promontory had been blocked by booms at the mouth of that river, protected by strong redoubts; and off Lower Town was a line of floating batteries. Beyond the St. Charles, for a distance of seven miles eastward to the gorge90 of the Montmorenci, Montcalm disposed the greater part of his forces, his position being a plain naturally protected by a steep slope descending91 to the meadow and tidal flats which here margin92 the St. Lawrence. This plain rises gradually from the St. Charles, until at the Montmorenci71 cataract93 it attains94 a height of three hundred feet, and along the summit of the slope were well-devised trenches95. The gorge furnished a strong natural defence to the left wing, for it could be forded only in the dense96 forest at a considerable distance above the falls, and to force this approach would have been to invite an ambuscade. Wolfe contented97 himself, therefore, with intrenching a considerable force along the eastern bank of the gorge, and thence issuing for frontal attacks on the Beauport Flats—so called from the name of the village midway. Montcalm had chosen this as the chief line of defence, on the theory that the approach by the St. Charles would be the one selected by the invaders98; as, indeed, it long seemed to Wolfe the only possible path to the works of Upper Town.
Westward of the city, upon the table-land, Bougainville headed a corps99 of observation, supposed continually to patrol the St. Lawrence cliff-tops and keep communications open with the interior; but this precaution failed in the hour of need. The height of Point Lévis, across the river from the town, on the south bank, was unoccupied. Montcalm had wished to fortify100 this vantage-point, and thus block the river from both sides, but Vaudreuil had overruled him, and the result was fatal. Other weak points in the defence were divided command and the scarcity101 of food and ammunition102, occasioned largely by Bigot’s rapacious103 knavery104.
On June 26 the British fleet anchored off the Isle105 of Orleans, thus dissipating the fond hopes of the French that some disaster might prevent its approach. Three days later Wolfe’s men, now encamped on the island at a safe distance from Montcalm’s guns, made an easy capture of Point Lévis, and there erected106 batteries which commanded the town. British ships were, in consequence, soon able to pass Quebec, under cover of the Point Lévis guns, and destroy some of the French shipping107 anchored in the upper basin; while landing parties72 harried108 the country to the west, forcing habitants to neutrality and intercepting109 supplies. Frequently the British forces were, upon these various enterprises, divided into three or four isolated110 divisions, which might have been roughly handled by a venturesome foe111. But Montcalm rigidly maintained the policy of defence, his only offensive operations being the unsuccessful dispatch of fire-ships against the invading fleet.
On his part, Wolfe made several futile112 attacks upon the Beauport redoubts. The position was, however, too strong for him to master, and in one assault (July 31) he lost half of his landing party—nearly five hundred killed, wounded, and missing.34 This continued ill-success fretted113 Wolfe and at last quite disheartened him, for the season was rapidly wearing on, and winter sets in early at Quebec; moreover, nothing had yet been heard of Amherst. There was, indeed, some talk of waiting until another season. However, more and more British ships worked their way past the fort, and, by making frequent feints of landing at widely separated points, caused Bougainville great annoyance114. Montcalm was accordingly obliged to weaken his lower forces by sending reinforcements to the plains west of the city. Thus, while Wolfe was pining, French uneasiness was growing, for the British were now intercepting supplies and reinforcements from both above and below, and Bougainville’s men were growing weary of constantly patrolling fifteen or twenty miles of cliffs.35
Meanwhile, let us see how Amherst was faring. At the end of June the general assembled five thousand provincials and sixty-five hundred regulars at the head of Lake George. He had previously115 dispatched Brigadier Prideaux with five thousand regulars and provincials to reduce73 Niagara, and Brigadier Stanwix, who had been of Bradstreet’s party the year before, to succor116 Pittsburg, now in imminent117 danger from French bush-rangers118 and Indians who were swarming119 at Presque Isle, Le B?uf, and Venango.
Amherst himself moved slowly, it being July 21 before the army started northward120 upon the lake. Bourlamaque, whose sole purpose was to delay the British advance, lay at Ticonderoga with thirty-five hundred men, but on the twenty-sixth he blew up the fort and retreated in good order to Crown Point. On the British approaching that post he again fell back, this time to a strong position at Isle aux Noix, at the outlet121 of Lake Champlain, where, wrote Bourlamaque to a friend, “we are entrenched122 to the teeth, and armed with a hundred pieces of cannon123.”36 Amherst now deeming vessels124 essential, yet lacking ship-carpenters, it was the middle of September before his little navy was ready, and then he thought the season too far advanced for further operations.37 Amherst’s advance had, however, induced Montcalm to defend Montreal, Lévis having been dispatched thither for this purpose.
Prideaux, advancing up the Mohawk, proceeded to Oswego, where he left half of his men to cover his retreat, and then sailed to Niagara. Slain125 by accident during the siege, his place was taken by Sir William Johnson, the Indian commander, who pushed the work with vigor. Suddenly confronted by a French force of thirteen hundred rangers and savages from the West, who had been deflected126 thither from a proposed attack on Pittsburg, with the view of recovering that fort, Johnson completely vanquished127 them (July 24). The discomfited128 crew burned their posts in that region and retreated precipitately74 to Detroit. The following day Niagara surrendered, and thus, with Pittsburg also saved, the West was entirely129 cut off from Canada, and the upper Ohio Valley was placed in British hands. The work of Stanwix having been accomplished130 by Johnson, the former, who had been greatly delayed by transport difficulties, advanced as promptly as possible to the Forks of the Ohio, and in the place of the old French works built the modernized131 stronghold of Fort Pitt.38
On August 20, Wolfe fell seriously ill. Both he and the army were discouraged. The casualties had thus far been over eight hundred men, and disease had cut a wide swath through the ranks. Desperate, he at last accepted the counsel of his officers, that a landing be attempted above the town, supplies definitively132 cut off from Montreal, and Montcalm forced to fight or surrender. From September 3 to 12, Wolfe, arisen from his bed but still weak, quietly withdrew his troops from the Montmorenci camp and transported them in vessels which successfully passed through a heavy cannonading from the fort to safe anchorage in the upper basin. Reinforcements marching along the southern bank, from Point Lévis, soon joined their comrades aboard the ships. For several days this portion of the fleet regularly floated up and down the river above Quebec, with the changing tide, thus wearing out Bougainville’s men, who in great perplexity followed the enemy along the cliff-tops, through a beat of several leagues, until from sheer exhaustion133 they at last became careless.
On the evening of September 12, Saunders—whose admirable handling of the fleet deserves equal recognition with the services of Wolfe—commenced a heavy bombardment of the Beauport lines, and feigned134 a general landing at that place. Montcalm, not knowing that the majority of the British were by this time above the town,75 and deceived as to his enemy’s real intent, hurried to Beauport the bulk of his troops, save those necessary for Bougainville’s rear guard. Meanwhile, however, Wolfe was preparing for his desperate attempt several miles up the river.
Before daylight the following morning (September 13), thirty boats containing seventeen hundred picked men, with Wolfe at their head, floated down the stream under the dark shadow of the apparently135 insurmountable cliffs. They were challenged by sentinels along the shore; but, by pretending to be a provision convoy38 which had been expected from up-country, suspicion was disarmed136. About two miles above Quebec they landed at an indentation then known as Anse du Foulon, but now called Wolfe’s Cove3. From the narrow beach a small, winding137 path, sighted by Wolfe two days before, led up through the trees and underbrush to the Plains of Abraham. The climbing party of twenty-four infantrymen found the path obstructed138 by an abatis and trenches; but, nothing daunted139, they clambered up the height of two hundred feet by the aid of stunted140 shrubs141, reached the top, overcame the weak and cowardly guard of a hundred men, made way for their comrades, and by sunrise forty-five hundred men of the British army were drawn142 up across the plateau before the walls of Quebec.39
SIEGE OF QUEBEC
76 Montcalm, ten miles away on the other side of the St. Charles, was amazed at the daring feat8, but by nine o’clock had massed his troops and confronted his enemy. The battle was brief but desperate. The intrepid143 Wolfe fell on the field—“the only British general,” declared Horace Walpole, “belonging to the reign144 of George the Second who can be said to have earned a lasting145 reputation.”40 Montcalm, mortally wounded, was carried by his fleeing comrades within the city, where he died before morning. During the seven hours’ battle the British had lost forty-eight killed and five hundred and ninety-seven wounded, about twenty per cent. of the firing-line; the French lost about twelve hundred killed, wounded, and prisoners, of whom perhaps a fourth were killed.41
Tom by disorder146, the militia mutinous147, the walls in ruins from the cannonading of the British fleet, and Vaudreuil and his fellows fleeing to the interior, the helpless garrison of Quebec surrendered, September 17, the British troops entering the following day. The English flag now floated over the citadel, and soon there was great rejoicing throughout Great Britain and her American colonies; and well there might be, for the affair on the Plains of Abraham was one of the most heroic and far-reaching achievements ever wrought by Englishmen in any land or sea.
77
SYNOPSIS148 OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS, CHIEFLY
MILITARY, BETWEEN THE CAPTURE OF
QUEBEC, 1759, AND THE BATTLE
OF BUNKER HILL, 1775
1760. Accession of George III. to throne of England. The English capture Montreal.
1761. American commerce and industry closely restricted by enforcement of navigation laws, acts of trade, and writs150 of assistance. Protests of James Otis and Patrick Henry.
1762. England declares war against Spain and captures Havana.
1763. Treaty of Paris, and cession149 of Canada to England.
1765. Passage of the Stamp Act by the British Parliament, followed by American protests.
1766. Repeal151 of the Stamp Act.
1767. The British Parliament, by the Townshend Acts, imposes duties on paper, glass, tea, etc., imported into America.
1769. Massachusetts House of Representatives refuses to pay for quartering British troops. Defeat of Paoli and subjection of Corsica by the French.
1770. “Boston Massacre”—British soldiers, provoked by citizens, kill three and wound several.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Samuel Adams actively152 advocates independence in Boston. British ship, the Gaspee, burned by Rhode Islanders. Virginia Assembly appoints Committee of Correspondence to keep in touch with other colonies.
1773. “Boston Tea-party”—taxed tea from England thrown overboard in Boston harbor by disguised Americans.
78 1774. Five oppressive Acts, including Boston Port Bill, passed by British Parliament. General Gage51, commissioned as Governor, comes to Boston with additional British troops. A Congress meets in Philadelphia, with delegates from all colonies except Georgia, and issues a “Declaration of Rights,” frames Articles of Association, and indorses opposition153 of Massachusetts to the Oppressive Acts of Parliament.
1775. General Gage sends troops to destroy supplies gathered at Concord154. Battles of Lexington and Concord. North Carolina the first to instruct delegates to Congress for independence. Battle of Bunker Hill. Seizure155 of Ticonderoga and occupation of Crown Point by Americans. Washington takes command of the army at Cambridge. The Americans capture Montreal. Arnold repulsed156 at Quebec and Montgomery killed.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
inevitably
|
|
| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
colonists
|
|
| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
cove
|
|
| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
colonization
|
|
| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
friction
|
|
| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
interval
|
|
| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
truce
|
|
| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
feat
|
|
| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
hostilities
|
|
| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
incompetency
|
|
| n.无能力，不适当 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
dilatory
|
|
| adj.迟缓的，不慌不忙的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
prosecution
|
|
| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
aglow
|
|
| adj.发亮的；发红的；adv.发亮地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
costly
|
|
| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
rigidly
|
|
| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
unanimity
|
|
| n.全体一致，一致同意 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
prodigious
|
|
| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
fore
|
|
| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
wrought
|
|
| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
premier
|
|
| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
vigor
|
|
| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
naught
|
|
| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
awe
|
|
| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
Mediterranean
|
|
| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
apprehended
|
|
| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
cape
|
|
| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
haze
|
|
| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
dispersed
|
|
| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
annihilated
|
|
| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
insular
|
|
| adj.岛屿的，心胸狭窄的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
intercept
|
|
| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
harry
|
|
| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
regained
|
|
| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
valiant
|
|
| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
seamen
|
|
| n.海员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
naval
|
|
| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
thither
|
|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
convoy
|
|
| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
penetrate
|
|
| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
authorized
|
|
| a.委任的，许可的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
defensive
|
|
| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
attained
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
demeanor
|
|
| n.行为；风度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
frail
|
|
| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
rheumatism
|
|
| n.风湿病 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
ailments
|
|
| 疾病（尤指慢性病），不适( ailment的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
buoyed
|
|
| v.使浮起( buoy的过去式和过去分词 )；支持；为…设浮标；振奋…的精神 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
zeal
|
|
| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
lank
|
|
| adj.瘦削的；稀疏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
belie
|
|
| v.掩饰，证明为假 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
gage
|
|
| n.标准尺寸，规格；量规，量表 [=gauge] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
afterward
|
|
| adv.后来；以后 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
protracted
|
|
| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
regiments
|
|
| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
garrison
|
|
| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
garrisons
|
|
| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
muster
|
|
| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
provincials
|
|
| n.首都以外的人，地区居民( provincial的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
supercilious
|
|
| adj.目中无人的，高傲的；adv.高傲地；n.高傲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
auxiliaries
|
|
| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
aggregate
|
|
| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
skilful
|
|
| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
joint
|
|
| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
navigated
|
|
| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的过去式和过去分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
streaked
|
|
| adj.有条斑纹的，不安的v.快速移动( streak的过去式和过去分词 )；使布满条纹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
mingling
|
|
| adj.混合的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
ebb
|
|
| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
heralded
|
|
| v.预示( herald的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
beacons
|
|
| 灯塔( beacon的名词复数 )； 烽火； 指路明灯； 无线电台或发射台 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
eastward
|
|
| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
convoys
|
|
| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
gulf
|
|
| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
decided
|
|
| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
delusion
|
|
| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
ascend
|
|
| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
militia
|
|
| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
savages
|
|
| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
aggregated
|
|
| a.聚合的，合计的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
triangular
|
|
| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
promontory
|
|
| n.海角；岬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
citadel
|
|
| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
surmounting
|
|
| 战胜( surmount的现在分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
apex
|
|
| n.顶点，最高点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
fortified
|
|
| adj. 加强的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
warehouses
|
|
| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
laboring
|
|
| n.劳动，操劳v.努力争取(for)( labor的现在分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
strand
|
|
| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
westward
|
|
| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
gorge
|
|
| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
descending
|
|
| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
margin
|
|
| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
cataract
|
|
| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
attains
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
trenches
|
|
| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
dense
|
|
| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
contented
|
|
| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
invaders
|
|
| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
corps
|
|
| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
fortify
|
|
| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
scarcity
|
|
| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
ammunition
|
|
| n.军火，弹药 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
rapacious
|
|
| adj.贪婪的，强夺的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
knavery
|
|
| n.恶行，欺诈的行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
isle
|
|
| n.小岛，岛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
ERECTED
|
|
| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
shipping
|
|
| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
harried
|
|
| v.使苦恼( harry的过去式和过去分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
intercepting
|
|
| 截取（技术），截接 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
isolated
|
|
| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
foe
|
|
| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
futile
|
|
| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
fretted
|
|
| 焦躁的，附有弦马的，腐蚀的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
annoyance
|
|
| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
previously
|
|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
succor
|
|
| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
imminent
|
|
| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
rangers
|
|
| 护林者( ranger的名词复数 )； 突击队员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
swarming
|
|
| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
northward
|
|
| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
outlet
|
|
| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
entrenched
|
|
| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
cannon
|
|
| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
vessels
|
|
| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
slain
|
|
| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
deflected
|
|
| 偏离的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
vanquished
|
|
| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
discomfited
|
|
| v.使为难( discomfit的过去式和过去分词)；使狼狈；使挫折；挫败 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
accomplished
|
|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
modernized
|
|
| 使现代化，使适应现代需要( modernize的过去式和过去分词 )； 现代化，使用现代方法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
definitively
|
|
| adv.决定性地，最后地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
exhaustion
|
|
| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
feigned
|
|
| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
apparently
|
|
| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
disarmed
|
|
| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
winding
|
|
| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
obstructed
|
|
| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
daunted
|
|
| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
stunted
|
|
| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
shrubs
|
|
| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
drawn
|
|
| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
intrepid
|
|
| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
reign
|
|
| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
lasting
|
|
| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
disorder
|
|
| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
mutinous
|
|
| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
synopsis
|
|
| n.提要，梗概 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
cession
|
|
| n.割让，转让 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
writs
|
|
| n.书面命令，令状( writ的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
repeal
|
|
| n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
actively
|
|
| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
153
opposition
|
|
| n.反对，敌对 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
154
concord
|
|
| n.和谐；协调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
155
seizure
|
|
| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
156
repulsed
|
|
| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |