When yet a boy Francis Drake was a trained sailor. He was early apprenticed7 to the master of a bark employed in a coasting trade, and sometimes carrying merchandise into Zealand and France. The youth’s industry and aptness in this business, says Camden, so “pleased the old man,” his master, that, “being a bachelor, at his death he bequeathed his bark unto him by will and testament8.” At twenty, assuming the true date of his birth to have been about 1545, he joined with one Captain John Lovell in a trading voyage to Guinea and across to the West Indies and the Spanish Main. The next year, 1566, they made a second voyage to the same points, and on the Spanish Main, at Rio del Hacha, they suffered losses through the Spaniards. Doubtless the knowledge gained in these two voyages made him particularly serviceable to his kinsman9, John Hawkins, and brought him the command of the “Judith” in their fatal voyage of the following year. He is said to have invested in this disastrous10 venture the whole of his little property acquired in his previous voyages and in the earlier coasting trade, and to have lost it all through the affair at San Juan d’Ulloa.
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.
Upon reaching home with the “Judith,” bringing the first news of the fate of this expedition, he was immediately, on the very night of his arrival, despatched to London by Hawkins’s brother William, at that time governor of Plymouth, to inform the privy13 229council and Sir William Cecil, then the secretary of state, “of the whole proceedings,” "to the end that the queen might be advertised of the same." Thus he was brought to the attention of the influential14 minister and, indirectly15, to the favour of the court. At least he was given the support of letters from the queen in the move that he at once instituted for recompense from Spain for his losses. When at length he had become satisfied that nothing could be obtained through diplomatic councils, he determined16 to “use such helps as he might” to redress17 by ravaging18 the Spanish Main on his own account. Accordingly he first made two voyages in succession, the one in 1570 with two small ships, the “Dragon” and the “Swan,” the other in 1571 with the “Swan” alone, particularly to obtain “certain notice of the persons and places aimed at.” These reconnoitring expeditions convinced him that the towns would fall an easy prey19 to a small armed force, and were also gainful in plunder20 taken off the coast along the way. Thereupon he promptly21 arranged for his freebooting voyage, to avenge22 not only the San Juan d’Ulloa affair but the earlier one at Rio del Hacha.
For daring and audacity23 this voyage was astonishing, and its results were quick wealth to Drake and renown24 as a masterful man of the sea. Two ships, the “Swan” of the previous voyages, and the “Pasha,” a larger vessel25, of seventy tons, with three “dainty” pinnaces in parts, stowed in the holds of the ships to be set up when occasion served, comprised the equipment. 230Drake sailed the “Pasha” as the “admiral,” while one of his brothers, John Drake, was captain of the “Swan” as “vice-admiral” of the fleet. Another brother, Joseph Drake, went along as a sailor. The company numbered in all seventy-three men and boys. All were volunteers, and all were under thirty years of age, excepting one who was not over fifty. The ships were well provisioned for a year, and they were fully26 armed, each like a man-of-war of that day. Although the enterprise was ostensibly Drake’s alone, it had a substantial backing furnished by influential silent partners.
The expedition set sail from Plymouth on Whitsunday eve, the twenty-fourth of May, 1572, with intent first to raid Nombre de Dios, on the north coast of the Isthmus27 of Darien, then “the granary of the West Indies wherein the golden harvest brought from Peru and Mexico was hoarded28 up till it could be conveyed into Spain.” On the sixth of July the high land of Santa Marta was sighted, and six days later the ships were anchored in a secret harbour within the Gulf30 of Darien, framed in a luxuriant mass of trees and vine, which Drake had discovered on his second reconnoitering voyage, and called “Port Pheasant,” "by reason of the great store of these goodly fowls32 which he and his company did then daily kill and feed upon" here. It is supposed to have been the Puerto Escondido, or “Hidden Haven33” of the Spaniards. Upon entering it was seen that the nest had very recently been occupied, and, landing, Drake found nailed to a great tree 231a lead plate upon which was posted a warning that their rendezvous34 had been discovered by the Spaniards, signed John Gannet, and dated five days before. Gannet was presumably the former master of the “Minion,” of Hawkins’s ill-fortuned fleet. He had come out to the Spanish Main on a voyage of his own shortly before the sailing of Drake. Undisturbed by this warning Drake put his carpenters to work at setting up the pinnaces, and the rest of the company at fortifying35 the place with ramparts of trees. In the meantime there sailed into the snug36 harbour another English bark. This was captained by James Rouse, the former master of the lost “William and John” of the Hawkins expedition. He also had sailed on a part trading and part buccaneering voyage before Drake had left Plymouth. His company numbered thirty men, some of whom had been in Drake’s second reconnoitring voyage. They brought in two small prizes, one a caravel of Seville, a despatch12 boat, bound for Nombre de Dios, which they had captured the previous day, the other a shallop taken at Cape37 Blanc. Rouse joined forces with Drake.
Having got the pinnaces and all things in readiness within a week’s time, the fleet was off for their first foray. Coming to the Isla de Pinos (Isles38 of Pines), a group at the mouth of the Gulf of Darien (called by them “Port Plenty”), they found here two frigates40 for Nombre de Dios lading planks42 and timber, with a number of black men on board at work. These blacks were half-breeds, belonging to a local tribe sprung from 232self-freed Negro slaves and native Indians, known as “Cimaroons,” or “Maroons,” as the English sailors termed them, enrolled43 under two chiefs, and constant enemies of the Spanish. The frigates were seized, and the black men were taken to the mainland and set ashore44 to join their tribe and gain their liberty if they would, or, if they were disposed to warn Nombre de Dios, to make the troublesome journey overland, which they could not finish before the Englishmen could reach the place by sea. Then leaving the three ships with the prize in charge of Captain Rouse, and taking fifty-three of his own men and twenty of Rouse’s band, and adding Rouse’s shallop to his fleet of pinnaces, Drake “hastened his own going with speed and secrecy45.” Five days later they had arrived at the island of “Cativaas” (Catives), off the mouth of the St. Francis, to the westward46 of which Nombre de Dios lay. Here they landed and spent part of a day making ready for the assault. Drake distributed the arms among the men and delivered a heartening speech setting before them the “greatness of the hope of good things” in this store house of treasure which might be theirs for the taking. That afternoon they again set sail and at sunset they were alongside the main. Keeping “hard aboard the shore” that they might not be “descried47 of the Watch House,” they made their cautious way till they had come within two leagues of the port. At this point they anchored till after dark. Then again “rowing hard aboard shore,” as quietly as they could, they attained48 a sheltered place in the harbour under 233high land, where they lay “all silent,” purposing to make the attack at daylight. When, however, talk of the “greatness of the town” and of its strength for defence, based upon stories told by the blacks at the Isles of Pines, was found to be spreading among the men, Drake “thought it best to put these conceits49 out of their heads,” by prompter action, taking advantage of the rising of the moon that night which he would persuade them “was the day dawning.” By this strategy the advance was begun at three o’clock, a “large houre sooner than first was purposed.”
The surprise of the town was complete. As the four pinnaces were sailing forward, the rowers noiselessly plying50 their oars51, a Spanish ship laden52 with Canary wines, newly arrived in the bay, espied53 them, and immediately sent off one of her boats townward, evidently to give an alarm. But Drake dexterously54 checked this move by cutting “betwixt her and the Towne forcing her to goe to the other side of the bay.” At the landing place a platform was found fortified55 with “six great pieces of ordnance56 mounted upon the carriages,” but only a single gunner on guard. The gunner fled to arouse the town, while Drake’s men dismantled58 the guns. Then Drake marched his men up a neighbouring hill, where he had heard that ordnance was to be placed that night, to dismantle57 it if found. But none had yet been set, and he hurried back now to make direct for the town’s treasure. Leaving a guard at the platform to secure the pinnaces, and a trumpeter to sound his trumpet59 at intervals60 234while the other trumpeters were sounding theirs in other parts, to give an impression of a large force of besiegers, Drake divided his men into two companies. One, of sixteen men, under his brother John, was to execute a flank movement upon the King’s Treasure House near by; the other, led by himself, was to march up the broad main street to the Market Place, where the two were to come together. Meanwhile the alarm-bell of the church had been set a-ringing by an official of the town, drums were beating, and the startled people were mustering61 in the Market Place, their first thought being that their common enemy, the Cimaroons, were upon them.
Drake led his men with trumpets62 playing and drums beating, and their “firepikes” lighting63 the way, into the Market Place, and were here “saluted” by a body of Spanish soldiers and people lined up near the Governor’s House, with a “jolly hot volley of shot.” The Englishmen returned this “greeting” with a flight of arrows. Then they brought their firepikes and their short weapons into effective play, and soon routed the town’s defenders64, who fled out of the gate—the only gate of the town—leading toward Panama. In this skirmish Drake received a painful wound in the leg. But he valiantly65 concealed66 his hurt, “knowing if the generall’s heart stoops the men’s will fail.” Now making their stand in the Market Place, Drake commanded two or three Spaniards whom he had taken prisoner in the flight to conduct him with a detachment to the Governor’s House. It was here that the long 235teams of mules68 bringing the king’s treasure from Panama were unladen and the silver placed, while the gold, pearls, and jewels were deposited in the stronger-built (of lime and stone) King’s Treasure House. The door of the Governor’s House was found open, and before it a fine Spanish horse, ready saddled. Entering, by means of a lighted candle on the stairs, they saw a vast heap of silver in the lower room. This consisted of silver bars piled up against the wall, some “seventy feet in length, ten in breadth, and twelve in height, each bar between thirty and forty pounds weight,” as they calculated, about the value of “a million sterling69.” Drake ordered his men not to attempt to take any of this plunder, for the town was so full of people that it would be impossible to remove it; but at the King’s Treasure House, near the water side, he told them there was “more gold and jewels than all of” their “four pinnaces could carry away”; and he would presently send out a force to break it open.
Accordingly they returned to the Market Place, thence to go for the Treasure House. Back in the Market Place they received a startling report that their pinnaces were in danger of capture. John Drake was hurried to the landing with a guard to meet this emergency. He found the force there much alarmed by a report of a Negro spy that the Spanish soldiers which the blacks at the Isles of Pines had told them had been ordered from Panama, to defend the town from an expected attack of the Cimaroons, had arrived. John Drake quieted their fears. Now a new trouble arose. 236A “mighty shower of rain” with a “terrible storm of thunder and lightning” burst upon the town. Drake and his men sought shelter near the King’s Treasure House. But before they had got under cover some of their bow-strings were wet, and their match and powder hurt. Some of the men began “harping on the reports lately brought” and “muttering of the forces of the town.” Thereupon Drake exclaimed that here he had brought them to the “mouth of the Treasure of the World,” and if they did not gain it they “might henceforth blame nobody but themselves.” So soon as the fury of the storm had abated70 Drake ordered John Drake and John Oxenham, another officer, to break open the Treasure House, the rest to follow him to “keep the strength” of the Market Place till their work was done. But as he stepped forward he suddenly fell prone71 in a swoon from loss of blood from his wound, which to this moment he had successfully concealed. This produced consternation72 among the band. Upon his revival73 his scarf was bound about the wound, and he was entreated74 to go aboard his pinnace to have it dressed. He persistently75 refused, and finally, “with force mingled76 with fair entreaty” he was seized and borne to his boat. Then all hurriedly embarked77 and got away, with what little plunder a few had managed to pick up.
So was abandoned “a rich spoil for the present,” but “only to preserve their captain’s life.” It was afterward admitted by the Spaniards that but for the mishap78 to Drake necessitating79 their precipitate80 departure, 237the buccaneers would have fully succeeded in sacking the town.
It was but daybreak when they left. They had besides the captain “many of their men wounded, though none slain81 but one trumpeter.” On their way out of the harbour they tarried long enough to capture, “without much resistance,” the Spanish ship lying there with her cargo82 of wines, “for the more comfort of the company.” Before they had quite cleared the haven the Spaniards on shore had got one of the great guns into play upon them. But the shot fell short of their boats. They landed with their prize at the Isle39 of Bartimentos, or, as they called it, the “Isle of Victuals,” westward of Nombre de Dios. Here they stayed through the next two days to “cure their wounded and refresh themselves” in the “goodly gardens” they found “abounding with great store of all dainty roots and fruits, besides great plenty of poultry83 and other fowls no less strange and delicate.” Return was then made to the Isles of Pines, where Captain Rouse with their ships was joined.
Thus the incident of the famous raid upon Nombre de Dios, the first object of the expedition, closed with small gain. Hakluyt gives a brief and incomplete account of it, written and recorded, as his title relates, by “one Lopez Vaz a Portugall, borne in the citie of Elvas, in maner follow: which Portugale, with the discourse84 about him, was taken in the River of Plate by the ships set foorth by the Right Honourable85 the Earle of Cumberland, in the yeere 1586.” The larger account, 238which Drake himself is said to have “reviewed,” or edited, was not published until more than half a century after the event. It then appeared in a history of the expedition, brought out in 1626, under this inspiriting title: Sir Francis Drake Revived; Calling upon this Dull or Effeminate Age to follow his noble steps for Gold and Silver, By this Memorable86 Relation of the Rare Occurrences (never yet declared to the world) in a third voyage made by him unto the West Indies, in the years 1572 & 1573 when Nombre de Dios was by him, and 52 others only in his company, Surprised.
Subsequent exploits made up for the failure to loot the “Treasure of the World.” Shortly after the return to the Isles of Pines Captain Rouse parted company with the expedition and went his own way, while Drake continued his enterprise alone, as he had originally planned. His next assault was to be against Cartagena. Toward this port he at once sailed his own fleet, the two ships and the three pinnaces. Arriving in the harbour he found here a “great ship of Seville” making ready to sail for San Domingo. This he took in sight of the town, but beyond the reach of its “great guns,” which opened upon him. The next morning he captured two frigates from Nombre de Dios for Cartagena, on board of which were two “Scrivanos” (escribano, a notary), with letters reporting his attack on Nombre de Dios and his continued presence on the coast, warning the Cartagenians to “prepare for him.” From them ascertaining87 that he was now discovered to the chief places along the main, he made no further advance 239upon Cartagena, but sought instead a good hiding-place till the “bruit” of his being here “might cease”; intending later to make an alliance with the Cimaroons and raid the treasure route between Panama and Nombre de Dios. Meanwhile the “Swan” was scuttled88 in order thoroughly89 to man the pinnaces, and the “Pasha” was utilized90 as a storehouse. During the next two months roving the coast with the pinnaces, many Spanish ships were seized and relieved of their cargoes91, mostly provisions for “victualling” Nombre de Dios and Cartagena, and also the fleets to and from Spain. Such quantities of provisions of all kinds were thus obtained that the company built and stocked at different points, on islands and on the main, four storehouses; and there was sufficient as the season advanced to supply besides themselves, the Cimaroons, and also two French ships that fell in with them in “extreme want.” Later their rendezvous was at the mouth of the Rio Diego, where they built a fort which they called “Fort Diego.” In October, while attempting to take a frigate41, John Drake was killed. Early in January the “calenture,” or hot fever, broke out among the company, and several died, among them Drake’s younger brother Joseph.
On the third of February the land journey across the isthmus toward Panama was begun. At that time twenty-eight of the company had died, and several were yet ill. Since it was necessary to leave a few sound men with the sick ones, the number that made this march was only eighteen. The rest of the band were 240Cimaroons, thirty in all. The highest point of the dividing ridge92 was reached on the eleventh of February when Drake, from a tree top, got his first sight of the Pacific and uttered his earnest prayer familiar in the histories, to be permitted once to sail an English ship upon it. The chronicler of the voyage thus well portrays93 the animating94 scene:
"The fourth day following we came to the height of the desired hill, a very high hill lying East and West, like a ridge between the two seas, about ten of the clock; where the chiefest of these Cimaroons took our Captain by the hand and prayed him to follow him if he was desirous to see at once the two seas, which he had so longed for. Here was that goodly and great high Tree in which they had cut and made divers95 steps to ascend96 up near unto the top, where they had also made a convenient bower97 wherein ten or twelve men might easily sit: and from thence we might without any difficulty plainly see the Atlantic Ocean whence now we came and the South Atlantic [Pacific Ocean] so much desired. South and north of this Tree they had felled certain trees that the prospect98 might be the clearer.... After our Captain had ascended99 to this bower with the chief Cimaroon, and having, as it pleased God, at this time by reason of the breeze a very fair day, had seen that sea of which he had heard such golden reports: he ‘besought Almighty100 God of His Goodness, to give him life and leave to sail once in an English ship in that Sea!’ And then calling up all the rest of our [seventeen English] men he acquainted 241John Oxnam [Oxenham] especially with this his petition and purpose, if it would please God to grant him that happiness. Who understanding it presently protested that ‘unless our Captain did beat him from his company he would follow him by God’s grace.’"
Drake’s outlook is supposed to have been near the spot where Balboa, the discoverer, sixty years earlier, had “thanked God” that he was “the first Christian101 man to behold102 that sea”; and it is presumed that Drake had Balboa’s thanksgiving in mind when he framed his ardent103 prayer.
Two days later the band had come to the open region of savannas104 over which savage105 herds106 of black cattle roamed, whence glimpses of Panama (the old city north of the present one) were had. As they marched on, Drake saw the Spanish ships riding in the harbour; the Pacific beyond stretching placidly107 to the horizon. Now they were within a day’s journey of the city. Toward sunset they reached the shelter of a grove108 through which the road ran, about a league from Panama. Here they rested while Drake despatched a spy, disguised as a Negro servant, into the city—a Cimaroon who had once served a master there and so was familiar with the place—to learn all about the movements of the “recuas:” the mule67 treasure and merchandise teams. The spy returned after dark with the joyous109 word that that very night a string of mule teams was to come out. The richest was to head the line accompanying the Spanish treasurer110 of Lima, Peru, on the way with his family to Nombre de Dios, there to take 242an “advice ship” in waiting for Spain. This team comprised fourteen mules, of which eight were laden with gold and one with jewels. Two others immediately to follow were each of fifty mules, and were to carry provisions for the fleet at Nombre de Dios, with a small quantity of silver. They were to make the journey in the cool of the night, and to take the route by way of Venta Cruz (Cruces, on the left bank of the Chagres River). With this information Drake determined to intercept111 the whole string and take off the richest treasure. Accordingly the march was resumed away from Panama and toward Venta Cruz, some four leagues distant.
They came to a halt in a secluded112 spot about two leagues south of the town. Near by one of the Cimaroons scented113 out a Spanish soldier, whom they literally114 caught napping. He was one of the guard hired to protect the Lima treasurer’s train outward from Venta Cruz, and while waiting, knowing that he could get no rest till their safe arrival at Nombre de Dios, he had lain down in the grass and dropped asleep. He was terrorized at falling into the hands of the merciless Cimaroons, and being brought into the presence of Drake he plead for protection. He assured the captain, on the honour of a soldier, that that night he might have, if he would, “more gold, besides jewels and pearls of great price” than all his men could carry, and for his own part he asked only as much of the plunder as would suffice for himself and wife to live on comfortably. Holding the soldier for what service he might render, 243Drake divided his band into two companies and ambushed115 in long grass on either side of the road. He headed one company, and John Oxenham, with the chief of the Cimaroons, the other. Drake’s lay on one side of the road some fifty paces above Oxenham’s on the opposite side. The foremost company were to seize the mules by their heads as the team came up, while the “hindmost” secured the rear: for the mules tied together were always driven one after the other. The Englishmen all drew their shirts over their apparel by Drake’s order that they might be sure to know each other in the “pell mell of the night.”
The two sections had thus lain for above an hour when the notes of deep sounding bells, which the mule teams invariably bore, were heard in the distance in both directions, betokening117 the approach of trains from and to Venta Cruz. Then the nearer sound of a horse trotting118 over the road fell on the listening ears. As it was passing the ambuscade one of the Englishmen, a sailor who had taken too much wine and become reckless, crept up close to the road and raised himself and gazed at the rider. He was a cavalier, well mounted, with a page running at his stirrup. A Cimaroon quickly pulled the sailor down and sat on him. But it was too late. The cavalier had caught sight of the white-shirted object, had recognized it as an Englishman of Drake’s crew, and had put spurs to his horse and galloped119 off to warn the approaching treasurer’s team of danger. Meeting it on the road the cavalier reported what he had seen, and his conjecture120 that Drake was in the neighbourhood 244for plunder of treasure teams to recompense himself for his failure at Nombre de Dios; and he persuaded the treasurer to turn his train out of the way, and let the others that were to follow pass first. Their loss, if “worse befel,” would be of far less account, while they would serve to discover the party in ambush116. And just this happened. As the others with the lesser121 treasure reached the ambush the captains blew their whistles for the attack, and both teams were speedily taken; but the spoil, besides the provisions, netted not more than two “horse-loads” of silver, and Drake’s game was fully discovered. One of the chief carriers told him how their ambush had been exposed by the imprudent sailor and how the cavalier had spread the warning, and counselled his party to “shift for themselves betimes” unless they were able to combat the whole force of Panama before daybreak.
Instead, however, of following this advice Drake took that of the chief of the Cimaroons, which was that he should boldly march on to the town and “make a way with his sword through the enemies.” So, after enjoying a full supper of meat and drink from the captured provisions, the march upon Venta Cruz was begun. The band mounted the mules and thus made the journey comfortably. When within a mile of the town and in a deep woods they dismounted, and leaving the muleteers here, bidding them not to follow at their peril122, made the remainder of the way on foot. Half a mile beyond a couple of Cimaroons of the advance guard discovered a Spanish force in ambush in a jungle at the 245side of the road. They were a body of soldiers with a number of fighting friars of a monastery123 at Venta Cruz. With this news Drake cautioned his men to move quietly, and pressed on. As they neared the ambuscade the Spanish captain appeared in the roadway before them and called out “Hoo!” Drake replied with the sailor’s response to a hail, “Hallo!” The Spaniard queried124, “Que gente?” Drake answered, “Englishmen.” The Spaniard demanded their surrender, "in the name of the ‘King, his master,’" with the promise, as a “gentleman soldier,” of courteous125 treatment. Drake demanded passage “for the honour of the Queen, his mistress,” and advancing toward the Spaniard fired his pistol in the air. This was taken as a signal by the men in ambush and they let off a volley. Drake was scratched, and several of his men were wounded, one fatally. He blew his whistle, and the English returned shot for shot, with a flight of arrows. Then the Cimaroons took a hand, and under the combined Indian and English warfare126 the Spaniards were routed. Close by the town gate they made another stand. Drake’s men again scattered127 them, and with a rush entered the town. Guards were placed at the entrances at either end that the raiders might be secure while here. They stayed only an hour and a half. Drake ordered his men to take no heavy plunder, for they had a long march to make back to their ships, and they were yet in danger of attack. Still, many of them and the Cimaroons managed to make “some good pillage128.”
246Having now practically completed the journey across the isthmus, and having been absent from the ships nearly a fortnight, a rapid return march was deemed imperative129. The start was hastened by a little episode at the Panama gate. While the marauders were at breakfast just before daybreak they were startled by a lively fusillade at that end of the town. A company of cavaliers from Panama had galloped up, supposing that Drake had left, and had encountered his sentries130 at the gate. Several of the cavaliers were killed in the skirmish and the rest scattered. Fearing that they were a scouting131 party and might be followed by a large force, Drake gave immediate11 orders to fall in for the departure. At dawn they were crossing the Chagres bridge and on their way at a quick gait. It was a hard and rushing march throughout to the coast where the ships lay, the men for days with empty stomachs and footsore. But it was cheerfully performed under Drake’s buoyant leadership and his promise of golden spoil they were yet to win before they finally sailed back to England.
After the return to their rendezvous Drake divided the company into two bands to rove in the pinnaces, one eastward132 the other westward, for plunder off the coast. The eastward rovers soon captured a fine Spanish frigate; and this ship, because of her strength and “good mould,” Drake retained, and fitting her as a man-of-war added her to his fleet. He was in need of some new craft, for he had recently sunk one of his three pinnaces. Shortly after, in March, additional strength came in a French ship, a rover out of Havre, 247under one Captain Tetou with seventy men. The Frenchman had appeared when Drake’s ships were again at the “Cativaas,” needing water and provisions. Drake supplied his wants. Then the Frenchman, desiring to join him in a venture, the two struck a bargain for a second raid on the isthmus treasure teams. The Frenchman with twenty of his men was to serve with Drake, “for halves”: the plunder obtained to be equally divided.
For this expedition Drake selected fifteen of his men and the Cimaroons with him before, so that the whole company, exclusive of the natives, numbered but thirty-five, besides the two captains. Leaving his “Pasha” and the French ship in a safe road, he manned the reformed Spanish frigate and his two pinnaces, and sailed toward “Rio Francesco.” The frigate was left at Cabecas, with a crew of English and French, the pinnaces alone continuing to Rio Francesco. Here the band landed and took up their march, Drake charging the masters of the pinnaces to be back at this place without fail on the fourth day following, when they expected to return. They proceeded in covert133 through the woods toward the highway over which richly laden “recuas” were now coming daily from Panama to Nombre de Dios. When they had marched, as in the previous journey to Panama, to a “convenient point” between Rio Francesco and Nombre de Dios, they bivouacked for that night. As they rested “in great silence” they could hear the distant sounds of many carpenters working on the ships at Nombre de Dios, 248which was customarily done in the night time because of the great heat of the day; and their ears were charmed with the music of the bells of the trotting mule teams on the road.
Early the next morning, April first, a jangle of bells nearing their cover told the approach of an unwonted number of recuas. Putting themselves in readiness they cautiously moved down toward the highway. Three great teams from Panama were coming along together. One consisted of fifty mules, the other two of seventy each, and each mule carried three hundred pounds’ weight of silver: one hundred and ninety mules in all with a total of fifty-seven thousand pounds of the metal; while some were also laden with a small quantity of gold. Their guards comprised forty-five soldiers, fifteen to each recua. At the moment the teams were abreast134 them Drake’s band sprang out, and took such hold of the heads of the foremost and hindmost mules that the rest stopped short and lay down. There followed a quick exchange of bullets and arrows, and then the flight of the guard “to seek more help abroad.” In the skirmish the French captain was painfully wounded and one Cimaroon was killed. The raiders hurriedly relieved the mules of their burden, taking all of the treasure that they could well carry, including a few bars and quoits of gold, and burying a large part of the rest in various places—in burrows135 which great land crabs136 had made, beneath the trunks of fallen trees, and in the sand and gravel137 of a shallow river—to be taken away later as occasion might offer. Two hours were consumed 249in this business. Then the return march was started by the way they had come. They had scarcely re-entered the woods when they heard both horse and foot clattering138 along the road behind them. This force, however, did not pursue them, and it was supposed that they tarried to repossess the mules and the rifled packs. The march had not far progressed when the wounded French captain was obliged to drop out and seek rest in the woods, hoping soon to regain139 his strength. He was never again seen by his companions, though repeatedly sought, and it was afterward learned that he fell into the hands of the Spaniards. Later on the march another of the Frenchmen was missed. His fate, also ascertained140 subsequently, was not so tragic141 as his captain’s, though hard and with sorry results to the band in that through it they lost much of the treasure which they had hidden. While rifling the teams he had drunk much wine, and overloading142 himself with pillage, had started ahead of the rest and become lost in the woods. He, too, was captured by the Spaniards, and under torture he revealed the places of the buried plunder. Rio Francesco was reached after two days of marching and here no pinnaces were met. Instead they saw a fleet of seven Spanish pinnaces cruising off the coast. They “mightily suspected” that these Spaniards had taken or spoiled their boats.
In this emergency Drake determined to reach his ships at all hazard. From trees that had been brought down a river by a recent storm he had his men construct a raft. For a sail a biscuit sack was utilized, 250and a young tree was stripped for an oar29 to serve instead of a rudder. Upon this rude craft he embarked with a few volunteers, and as he pushed off he comforted the company left behind with the assurance that “if it pleased God he should put his foot in safety aboard his frigate he would, God willing, by one means or other get them all aboard despite of all the Spaniards in the Indies.” He had thus sailed out into the sea some three leagues, under a parching143 sun and for about six hours all the while sitting up to the waist in water and at nearly every surge to the armpits, when two pinnaces were descried coming inward under a spanking144 breeze. As they neared they were seen to be his own pinnaces. At the sight the half-drowned raftsmen set up a shout. But they were evidently not seen by those on the pinnaces, for the boats shifted and ran into a cove31 beyond a point of land. Since they did not come out again Drake concluded that they were to anchor there for the night. Thereupon he piloted his shaky craft ashore, and leaping off, ran around the point and so came upon them, to the great astonishment145 of their occupants and his greater relief. Their masters accounted for their delay in reaching the rendezvous in telling how they had been beaten back by a heavy storm, and had been obliged to stand off to avoid the Spanish pinnaces. Drake’s companions of the raft were first succoured; and then he himself, not stopping for rest, that evening rowed to Rio Francesco, where the remainder of the company and the treasure were taken off and brought to the pinnaces. At dawn next 251morning all set sail back again to the frigate, and thence directly to the ships at Fort Diego. Upon the arrival here Drake at once divided the treasure by weight into two even portions between the English and French.
Shortly after twelve of Drake’s men and sixteen of the Cimaroons were secretly sent again to the isthmus, for the buried treasure, and also, if possible, to recover the French captain. They learned no more than that Captain Tetou had been taken by the Spaniards, while the treasure had mostly disappeared, the earth having been dug and turned up for a mile about the hiding places. They found, however, thirteen bars of silver and a few quoits of gold, which they took off.
Now it had become “high time to think of homewards.” The frigate was supplied from the “Pasha” with what necessaries were needed fully to supply her, and the “Pasha” was turned over to the few Spaniards whom they had all this time detained. Then Fort Diego was left, the French ship accompanying Drake’s little fleet. For a few days they rode among the Cabecas. Afterward they parted with the French ship, and cruised about seeking another Spanish frigate which they might take to augment146 the fleet. Meanwhile they passed “hard by” Cartagena, in the sight of the Spanish ships lying off that port, defiantly147 displaying the flag of St. George in the main top of the frigate, “with silk streamers and ancients down to the water.” Finally in July they were on the homeward voyage in two captured Spanish frigates and with their pinnaces. Their parting with the Cimaroons was most affectionate. 252Drake gave Pedro, their chief, a rich cimeter which he had received as a gift from Captain Tetou, and which the savage had secretly coveted148, and Pedro gave Drake four wedges of gold as a “pledge of his friendship and thanks.” Drake would decline the gold, but seeing that Pedro would be pained at a refusal, he accepted it and turned it into the common stock of his company.
The return voyage was made with such a merry wind that the distance from Cape San Antonio in Florida to the Scilly Islands was accomplished149 in twenty-three days. Plymouth was reached on a Sunday, August nine, during “sermon time,” and the news of Drake’s arrival "did so speedily pass over all the church and surpass their minds with desire and delight to see him that very few or none remained with the preacher: all hastening to see the evidence of God’s love and blessing150 toward our Gracious Queen and country, by the fruits of our Captain’s labours and success. Soli Deo Gloria." So piously151 ends the chronicle.
The profits of this buccaneering voyage, with the bullion152 brought home, were large to all who had part in it. Drake’s share made him comparatively rich. As the historian Camden put it, he had “gotten a pretty store of money by playing the sailor and the pirate.” Among the prizes that he took were a number of frigates engaged in the coasting trade, carrying gold, silver, and merchandise, and newly built through the energy and skill of Pedro Menendez de Aviles, the destroyer of the French colony in Florida.
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1
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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2
aver
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| v.极力声明；断言；确证 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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5
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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6
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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7
apprenticed
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| 学徒，徒弟( apprentice的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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8
testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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9
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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11
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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12
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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13
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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14
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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15
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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17
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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18
ravaging
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| 毁坏( ravage的现在分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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19
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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20
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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21
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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22
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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23
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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24
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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25
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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26
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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27
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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28
hoarded
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| v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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29
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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30
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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31
cove
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| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
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32
fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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33
haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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34
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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35
fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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36
snug
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| adj.温暖舒适的，合身的，安全的；v.使整洁干净，舒适地依靠，紧贴；n.（英）酒吧里的私房 | |
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37
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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38
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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40
frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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41
frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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42
planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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43
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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44
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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45
secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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46
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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47
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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48
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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49
conceits
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| 高傲( conceit的名词复数 )； 自以为； 巧妙的词语； 别出心裁的比喻 | |
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50
plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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51
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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52
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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53
espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
dexterously
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| adv.巧妙地，敏捷地 | |
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55
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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56
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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57
dismantle
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| vt.拆开，拆卸；废除，取消 | |
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58
dismantled
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| 拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 )； 拆卸； 废除； 取消 | |
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59
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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60
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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61
mustering
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的现在分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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62
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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63
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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64
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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65
valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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66
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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67
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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68
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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69
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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70
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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71
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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72
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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73
revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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74
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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76
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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77
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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78
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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79
necessitating
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的现在分词 ) | |
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80
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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81
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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82
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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83
poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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84
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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85
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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86
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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87
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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88
scuttled
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| v.使船沉没( scuttle的过去式和过去分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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89
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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90
utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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91
cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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92
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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93
portrays
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| v.画像( portray的第三人称单数 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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94
animating
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| v.使有生气( animate的现在分词 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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95
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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96
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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97
bower
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| n.凉亭，树荫下凉快之处；闺房；v.荫蔽 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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99
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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101
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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102
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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103
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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104
savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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105
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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106
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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107
placidly
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| adv.平稳地，平静地 | |
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108
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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109
joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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110
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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111
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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112
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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113
scented
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| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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114
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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115
ambushed
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| v.埋伏( ambush的过去式和过去分词 )；埋伏着 | |
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116
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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117
betokening
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的现在分词 ) | |
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118
trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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119
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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120
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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121
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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122
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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123
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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124
queried
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| v.质疑，对…表示疑问( query的过去式和过去分词 )；询问 | |
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125
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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126
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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127
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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128
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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129
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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130
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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131
scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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132
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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133
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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134
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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135
burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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136
crabs
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| n.蟹( crab的名词复数 )；阴虱寄生病；蟹肉v.捕蟹( crab的第三人称单数 ) | |
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137
gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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138
clattering
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| 发出咔哒声（clatter的现在分词形式） | |
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139
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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140
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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141
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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142
overloading
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| 过载，超载，过负载 | |
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143
parching
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| adj.烘烤似的，焦干似的v.（使）焦干， （使）干透( parch的现在分词 )；使（某人）极口渴 | |
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144
spanking
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| adj.强烈的，疾行的；n.打屁股 | |
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145
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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146
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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147
defiantly
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| adv.挑战地，大胆对抗地 | |
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148
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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149
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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150
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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151
piously
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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152
bullion
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| n.金条，银条 | |
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