1. Slaves are denied an education. I think it is universally admitted that education and slavery are utterly7 incompatible8, and that total ignorance of letters and general imbecility of intellect are essential to its successful continuance, and indeed, its very existence in any country. Hence in the United States, where millions of dollars are annually expended9 for schools and colleges, and where it is almost[Pg 42] universally believed that a sound education is conducive10 to good morals, the spread of civilization, the preservation11 of liberty and the progress of Christianity, even here nothing is done for the education of slaves. While millions of free children are annually gathered into schools and diligently12 instructed, the children of slaves, although equally capable, are permitted to grow up without the least attention to their mental culture. But this, though bad enough, is not the worst. If slaves were at liberty to follow out their own inclinations13, they might many of them, even without encouragement or help, acquire a respectable education. But the laws punish the slave with great severity who, with any motive14 or under any circumstances, may attempt to learn to read or write, and also any person who may teach him.
Some of the laws and opinions relating to the education of slaves, (free negroes generally included) will now be cited. “Virginia Revised Code of 1819. That all meetings or assemblages of slaves or free negroes, or free negroes and mulattoes mixing and associating with such slaves at any meeting house or houses &c., in the night; or at any school or schools for teaching them reading or writing either in the day or night, under whatsoever16 pretext17, shall be deemed and considered an UNLAWFUL ASSEM[Pg 43]BLY; and any justice of a county wherein such assemblage shall be, shall issue his warrant, directed to any sworn officer or officers, authorizing19 him or them to enter the house or houses where such unlawful assemblages may be, for the purpose of apprehending20 or dispersing21 such slaves, and to inflict22 corporal punishment on the offender23 or offenders24, at the discretion25 of any justice of the peace not exceeding twenty lashes27.” (Goodell’s American Slave Code.)
No person in Virginia is allowed to open a school for the instruction of colored persons or to teach them to read and write under a penalty of $100 and six months imprisonment28. It may be thought that these laws are not now enforced and stand as a dead letter upon the statute29 book. But the following cool item of news published in the Richmond Examiner under date of May 12th, 1853, will satisfy any one that they are enforced.
“Breaking up a Negro School.—The officers at Norfolk made a descent on Tuesday upon a negro school, kept in the neighborhood of the Stone Bridge, by a Mrs. Douglass and her daughter, and the teachers, together with their sable30 pupils, were taken before his Honor. They acknowledged their guilt31, but pleaded ignorance of the law, and were discharged, on a promise to do so no more; a very convenient[Pg 44] way of getting out of the scrape. The law of this State imposes a fine of one hundred dollars, and imprisonment for six months, for such offenses32; is positive, and allows no discretion in the committing magistrate34.”
If a free negro in North Carolina attempt to teach a slave to read, or if he give to a slave a religious tract35, a spelling book or the bible, he may be imprisoned36 or take thirty-nine lashes! If a white person attempt to teach a slave the laws subject him to a fine of $200 for each offense33.
“In Georgia, if a white teach a free negro or a slave to write he is fined $500, and imprisoned at the discretion of the Court; if the offender be a colored man, bond or free, he may be fined or whipped at the discretion of the Court. This law was enacted37 in 1829.” (Jay’s Inquiry38.)
“In Louisiana the penalty for teaching slaves to read and write is one year’s imprisonment.”
“In North Carolina, the patrols were ordered to search every negro house for books or prints of every kind. Bibles and hymn39 books were particularly mentioned.” (Goodell.)
“We have,” said Mr. Berry in the Va. House of Delegates, “as far as possible closed every avenue by which light may enter their minds. If we could extinguish the capacity to see the light,[Pg 45] our work would be completed; they would then be on a level with the beasts of the field and we would be safe! I am not certain that we would not do it, if we could find out the process, and that on the plea of necessity.”
When Frederick Douglass was a slave and belonged to Mr. Auld40, his mistress, who had been lately married, manifested toward him true womanly kindness and commenced to teach him the art of reading. “But when my master heard of it,” says Douglass in his Narrative42, “he at once forbade Mrs. Auld to instruct me further, telling her among other things, that it was unlawful, as well as unsafe to teach a slave to read. To use his own words further he said, ‘If you give a nigger an inch he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master—to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best negro in the world. Now, said he, if you teach that nigger (speaking of myself,) how to read there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself it would do him no good, but a great deal of harm. It would make him discontented and unhappy.’”
Is not that a terrible institution which can only be sustained by enchaining the immortal[Pg 46] mind and withholding43 entirely44 the advantages of education? Think of it. A slave’s soul, as is often the case, is possessed45 with an unquenchable passion for improvement. He has a mind in constant unrest—active, elastic46, aspiring47. A benevolent48 friend engages to instruct him at night in the rudiments49 of learning, but while engaged in this good work the law seizes them, and hurries the slave to the whipping-post and the friend to prison. Twenty, thirty or forty lashes on the bare back are rather poor encouragement to the student, and a heavy fine and long imprisonment with felons50 hard pay for a teacher. But slavery makes it a crime to learn to read even the bible, and a penitentiary51 offense to teach a slave the alphabet!
The object of this is plainly declared by Mr. Berry of Va., viz: to close every avenue of light from the slave’s mind—to debase him as low as possible—and thus put resistance out of his power—that he may become a docile52 and profitable chattel53.
These laws are a bold defiance54 of the Almighty55 who constructed the marvelous powers of the human mind for improvement and activity and who revealed in written language his word for the comfort and guidance of all his creatures. They interpose a barrier between[Pg 47] the slave and his Maker56 and thus hinder his salvation57. Even convicts in prison are taught to read the scriptures58, and in this respect slavery is more severe with its victims than justice is with the worst criminals.
2. Slavery does not recognize the matrimonial connections of slaves. As slaves are to be put as nearly as possible upon a level with “other property” the slave code with singular meanness, but perfect consistency59, refuses to the slave a lawful18 marriage, subjects him to conditions which are inconsistent with that sacred relation, and exposes slave wives to the unbridled lust60 of masters and overseers!
“With the consent of their masters slaves may marry * * * but whilst in a state of slavery it cannot produce any civil effect, because slaves are deprived of all civil rights.” (Judge Mathews.)
“A slave cannot even contract matrimony, the association which takes place among slaves and is called marriage, being properly designated by the word contubernium, a relation which has no sanctity, and to which no civil rights are attached.” (Judge Stroud.)
“A slave has never maintained an action against the violator of his bed.” (Daniel Dulany, Att’y Gen. Md.)
“Slaves were not entitled to the conditions[Pg 48] of matrimony, and therefore they had no relief in cases of adultery.” (Dr. Taylor.)
“Marriage is a civil ordinance61 they cannot enjoy. Our laws do not recognize this relation as existing among them, and of course, do not enforce by any sanction, the observance of its duties. Indeed, until slavery waxeth old and tendeth to decay, there cannot be any legal recognition of the marriage rite15, or the enforcement of its consequent duties. For all the regulations on this subject would limit the master’s absolute right of property in the slaves. In his disposal of them he could no longer be at liberty to consult merely his own interests. He could no longer separate the wife and the husband to suit the convenience or interest of the purchaser.” (Address of the Synod of Ky.)
The laws intend to make slaves absolute property, and hence no relation is legalized which would detract from the value of that property. The interest of the owner alone is consulted. These laws, horrible as they appear, are entirely consistent with chattel slavery. And the general practice upon these laws comes up fully to their spirit. Whenever the convenience, interest or passion of a master requires it, slaves are sold and scattered62 abroad without the slightest regard to those dear and sacred connections, which they regard, and[Pg 49] which God, no doubt, regards as marriage. In newspaper advertisements for runaway63 slaves it is frequently stated that the fugitive64 property was bought at a certain place “where he has a wife,” and the probability is that he is “lurking65 about that place.” An advertisement in a New Orleans paper, after describing the slave Charles, as “six feet high,” “copper color,” rather “pleasing appearance,” adds, in order that the pursuers may have some clue to his whereabouts, “it is more than probable that he will make his way to Tennessee, as he has a wife now living there.”
Another advertises the runaway “Ned,” of “copper color, full forehead.” “Ned,” continues the notice, “was purchased in Richmond of Mr. Goodin, and has a wife in that vicinity.”
Another describes a runaway woman, and suggests that she may be lurking about “in the country where her husband is owned.”
These are very natural suggestions. A husband, though a slave, and bound to his wife by no legal tie, is not unfrequently to the slave wife all that husband means, and if that wife escape from her unfeeling oppressors, who have carried her away to a distant State, it is quite natural that she should bend her steps toward the partner of her bosom67, and subject herself to incredible hardships and dangers that[Pg 50] she might see his face once more, and unburden to him her sorrow-ladened heart.
And that wife, though a slave, unprotected by the laws, driven by the shameful68 lash26, insulted, disgraced and neglected, is a wife still. And when “Ned,” as he is called, runs away, it is quite natural that he should, impelled69 by a husband’s love, seek out the hut where years before he had been suddenly separated from her. These advertisements for husbands who are supposed to be “lurking about” in search of their wives, and of wives hunting for their husbands, tell a sad tale. What husband or wife can read them without deep sorrow?
The following statement from the pen of an eye witness will illustrate70 scenes which are being enacted continually in the prosecution71 of the inter-state slave trade.
“As I went on board the steamboat I noticed eight colored men, handcuffed and chained together in pairs, four women and eight or ten children of the apparent ages of from four to ten years, all standing72 together in the bow of the boat, in charge of a man standing near them. * * * Coming near them, I perceived they were all greatly agitated73; and, on inquiry I found they were all slaves, who had been born and raised in North Carolina and had just been sold to a speculator, who was[Pg 51] now taking them to the Charleston market. Upon the shore there was a number of colored persons, women and children, awaiting the departure of the boat; and my attention was particularly attracted by two colored females of uncommonly74 respectable appearance, neatly75 attired76, who stood together, a little distance from the crowd, and upon whose countenance77 was depicted78 the keenest sorrow. As the last bell was tolling79, I saw the tears gushing80 from their eyes, and they raised their neat cotton aprons81 and wiped their faces under the cutting anguish83 of severed84 affection. They were the wives of two of the men in chains. There, too, were mothers and sisters, weeping at the departure of their sons and brothers; and there, too, were fathers, taking the last look of their wives and children. My whole attention was directed to those on shore, as they seemed to stand in solemn and submissive silence, occasionally giving utterance85 to the intensity86 of their feelings by a sigh or a stifled87 groan88. As the boat was loosed from her moorings, they cast a distressed89, lingering look to those on board, and turned away in silence. My eye now turned to those in the boat; and although I had tried to control my feelings amidst my sympathies for those on shore, I could conceal90 them no longer, and I found myself literally[Pg 52] ‘weeping with those that wept.’ I stood near them, and when one of the husbands saw his wife upon the shore wave her hand for the last time, in token of her affection, his manly41 efforts to restrain his feelings gave way, and fixing his watery91 eyes upon her, he exclaimed, ‘This is the most distressing92 thing of all! My dear wife and children, farewell!’ The husband of the other wife stood weeping in silence, and with his manacled hands raised to his face, as he looked upon her for the last time. Of the poor women on board; three of them had husbands whom they left behind. One of them had three children, another had two, and the third had none. These husbands and fathers were among the throng93 upon the shore, witnessing the departure of their wives and children, and as they took their leave of them, they were sitting together upon the floor of the boat sobbing94 in silence, but giving utterance to no complaint. But the distressing scene was not yet ended. Sailing down the Cape66 Fear river twenty-five miles, we touched at the little village of Smithport, on the south side of the river. It was at this place that one of these slaves lived, and here was his wife and five children; and while at work on Monday last, his purchaser took him away from his family, carried him in chains to Wilmington, where he[Pg 53] had since remained in jail. As we approached the wharf95, a flood of tears gushed96 from his eyes, and anguish seemed to have pierced his heart. The boat stopped but a moment, and as she left, he bid farewell to some of his acquaintances whom he saw upon the shore, exclaiming, ‘Boys, I wish you well; tell Molly (meaning his wife) and the children I wish them well, and hope God will bless them.’ At that moment he espied97 his wife on the stoop of a house some rods from the shore, and with one hand which was not in the handcuffs, he pulled off his old hat, and waving it toward her, exclaimed, ‘Farewell!’ As he saw by the waving of her apron82 that she recognized him, he leaned back upon the railing, and with a faltering98 voice repeated, ‘Farewell, forever.’ After a moment’s silence, conflicting passions seemed to tear open his heart, and he exclaimed, ‘What have I done that I should suffer this doom99? Oh, my wife and children, I want to live no longer!’ and then the big tear rolled down his cheek, which he wiped away with the palm of his unchained hand, looked once more upon the mother of his five children, and the turning of the boat hid her face from him forever.”
ANOTHER EXAMPLE.
“I shall never forget the scene which took[Pg 54] place in the city of St. Louis while I was yet in slavery. A man and his wife, both slaves, were brought from the country to the city for sale. They were taken to the rooms of Austin & Savage100, auctioneers. Several slave speculators, who are always to be found at auctions102 where slaves are to be sold, were present. The man was first put up and sold to the highest bidder103. The wife was next ordered to ascend104 the platform. I was present. She slowly obeyed the order. The auctioneer commenced, and soon several hundred dollars were bid. My eyes were intensely fixed105 on the face of the woman, whose cheeks were wet with tears. But a conversation between the slave and his new master soon arrested my attention. I drew near them to listen. The slave was begging his new master to purchase his wife. Said he, ‘Master, if you will only buy Fanny I know you will get the worth of your money. She is a good cook, a good washer, and her mistress liked her very much. If you will only buy her how happy I will be!’ The new master replied that he did not want her, but, if she sold cheap, he would purchase her. I watched the countenance of the man while the different persons were bidding on his wife. When his new master bid you could see the smile on his countenance, and the tears stop,[Pg 55] but as another would, you could see the countenance change, and the tears start afresh. * * But this suspense106 did not last long. The wife was struck off to the highest bidder, who proved to be not the owner of her husband. As soon as they became aware that they were to be separated, they both burst into tears; and as she descended107 from the auction101 stand, the husband walking up to her and taking her by the hand, said, ‘Well, Fanny we are to part forever on earth. You have been a good wife to me. I did all I could to get my new master to buy you but he did not want you. I hope you will try to meet me in heaven. I shall try to meet you there.’ The wife made no reply but her sobs108 and cries told too well her own feelings.” (Narrative of William Brown.)
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justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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turpitude
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| n.可耻；邪恶 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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galling
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| adj.难堪的,使烦恼的,使焦躁的 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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despoils
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的第三人称单数 ) | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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conducive
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| adj.有益的，有助的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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apprehending
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的现在分词 )； 理解 | |
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dispersing
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| adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式 | |
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inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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lash
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| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
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lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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sable
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| n.黑貂；adj.黑色的 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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offenses
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| n.进攻( offense的名词复数 )；（球队的）前锋；进攻方法；攻势 | |
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offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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auld
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| adj.老的，旧的 | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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withholding
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| 扣缴税款 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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aspiring
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| adj.有志气的；有抱负的；高耸的v.渴望；追求 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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rudiments
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| n.基础知识，入门 | |
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felons
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| n.重罪犯( felon的名词复数 )；瘭疽；甲沟炎；指头脓炎 | |
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penitentiary
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| n.感化院；监狱 | |
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docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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chattel
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| n.动产；奴隶 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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consistency
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| n.一贯性，前后一致，稳定性；(液体的)浓度 | |
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lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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runaway
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| n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的 | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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65
lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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66
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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tolling
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| [财]来料加工 | |
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gushing
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| adj.迸出的；涌出的；喷出的；过分热情的v.喷，涌( gush的现在分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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aprons
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| 围裙( apron的名词复数 )； 停机坪，台口（舞台幕前的部份） | |
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82
apron
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| n.围裙；工作裙 | |
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83
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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84
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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sobbing
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| <主方>Ⅰ adj.湿透的 | |
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wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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gushed
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| v.喷，涌( gush的过去式和过去分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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faltering
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| 犹豫的，支吾的，蹒跚的 | |
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doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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101
auction
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| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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102
auctions
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| n.拍卖，拍卖方式( auction的名词复数 ) | |
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103
bidder
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| n.(拍卖时的)出价人，报价人，投标人 | |
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104
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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106
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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107
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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108
sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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