Schoolboys were fond of loitering about among them, wondering at the harpoons10, lances, and keen-edged 'whale spades,' at the masses of whalebone and spermaceti, or the carved and ornamental11 whales' teeth, of which Jack12 always had a store.
In the forecastle of one ship might be seen the tattooed13 lineaments and grim visage of a Maori; from another would peer forth14 the mild, wondering gaze of a Fijian. Bows and arrows (the latter presumably poisoned), spears, clubs, and wondrous15 carved idols16 were the principal curios, nearly always procurable17.
The whale fishery was at that time a leading industry. Sperm oil figured noticeably among the first items of our export trade. Merchants made advances for the outfit18 and all necessaries of the adventure, trusting in many instances for repayment19 to the skill, courage, and good faith of the commander. 200No doubt losses were incurred20, but the lottery21 was tempting22. The profits must have been considerable. Sperm oil, before the discovery of gas or petroleum23, was worth eighty or ninety pounds per ton. A large 'right whale' was good for eighty barrels, eight barrels going to the tun. He was a fish worth landing. To get back to the ship, even after hours of hard pulling and the chance of a stove boat, towing a monster worth nearly ￡1000, was exciting enough.
The crew, like shearers of the present day, were proverbially hard to manage. They did not receive wages, but a share in the net profits—a 'lay,' as it was called. The ship was, in fact, a floating co-operative society. This did not prevent them—for human nature is weak—from committing acts distinctly opposed to the spirit as well as the letter of the agreement. They got drunk when they had the chance. They occasionally mutinied. They resisted the mate and defied the captain. They proposed to take savage24 maidens25 for their dusky brides, and to live lives devoid26 of care in The Islands. It strikes landsmen as a curiously27 dangerous and anxious position for a captain, who had to confront a score or two of reckless seamen28 with the aid only of the officers of the ship. Yet it was done. The peril29 dared, the ship saved, and order restored time after time, by the resolute30 exercise of one strong will and the half-instinctive yielding of the seamen to the mysterious power of legal authority.
Before me as I write are the well-kept and regularly-entered pages of a whale-ship's log-book, the record of a voyage from Sydney harbour over the Southern main, which bears date as far back as April 1833. In that year again sailed the stout31 barque, which had done so well her part in bringing us safely to this far new land. Her course lay through the coral reefs and Eden-seeming islands of the Great South Sea; along the storm-swept coast of New Zealand; among the cannibals of New Ireland and New Britain; among the as yet half-unknown region of the Solomon Islands and Bougainville Group. As to the dangers of such a voyage, one incident of the strange races that people these isles32 of Eden is sufficiently34 dramatic. A boat's crew had pulled over to an inviting35 looking beach within the coral ring for the purpose of watering. As the boat touched the beach, stem on, one of the crew sprang ashore36 with the painter in his hand. A cry 201escaped him and the crew simultaneously38, as he sank to his neck in a concealed39 pit, a veritable trou-de-loup. He hung on to the rope fortunately, and so pulled himself up and into the boat again.
Not a native was in sight. But the treacherous40 pitfalls41 being probed and laid bare, the intention was manifest. A line of holes was discovered in the sands, nine or ten feet in depth, cone-shaped and sloping to a narrow point, where were placed sharp-pointed, hard-wood stakes, the ends having been charred42 and scraped. Sharp as lance-heads, they would have disabled any seaman43 luckless enough to fall in, especially in latitudes44 where Jack prefers to go barefooted. Forewarned, walking warily45, and 'prospecting46' any dangerous-looking spot, they succeeded in unmasking all or nearly all of these man-traps, into which the ambushed47 natives expected them to fall. They were ingeniously constructed: the top covered with a light frame of twigs48 and grass, sand being sprinkled over all. Any ordinary crew would have been deceived.
When they reached the village they found the property of a boat's crew, who had been surprised or betrayed. One piece of evidence after another came to light. Last of all, the oars49, on the blades of which were marks of blood-stained fingers closed in the last grasp which the ill-fated mariner50 was to give.
Righteous indignation succeeded this gruesome discovery. A wholesale51 burning of the town and canoes was ordered. A shower of arrows was sent after the departing boat, as the murder isle33 was quitted with a distinct sense of relief. It is not improbable that similar experiences have been repeated during the last few years. In those days the 'labour trade' did not exist, and to 'black-birding' was no scale of profit attached.
There is a pathetic simplicity52 about this unvarnished record of perilous53 adventure, after the close of half a century. One looks reverently54 upon the yellow pages which photograph so minutely the daily life of the floating microcosm. The course, the winds, the storms, the calms, the days of failure and good fortune! The huge sea-beast harpooned55 and half slain56, yet cunning to 'sound' deeply enough to pay out all the line, or, the iron 'drawing,' finally to elude57 capture altogether. Then again what a day of triumph when the hieroglyph58 show 202six whales killed and 'got safely alongside.' Midnight saw the boilers59 still bubbling and hissing60; the tired crew with four-and-twenty hours' severe work before them, after, perhaps, half a day's hard pulling in the exciting chase.
Then out of the endless waste of waters rises the lovely shape of the fairy isle. 'Mountain, and valley, and woodland'—a paradisal climate; a friendly, graceful61, simple race, reverencing62 the stranger whites, with their big canoe and loud reverberating63 fire-weapons; or, on the other hand, sullen64 and ferocious65 cannibals, sending flights of poisoned arrows from their thickets66, or surrounding the ship with a swarm67 of canoes, full of hostile savages68, eager to climb her deck to slay69 and plunder70 unchecked.
It is characteristic, perhaps, of the greater simplicity of manners, and steadfast71 inculcation of the religious observances of that era, that on board the ship referred to, Divine service was regularly performed on each recurring72 Sunday. If whales were sighted, however, the boats were lowered; and on one Sunday afternoon two whales were killed. It was obviously a part of the unwritten code of salt-water law that whales were not to be allowed to escape under any circumstances, upon whatever days they were sighted by the look-out man. As it was tolerably certain that the ship would be more than once in jeopardy73 from hostile attacks, a few guns and carronades were mounted; boarding-nettings were not, I presume, overlooked. The old Ironsides' maxim74, 'Trust in Providence75 and keep your powder dry,' was in effect a strictly76 observed precaution.
How strange it seems to think of the altered conditions made by the passing away of a generation or two! Cold is now the hand which traced the lines I view; stilled the hot blood and eager soul of him who commanded the ship—a born leader of men if such there ever was.
Of the crew that toiled77 early and late at sea, through sun and storm,—that drank and caroused78 and fought and gambled on shore when occasion served,—how small the chance that any one now survives!
With reference to the Solomon Group, which has been visited by many a vessel3 since the barque safely steered79 her course through shoal and reef, insidious80 currents and treacherous calm, matters seem to have been much about the 203same as at present. At some islands the natives were simple and friendly; at others, sullen and treacherous, ready at all times for an attack if feasible; merciless and unsparing when the hour came.
To refer to the Log-book.
'Monday, July 22, 1833.—At Bougainville; several canoes came off, trading for cocoa-nuts and tortoise-shell.
'Monday, July 29.—Beating along the coast of New Georgia. Canoes came off; traded for cocoa-nuts and tortoise-shell. Shipped Henry Spratt, who left the Cadmus last season. [A bad bargain, as future events showed.]
'August 8.—Sent the boats ashore at Sir Charles Hardy's island. At 7 P.M. boats returned, having purchased from the natives, who were very friendly, a quantity of cocoa-nuts and a pig. Discovered an extensive harbour on the west side.
'September 4.—Sent boats ashore at New Ireland; natives particularly friendly.
'Saturday, October 5.—Bore away for the harbour of Santa Cruz. At 2 P.M. cast anchor in thirty fathoms81, one mile from shore. There an adventure befell which altered existing relations.
'Sunday, October 6.—Sent casks on shore and got them filled with water. Next day got two rafts of water off, and some wood. Purchased a quantity of yams from the natives.
'Tuesday, October 8.—Hands employed in wooding, watering, and stowing away the holds. The natives made an attack on the men while watering, and wounded one man with an arrow. Brought off natives' canoes, and made an attack on their town, which was vigorously contested. Another of the ship's company severely82 wounded. All hands employed getting ready for sea.
'Wednesday, October 9.—At 4 A.M. began to get under weigh. Discharged the guns at hostile village. Men in canoes shot their arrows at the ship. Volley returned.
'October 19, 1 P.M.—Henry Stephens, seaman, died of tetanus, in consequence of a wound inflicted83 by a native of Santa Cruz with an arrow. The burial-service read over him before the ship's company. Strong winds and high seas at midnight.
His midnight requiem84, mariner's fitting dirge85,
Sung by wild winds and wilder ocean surge.
204The author of The Western Pacific and New Guinea (Mr. H. H. Romilly) states in that most interesting work, that in September 1883 a Commission was appointed by M. Pallu de la Barrière, then Governor of New Caledonia, to inquire into the nature of the arrows, commonly reported to be poisoned, so much in use among the natives of the surrounding islands.
The conclusions arrived at (Mr. Romilly states) by the Commission are only what were to be expected. 'It has long been known to me, and to many other men in the Pacific who have studied the question, that the so-called poison was, if not exactly a harmless composition, certainly not a deadly one. Of course, ninety per cent of the white men trading in the Pacific believe, and will continue to believe, in the fatal effects of poisoned arrows. The Santa Cruz arrow, usually considered the most deadly, is very small, commonly about two feet in length, while the New Hebrides arrows are much heavier, capable of inflicting86 a mortal wound on the spot. Carteret, more than a hundred years ago, was attacked by the natives of Santa Cruz. Of the ten men hit, three died from the severe nature of their wounds. No mention is made of tetanus. If any of his men had died from so remarkable87 and terrible a disease, Carteret could hardly have failed to mention the fact.'
With all due respect and deference88 to Mr. Romilly, we must take the liberty of siding in opinion with the 'ninety per cent of white men trading in the Pacific,' and believe that the arrows are poisoned—are deadly and fatal, even when only a scratch is produced. The deaths of the unknown sailor, Henry Stephens, sixty-seven years ago, and of the late lamented89 Commodore Goodenough recently, both from tetanus, surely constitute a marvellous coincidence. It is hard to believe that nervous predisposition was the proximate cause of tetanus in two persons so widely dissimilar in mind, station, and education. Carteret's three seamen possibly died from the same seizure91; though, having many other things to attend to, the ancient mariner failed to record the fact.
In addition to the excitement of killing92 and losing their whales, being wrecked93 on a coral reef or hit with poisoned arrows, our mariners94 were fated not to run short of dramatic action in the shape of mutiny.
205This was how it arose and how it was quelled95:—
'Thursday, September 1883, off New Ireland.—At 4 P.M. calm, the ship being close under the land and driving rapidly, with a strong current, farther inshore. The captain ordered the starboard bow boat to be lowered for the purpose of towing the vessel's head round in such a position that the current might take her on the starboard bow, and cause her to drift off shore. The boat was consequently lowered, and the mate ordered Henry Spratt to take the place of one of the boat's crew, who was at that moment on the foretop-gallant masthead looking out for whales. Spratt refused to do so, saying that he didn't belong to any boat, and that it was his watch below. He continued to disobey the repeated orders of the mate till the matter was noticed by the captain, who called out, "Make that man go in the boat," when he at length did so, but in an unwilling96 manner and muttering something which was not distinctly heard.
'On the boat being hoisted97 up, the captain addressed Spratt in the most temperate98 manner on the subject of his insubordination, and warned him as to his future conduct.
'Spratt became insulting in his manner and remarks, and ended by defying his superior officers and forcibly resisting the mate's attempt to bring him from the poop to the main deck for the purpose of being put in irons. While the irons were preparing, he bolted forward, and evading99 every attempt to secure him, stowed himself below in the forecastle. The crew evincing a strong disposition90 to support this outrageous100 conduct, the captain armed himself and his officers, and ordered the chief mate to bring Spratt from below. He refused peremptorily101, and struck the mate several blows, attempting to overpower him and gain possession of his sword. After receiving two or three blows with the flat of the sword, he was, with the assistance of the third mate, conveyed on deck and made fast to the main-rigging.
'While the prisoner was being made fast, the greater part of the crew came aft in the most mutinous102 and tumultuous manner, exclaiming against his being flogged, and questioning the captain's right to do so.
'They were ordered forward, and some of them (Murray in particular) showing a disposition to disobey and force themselves aft, the captain found it necessary to strike them 206with the flat of his sword, and to draw a rope across the deck parallel with the mainmast, warning the crew to pass it at their peril.
'The captain then, calling his officers around him, instituted a trial, and the whole of Spratt's conduct being calmly considered, he was unanimously sentenced to three dozen lashes103.
'One dozen was immediately inflicted, and the prisoner was then asked if he repented104 of his misconduct, and would faithfully promise obedience105 for the remainder of the period that he should be permitted to remain on board. This promise being given, and the greatest contrition106 being expressed, he was unbound, and the remainder of his sentence commuted107. As, however, he was considered a dangerous character, orders were issued that he should be treated as a prisoner (having the liberty of the deck abaft108 the mainmast) till he could be landed at New Georgia (the island from which he shipped), or elsewhere, if he thought fit.'
This émeute, which might have ended easily enough in a second Mutiny of the Bounty,—or as did happen when the crew of a whale-ship threw the captain overboard on the coast of New Zealand,—having been quelled by the use of strong measures promptly109 applied110, the ordinary course of events went on uninterruptedly. On September 8 (Sunday, as it happened) two whales were killed. The canoes came off and hailed as usual. A violent gale111 seems to have come on directly the boiling was finished. They were alternately running under close-reefed topsails, wearing ship every four hours, being at 5 P.M. close under the high land under Cape37 St. Mary. Pumps going every watch, sea very high, ship labouring heavily—then close to Ford's Group. The gale lasted from Monday to the following Friday at midnight. One fancies that from the 'captain bold' downwards112, they must have had 'quite a picnic of it.'
Spratt was what is known to South Sea mariners as a 'beach-comber'—one of a proverbially troublesome class of seamen. He had, probably, left the Cadmus for no good reason. However, the treatment seems to have cured him, as on September 1 we find the entry:—'Returned Spratt to his duty at his own request, he having promised the utmost civility, attention, and obedience. Fresh breeze and head sea till midnight,' etc.
207On Saturday, April 27, 1833, the good teak-built barque cleared the Sydney Heads, outward bound, and on Saturday, May 10, 1834, at 4 P.M., saw the heads of Port Jackson, and at midnight entered, with light winds from north-east.
'Sunday, May 11, 1834.—Calm; the boats towing the ship up harbour. Pilot came on board. [They had come in without one—such a trifling113 bit of navigation, after scraping coral reefs by the score and being close inshore, with strong current setting in, not being worth considering.] At 5 P.M. came to anchor abreast114 of batteries. Most of the hands went ashore.'
And here, as 'Our Jack's come home again,' let us conclude this story of an old Log-book.
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1
cession
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| n.割让，转让 | |
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wharves
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| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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sperm
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| n.精子，精液 | |
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harpoons
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| n.鱼镖，鱼叉( harpoon的名词复数 )v.鱼镖，鱼叉( harpoon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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tattooed
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| v.刺青，文身( tattoo的过去式和过去分词 )；连续有节奏地敲击；作连续有节奏的敲击 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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procurable
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| adj.可得到的，得手的 | |
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outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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repayment
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| n.偿还，偿还款；报酬 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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lottery
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| n.抽彩；碰运气的事，难于算计的事 | |
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tempting
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| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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petroleum
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| n.原油，石油 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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charred
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| v.把…烧成炭( char的过去式)；烧焦 | |
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seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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warily
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| adv.留心地 | |
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prospecting
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| n.探矿 | |
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ambushed
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| v.埋伏( ambush的过去式和过去分词 )；埋伏着 | |
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twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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54
reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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harpooned
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| v.鱼镖，鱼叉( harpoon的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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elude
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| v.躲避，困惑 | |
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hieroglyph
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| n.象形文字， 图画文字 | |
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boilers
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| 锅炉，烧水器，水壶( boiler的名词复数 ) | |
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hissing
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| n. 发嘶嘶声, 蔑视 动词hiss的现在分词形式 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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reverencing
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| v.尊敬，崇敬( reverence的现在分词 )；敬礼 | |
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reverberating
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的现在分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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caroused
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| v.痛饮，闹饮欢宴( carouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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81
fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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83
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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requiem
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| n.安魂曲，安灵曲 | |
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dirge
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| n.哀乐，挽歌，庄重悲哀的乐曲 | |
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inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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quelled
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| v.（用武力）制止，结束，镇压( quell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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evading
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| 逃避( evade的现在分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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101
peremptorily
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| adv.紧急地，不容分说地，专横地 | |
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102
mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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103
lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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104
repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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contrition
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| n.悔罪，痛悔 | |
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107
commuted
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| 通勤( commute的过去式和过去分词 )； 减（刑）； 代偿 | |
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108
abaft
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| prep.在…之后；adv.在船尾，向船尾 | |
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109
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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111
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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112
downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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113
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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114
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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