My Friends:
I will now point out some respects in which you will see that the people of this nation are situated2 very much like the shipwrecked travellers. In the first place then, we have received from God, that great and benevolent3 King over all, a noble country, filled with an abundance of all kinds of treasures. And the two conditions on which we enjoy it are, first, that we shall take care of ourselves, and do our own work, and, secondly4, that we shall all be “free and equal,” and all “equally entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” in any way that each one may think best for himself.
We also are bound by the same grand rule that was adopted by the shipwrecked company, that, every one shall do that which will secure [44]the most enjoyment5 to the whole company, and not that which each one likes best. It is according to this rule that all our laws are made, which restrain men from seeking their own pleasure by sacrificing the public good. And our laws are made by men appointed by the people for the purpose, and executed by judges and officers appointed by the people, from among themselves. In this also we resemble the company in the story.
The question as to who shall work, and what kind of work each one shall do, and who shall have the best rooms and furniture and clothes, is also settled just as it was in the story.
For by common agreement women are appointed to work in the house, and men to work out doors.
Then it is God decides what our lot shall be when we are born into the world. God determines who shall be born of poor parents and who of rich, and this decides what kind of work each one shall do, and what kind of accommodations and furniture each shall possess. It was thus in the story. By casting lots, the company gave to God the business of deciding [45]what stations and employments each should take, and this determined6 what clothes and accommodations each should take. But more depends on our intelligence, industry, and virtue7, than on the particular lot in which we are born, so that the people in this country are in exactly the situation of the shipwrecked company after they began to trade at the store. Though some few keep the place they got by the lot of birth, almost every thing depends on intelligence, skill, industry and virtue. In this country, any man who is well educated, active, skillful and industrious8 can become comparatively rich. Of course, in this land, men have more inducements to become well educated, virtuous9, and industrious than the people of any other nation on earth.
In like manner, each kind of work has overseers appointed to direct others. Who these overseers shall be, in most cases, also, is decided10 on the same plan as in the story. Those who know the most, generally, become overseers. In cases where persons hire laborers11 to work on farms, or in their families, then the master of the house, or the farm, is the overseer, and directs [46]those he hires, because they agree, for a reward, to do as he directs. But in almost all trades and professions, it is those who know the most, who rise to stations where they are overseers to others.
This is a great benefit to all the community, because it is an encouragement to all persons to improve their minds, and to be industrious in acquiring skill and knowledge.
In this country too, we have men who spend all their time in studying about diseases and in attending to the sick, and others who educate the young, and others who discharge the duties performed by the good minister in the story.
And we find among us too, some people who think that it would be much better for us if every body earned money for the common stock, instead of laying it out for themselves, so that nobody should have any handsomer rooms, or furniture, or clothing than all the others have. Such persons think it would be wise to give up carpets, sofas, china, glass and all ornaments12, and to have every body live very plainly, and all fare just alike.
[47] But the great body of the people know better than this. They see that if all the manufactories of carpets, sofas, glass, china, silks, muslins and ornaments were stopped, that all the persons now employed in making, and in trading in these articles, would be thrown out of employ, and having nothing to do, would become lazy and wicked.
They, therefore, conclude that it is best that all kinds of rich and beautiful things should be made, in order to keep one set of persons busy in making them, and another set busy in earning money to buy them. This view of the subject should keep persons from complaining that so many needless and extravagant13 things are made and sold. It is true that many are thus tempted14 to buy more than is wise or right, yet on the whole, great good results to the community. For if nobody bought any thing but what was barely necessary to life and comfort, half the world would become lazy beggars, for want of something to do. In this country, also, we find the same trouble that the good minister in the story saw among his people. For everywhere we find persons associating together in [48]different classes, that refuse to admit other classes to join them. Thus, domestics form one class, farmers another, mechanics another, merchants another, and literary persons another. Now, in some parts of the country, all these classes mingle15 together, without any distinctions of class. But this is not generally the case. For, in most places, we find various circles who consider themselves as above or below others, in certain respects, and who are very apt to feel wrong towards each other on this account. Thus domestics in a family will often feel very much above persons who are mulattos, and refuse to eat or associate with them, and yet they think it very hard if mechanics’ wives and daughters have the same sort of feelings towards them. In like manner, mechanics’ daughters and sempstresses refuse to eat or to associate with domestics, and yet they think it very wrong if merchants’ or lawyers’ daughters refuse to associate with them. And even in those circles who call themselves the very first, the same feeling is often to be met. I have been in places where there was a rich and fashionable set, that felt above every other [49]class, and yet there was another class who called themselves literary, who felt quite as much above the fashionable set, whom they called the vulgar rich, and whom they would not associate with, even if urged to do so.
Now it cannot be denied that there often is something wrong on both sides in these cases. For all should be allowed to choose who shall associate with them, and who shall not, and none should feel wronged or injured, because others do not wish to have them come into their circle. Every one should grant to others the same right as he claims for himself. No one has a right to force his company on us, when we do not wish it, and we have no right to claim that others shall admit us into their circle, unless they wish it.
But the great mischief16 is, that those who feel above another set, are very apt to treat those they fancy to be below them, with discourtesy or contempt, while those who feel below others, are apt to indulge in suspicious, envious17, or revengeful feelings.
How has it been with you who read this? Are there not persons whom you refuse to associate [50]with, and would you not be offended if they were set to eat at the same table with you? And yet have you not felt angry when others have used the same right in regard to you? Is not this a place where you very much need the golden rule, “Do unto others as ye would that others should do unto you?”
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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envious
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| adj.嫉妒的，羡慕的 | |
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