Who was he, and whence did he derive2 his exceptional energy and intellectual panoply3?
Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather, the first of the line in whom the distinctive4 Darwinian strain of intellect overtly5 displayed itself, was the son of one Robert Darwin, a gentleman of Nottinghamshire, 'a person of curiosity,' with 'a taste for literature and science;' so that for four generations at least, in the paternal6 line, the peculiar7 talents of the Darwin family had been highly cultivated in either direction. Robert Darwin was an early member of the Spalding Club, a friend of Stukeley the antiquary, and an embryo8 geologist9, after the fantastic, half-superstitious fashion of his own time. Of his four sons, both Robert, the eldest10, and Erasmus, the youngest, were authors and botanists11. Erasmus himself was a Cambridge man, and his natural bent12 of mind and energy led him irresistibly13 on to the study of medicine. Taking his medical degree at his own university, and afterwards preparing for practice by attending[Pg 21] Hunter's lectures in London, besides going through the regular medical course at Edinburgh, the young doctor finally settled down as a physician at Nottingham, whence shortly afterward14 he removed to Lichfield, then the centre of a famous literary coterie16. So large a part of Charles Darwin's remarkable17 idiosyncrasy was derived18 by heredity from his paternal grandfather, that it may be worth while to dwell a little here in passing on the character and career of this brilliant precursor19 of the great evolutionist. Both in the physical and in the spiritual sense, Erasmus Darwin was one among the truest and most genuine ancestors of his grandson Charles.
A powerful, robust20, athletic21 man, in florid health and of temperate22 habits, yet with the full-blooded tendency of the eighteenth century vividly23 displayed in his ample face and broad features, Erasmus Darwin bubbled over with irrepressible vivacity24, the outward and visible sign of that overflowing25 energy which forms everywhere one of the most marked determining conditions of high genius. Strong in body and strong in mind, a teetotaler before teetotalism, an abolitionist before the anti-slavery movement, he had a great contempt for weaknesses and prejudices of every sort, and he rose far superior to the age in which he lived in breadth of view and freedom from preconceptions. The eighteenth century considered him, in its cautious, cut-and-dried fashion, a man of singular talent but of remarkably26 eccentric and unsafe opinions. Unfortunately for his lasting27 fame, Dr. Darwin was much given to writing poetry; and this poetry, though as ingenious as everything else he did, had a certain false gallop28 of[Pg 22] verse about it which has doomed29 it to become since Canning's parody30 a sort of warning beacon31 against the worst faults of the post-Augustan decadence32 in the ten-syllabled metre. Nobody now reads the 'Botanic Garden' except either to laugh at its exquisite33 extravagances, or to wonder at the queer tinsel glitter of its occasional clever rhetorical rhapsodies.
But in his alternative character of philosophic34 biologist, rejected by the age which swallowed his poetry all applausive, Erasmus Darwin is well worthy35 of the highest and deepest respect, as a prime founder36 and early prophet of the evolutionary37 system. His 'Zoonomia,' 'which, though ingenious, is built upon the most absurd hypothesis'—as men still said only thirty years ago—contains in the germ the whole theory of organic development as understood up to the very moment of the publication of the 'Origin of Species.' In it Dr. Darwin calls attention to 'the great changes introduced into various animals by artificial or accidental cultivation,' a subject afterwards fully38 elucidated39 by his greater grandson in his work on 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication40.' He specially41 notes 'the immense changes of shape and colour' produced by man in rabbits and pigeons, the very species on which Charles Darwin subsequently made some of his most remarkable and interesting observations. More than any previous writer, Erasmus Darwin, with 'prophetic sagacity,' insisted strongly on the essential unity42 of parent and offspring—a truth which lies at the very base of all modern philosophical43 biology. 'Owing to the imperfection of language,' wrote the Lichfield doctor nearly a hundred years ago,[Pg 23] 'the offspring is termed a new animal, but is in truth a branch or elongation of the parent, since a part of the embryon-animal is or was a part of the parent, and therefore may retain some of the habits of the parent system.' He laid peculiar stress upon the hereditary44 nature of some acquired properties, such as the muscles of dancers or jugglers, and the diseases incidental to special occupations. Nay45, he even anticipated his great descendant in pointing out that varieties are often produced at first as mere46 'sports' or accidental variations, as in the case of six-fingered men, five-clawed fowls47, or extra-toed cats, and are afterwards handed down by heredity to succeeding generations. Charles Darwin would have added that if these new stray peculiarities48 happened to prove advantageous49 to the species they would be naturally favoured in the struggle for existence, while if they proved disadvantageous, or even neutral, they would die out at once or be bred out in the course of a few crosses. That last truth of natural selection was the only cardinal50 one in the evolutionary system on which Erasmus Darwin did not actually forestall51 his more famous and greater namesake. For its full perception, the discovery of Malthus had to be collated52 with the speculations53 of Buffon.
'When we revolve54 in our minds,' says the eighteenth century prophet of evolution, 'the great similarity of structure which obtains in all the warm-blooded animals, as well quadrupeds, birds, and amphibious animals, as in mankind; from the mouse and bat to the elephant and whale; one is led to conclude that they have alike been produced from a similar living filament55. In some this filament in its advance to maturity56 has acquired[Pg 24] hands and fingers with a fine sense of touch, as in mankind. In others it has acquired claws or talons57, as in tigers and eagles. In others, toes with an intervening web or membrane58, as in seals and geese. In others it has acquired cloven hoofs59, as in cows and swine; and whole hoofs in others, as in the horse: while in the bird kind this original living filament has put forth60 wings instead of arms or legs, and feathers instead of hair.' This is a very crude form of evolutionism indeed, but it is leading up by gradual stages to the finished and all-sided philosophy of physical life, which at last definitely formulates61 itself through the mouth of Charles Darwin. We shall see hereafter wherein Erasmus Darwin's conception of development chiefly failed—in attributing evolution for the most part to the exertions62 and endeavours of the animal itself, rather than to inevitable63 survival of the fittest among innumerable spontaneous variations—but we must at least conclude our glimpse of his pregnant and suggestive work by quoting its great fundamental aper?u:—'As the earth and ocean were probably peopled with vegetable productions long before the existence of animals, and many families of these animals long before other families of them, shall we conjecture64 that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life?'
A few lines from the 'Temple of Nature,' one of Erasmus Darwin's poetic65 rhapsodies, containing his fully matured views on the origin of living creatures, may be worth reproduction in further elucidation66 of his philosophical position:[Pg 25]—
'Organic life beneath the shoreless waves
Was born, and nursed in ocean's pearly caves;
First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass.
Move on the mud, or pierce the watery67 mass;
These, as successive generations bloom,
New powers acquire, and larger limbs assume;
Whence countless68 groups of vegetation spring,
And breathing realms of fin15 and feet and wing.'
Have we not here the very beginnings of Charles Darwin? Do we not see, in these profound and fundamental suggestions, not merely hints as to the evolution of evolution, but also as to the evolution of the evolutionist?
On the other hand, though Erasmus Darwin defined a fool to his friend Edgeworth as 'a man who never tried an experiment in his life,' he was wanting himself in the rigorous and patient inductive habit which so strikingly distinguished69 his grandson Charles. That trait, as we shall presently see, the biological chief of the nineteenth century derived in all probability from another root of his genealogical tree. Erasmus Darwin gave us brilliant suggestions rather than cumulative70 proof: he apologised in his 'Zoonomia' for 'many conjectures71 not supported by accurate investigation72 or conclusive73 experiments,' Such an apology would have been simply impossible to the painstaking74 spirit of his grandson Charles.
Erasmus Darwin was twice married. His first wife was Mary, daughter of Mr. Charles Howard, of Lichfield, and it was her son, Robert Waring Darwin, who became the father of our hero, Charles. It is fashionable to say, in this and sundry75 other like cases, that the mental energy skips a generation. People have said so[Pg 26] in the case of that intermediate Mendelssohn who was son of Moses Mendelssohn, the philosopher, and father of Felix Bartholdy Mendelssohn, the composer—that mere link in a marvellous chain who was wont76 to observe of himself in the decline of life, that in his youth he was called the son of the great Mendelssohn, and in his old age the father of the great Mendelssohn. As a matter of fact, one may fairly doubt whether such a case of actual skipping is ever possible in the nature of things. In the particular instance of Robert Waring Darwin at least we may be pretty sure that the distinctive Darwinian strain of genius lay merely latent rather than dormant77: that it did not display itself to the world at large, but that it persisted silently as powerful as ever within the remote recesses78 of the thinking organism. Not every man brings out before men all that is within him. Robert Waring Darwin was a physician at Shrewsbury; and he attained79 at least sufficient scientific eminence80 in his own time to become a Fellow of the Royal Society, in days when that honour was certainly not readily conferred upon country doctors of modest reputation. Charles Darwin says of him plainly, 'He was incomparably the most acute observer whom I ever knew.' It may well have been that Robert Darwin lived and died, as his famous son lived for fifty years of his great life, in comparative silence and learned retirement81; for we must never forget that if Charles Darwin had only completed the first half century of his laborious82 existence, he would have been remembered merely as the author of an entertaining work on the voyage of the 'Beagle,' a plausible83 theory of coral islands, and a[Pg 27] learned monograph84 on the fossil barnacles. During all those years, in fact, he had really done little else than collect material for the work of his lifetime. If we judge men by outward performance only, we may often be greatly mistaken in our estimates: potentiality is wider than actuality; what a man does is never a certain or extreme criterion of what he can do.
The Darwins, indeed, were all a mighty85 folk, of varied86 powers and varied attainments87. Erasmus's brother, Robert, was the author of a work on botany, which long enjoyed a respectable repute. Of his sons, one, Sir Francis Darwin, was noted88 as a keen observer of animals; a second, Charles, who died at twenty-one, was already the author of a very valuable medical essay; while the third, Robert, was the Shrewsbury F.R.S., the father of our great evolutionary thinker. And among Charles Darwin's own cousins, one is Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood, the philologist89; a second was the late Sir Henry Holland; and a third is Mr. Francis Galton, the author of that essentially90 Darwinian book, 'Hereditary Genius.'
Robert Waring Darwin took to himself a wife from another very great and eminent91 family. He married Susannah Wedgwood, daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter; and from these two silent representatives of powerful stocks, Charles Robert Darwin, the father of modern evolutionary biology, was born at Shrewsbury, on February the 12th, 1809. That Wedgwood connection, again, is no mere casual or unimportant incident in the previous life-history of the Darwinian originality92; it throws a separate clear light of its own[Pg 28] upon the peculiar and admirably compounded idiosyncrasy of Charles Darwin.
A man, indeed, owes on the average quite as much to his mother's as to his father's family. It is a mere unscientific old-world prejudice which makes us for the most part count ancestry93 in the direct ascending94 male line alone, to the complete neglect of the equally important maternal95 pedigree. Prom the biological point of view, at least, every individual is a highly complex compound of hereditary elements, a resultant of numerous converging96 forces, a meeting place of two great streams of inheritance, each of which is itself similarly made up by the like confluence97 of innumerable distinct prior tributaries98. Between these two it is almost impossible for us accurately99 to distribute any given individuality. How much Charles Darwin owed to the Darwins, and how much he owed in turn to the Wedgwoods, no man is yet psychologist enough or physiologist100 enough to say. But that he owed a great deal to either strong and vigorous strain we may even now quite safely take for granted.
The Wedgwood family were 'throwers' by handicraft, superior artisans long settled at Burslem, in the Staffordshire potteries101. Josiah, the youngest of thirteen children, lamed102 by illness in early life, was turned by this happy accident from his primitive103 task as a 'thrower' to the more artistic104 and original work of producing ornamental105 coloured earthenware106. Skilful107 and indefatigable108, of indomitable energy and with great powers of forcing his way in life against all obstacles, young Wedgwood rose rapidly by his own unaided exertions to be a master potter, and a manufacturer of[Pg 29] the famous unglazed black porcelain109. Those were the darkest days of industrial art and decorative110 handicraft in modern England. Josiah Wedgwood, by his marked originality and force of character, succeeded in turning the current of national taste, and creating among us a new and distinctly higher type of artistic workmanship. His activity, however, was not confined to his art alone, but found itself a hundred other different outlets111 in the most varied directions. When his potteries needed enlargement to meet the increased demand, he founded for the hands employed upon his works the model industrial village of Etruria. When Brindley began cutting artificial waterways across the broad face of central England, it was in the great potter that he found his chief ally in promoting the construction of the Grand Trunk Canal. Wedgwood, indeed, was a builder of schools and a maker112 of roads; a chemist and an artist; a friend of Watt113 and an employer of Flaxman. In short, like Erasmus Darwin, he possessed114 that prime essential in the character of genius, an immense underlying115 stock of energy. And with it there went its best concomitant, the 'infinite capacity for taking pains.' Is it not probable that in their joint116 descendant, the brilliant but discursive117 and hazardous118 genius of Erasmus Darwin was balanced and regulated by soberer qualities inherited directly from the profound industry of the painstaking potter? When later on we find Charles Darwin spending hours in noting the successive movements of the tendrils in a plant, or watching for long years the habits and manners of earthworms in flower-pots, may we not reasonably conjecture that he derived no little share of his extraordinary[Pg 30] patience, carefulness, and minuteness of handicraft from his mother's father, Josiah Wedgwood?
Such, then, were the two main component119 elements, paternal and maternal, from which the striking personality of Charles Darwin was no doubt for the most part ultimately built up.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
destined
|
|
| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
derive
|
|
| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
panoply
|
|
| n.全副甲胄，礼服 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
distinctive
|
|
| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
overtly
|
|
| ad.公开地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
paternal
|
|
| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
embryo
|
|
| n.胚胎，萌芽的事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
geologist
|
|
| n.地质学家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
eldest
|
|
| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
botanists
|
|
| n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
bent
|
|
| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
irresistibly
|
|
| adv.无法抵抗地，不能自持地；极为诱惑人地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
afterward
|
|
| adv.后来；以后 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
fin
|
|
| n.鳍；(飞机的)安定翼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
coterie
|
|
| n.(有共同兴趣的)小团体，小圈子 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
derived
|
|
| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
precursor
|
|
| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
robust
|
|
| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
athletic
|
|
| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
temperate
|
|
| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
vividly
|
|
| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
vivacity
|
|
| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
overflowing
|
|
| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
remarkably
|
|
| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
lasting
|
|
| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
gallop
|
|
| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
doomed
|
|
| 命定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
parody
|
|
| n.打油诗文，诙谐的改编诗文，拙劣的模仿；v.拙劣模仿，作模仿诗文 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
beacon
|
|
| n.烽火，（警告用的）闪火灯，灯塔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
decadence
|
|
| n.衰落，颓废 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
exquisite
|
|
| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
philosophic
|
|
| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
worthy
|
|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
Founder
|
|
| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
evolutionary
|
|
| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
fully
|
|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
elucidated
|
|
| v.阐明，解释( elucidate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
domestication
|
|
| n.驯养，驯化 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
specially
|
|
| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
unity
|
|
| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
philosophical
|
|
| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
hereditary
|
|
| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
nay
|
|
| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
mere
|
|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
fowls
|
|
| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
peculiarities
|
|
| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
advantageous
|
|
| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
cardinal
|
|
| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
forestall
|
|
| vt.抢在…之前采取行动；预先阻止 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
collated
|
|
| v.校对( collate的过去式和过去分词 )；整理；核对；整理（文件或书等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
speculations
|
|
| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
revolve
|
|
| vi.(使)旋转；循环出现 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
filament
|
|
| n.细丝；长丝；灯丝 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
maturity
|
|
| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
talons
|
|
| n.（尤指猛禽的）爪( talon的名词复数 )；（如爪般的）手指；爪状物；锁簧尖状突出部 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
membrane
|
|
| n.薄膜，膜皮，羊皮纸 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
hoofs
|
|
| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
formulates
|
|
| v.构想出( formulate的第三人称单数 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
exertions
|
|
| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
inevitable
|
|
| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
conjecture
|
|
| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
poetic
|
|
| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
elucidation
|
|
| n.说明，阐明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
watery
|
|
| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
countless
|
|
| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
distinguished
|
|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
cumulative
|
|
| adj.累积的，渐增的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
conjectures
|
|
| 推测，猜想( conjecture的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
investigation
|
|
| n.调查，调查研究 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
conclusive
|
|
| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
painstaking
|
|
| adj.苦干的；艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
sundry
|
|
| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
wont
|
|
| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
dormant
|
|
| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
recesses
|
|
| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
attained
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
eminence
|
|
| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
retirement
|
|
| n.退休，退职 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
laborious
|
|
| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
plausible
|
|
| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
monograph
|
|
| n.专题文章，专题著作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
varied
|
|
| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
attainments
|
|
| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
noted
|
|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
philologist
|
|
| n.语言学者，文献学者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
essentially
|
|
| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
eminent
|
|
| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
originality
|
|
| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
ancestry
|
|
| n.祖先，家世 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
ascending
|
|
| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
maternal
|
|
| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
converging
|
|
| adj.收敛[缩]的，会聚的，趋同的v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的现在分词 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
confluence
|
|
| n.汇合，聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
tributaries
|
|
| n. 支流 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
accurately
|
|
| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
physiologist
|
|
| n.生理学家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
potteries
|
|
| n.陶器( pottery的名词复数 )；陶器厂；陶土；陶器制造（术） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
lamed
|
|
| 希伯莱语第十二个字母 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
primitive
|
|
| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
artistic
|
|
| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
ornamental
|
|
| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
earthenware
|
|
| n.土器，陶器 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
skilful
|
|
| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
indefatigable
|
|
| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
porcelain
|
|
| n.瓷；adj.瓷的，瓷制的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
decorative
|
|
| adj.装饰的，可作装饰的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
outlets
|
|
| n.出口( outlet的名词复数 )；经销店；插座；廉价经销店 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
maker
|
|
| n.制造者，制造商 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
watt
|
|
| n.瓦，瓦特 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
possessed
|
|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
underlying
|
|
| adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
joint
|
|
| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
discursive
|
|
| adj.离题的，无层次的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
hazardous
|
|
| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
component
|
|
| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |