For the Ludington family in England antedated16 Robert Ludington of Worcester by many generations, and was established elsewhere in the Midlands than in Worcestershire. Its chief seat seems to have been in the Eastern Midlands, though its name has long been implanted on all the shires from Lincoln to Worcester, including Rutland, Leicester, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Warwick. There is a credible17 tradition that in the Third Crusade a Ludington was among the followers18 of Richard C?ur de Lion, and that afterward19, when that adventurous20 monarch21 was a prisoner in Austria, he sought to visit him in the guise22 of a holy palmer, in order to devise with him some plan for his escape. Because of these loyal exploits, we are told, he was invested with a patent of nobility, and with the coat of arms thereafter borne by the Ludington family, to wit (according to Burke’s Heraldry): Pale of six argent and azure23 on a chief, gules a lion passant and gardant. Crest24, a palmer’s staff, erect25. Motto, Probum non penitet.
Authentic26 mention of other Ludingtons, honorable and often distinguished27, may be found from[5] time to time in English history, especially in the annals of Tudor and Stuart reigns30. In the reign29 of Henry VIII a Sir John Ludington was a man of mark in the north of England, and his daughter, Elizabeth Ludington, married first an alderman of the City of London, and second, after his death, Sir John Chamberlain. In the sixteenth century, the Rev32. Thomas Ludington, M.A., was a Fellow of Christ Church College, Oxford33, where his will, dated May 28, 1593, is still preserved. In the next century another clergyman, the Rev. Stephen Ludington, D.D., was married about 1610 to Anne, daughter of Richard Streetfield, at Chiddington, Kent. Afterward he was made prebendary of Langford, Lincoln, on November 15, 1641, and in June, 1674, resigned that place to his son, the Rev. Stephen Ludington, M.A. He was also rector of Carlton Scrope, and archdeacon of Stow, filling the last-named place at the time of his death in 1677. His grave is to be seen in Lincoln Cathedral. His son, mentioned above, was married to Ann Dillingham in Westminster Abbey in 1675.
It will be hereafter observed in this narrative34 that the family name of Ludington has been variously spelled in this country, as Ludington, Luddington, Ludinton, Ludenton, etc. Some of these variations have appeared also in England, together with the form Lydington, which has not been used here. These same forms have also been applied35 to the several towns and parishes which bear or have borne the[6] family name, and especially that one parish which is so ancient and which was formerly36 so closely identified with the Ludingtons that question has risen whether the parish was named for the family or the family derived37 its name from the parish. This place, at one time called Lydington, was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of William the Conqueror38, where it was called Ludington—whence we may properly regard that as the original and correct form of the name. It was then a part of the Bishopric of Lincoln and of the county of Northampton; Rutlandshire, in which the place now is, not having been set off from Northampton until the time of King John. The Bishop39 of Lincoln had a residential40 palace there, which was afterward transformed into a charity hospital, and as such is still in existence. In the chapel41 of the hospital is an ancient folio Bible bearing the inscription42 “Ludington Hospital Bible,” and containing in manuscript a special prayer for the hospital, which is regularly read as a part of the service. The name of Loddington is borne by parishes in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire, that of Luddington by parishes in Lincolnshire and Warwickshire (the latter near Stratford-on-Avon and intimately associated with Shakespeare), and that of Luddington-in-the-Brook by one which is partly in Northamptonshire and partly in Huntingdonshire; all testifying to the early extent of the Ludington family throughout the Midland counties of England.
The earliest record of a Ludington in America occurs[7] in 1635. On April 6 of that year the ship Hopewell, which had already made several voyages to these shores, sailed from London for Massachusetts Bay, under the command of William Bundock. Her Company of eleven passengers was notable for the youthfulness of all its members, the youngest being twelve and the oldest only twenty-two years of age. Seven of them were young men, or boys, and four were girls. One of the latter, whose age was given as eighteen years, was registered on the ship’s list as “Christiom” Ludington, but other records, in London, show that the name, although very distinctly written in that form, should have been “Christian43.” Concerning her origin and her subsequent fate, all records are silent. In John Farmer’s “List of Ancient Names in Boston and Vicinity, 1630-1644,” however, appears the name of “Ch. Luddington”; presumably that of this same young woman. Again, in the Old Granary burying ground in Boston, on Tomb No. 108, there appear the names of Joseph Tilden and C. Ludington; and a plausible44 conjecture45 is that Christian Ludington became the wife of Joseph Tilden and that thus they were both buried in the same grave. But this is conjecture and nothing more. So far as ascertained46 facts are concerned, Christian Ludington makes both her first and her last recorded appearance in that passenger list of the Hopewell.
The next appearance of the name in American annals, however,—passing by the mere47 undated mention[8] of one Christopher Ludington in connection with the Virginia colony,—places us upon assured ground and marks the foundation of the family in America. William Ludington was born in England—place not known—in 1608, and his wife Ellen—her family name not known—was also born there in 1617. They were married in 1636, and a few years later came to America and settled in the Massachusetts Bay colony, in that part of Charlestown which was afterward set off into the separate town of Malden. The date of their migration48 hither is not precisely49 known. Savage’s “Genealogical Register” mentions William Ludington as living in Charlestown in 1642; which is quite correct, though, as Mr. Patrick aptly points out, the date is by no means conclusive50 as to the time of his first settlement in that place. Indeed, it is certain that he had settled in Charlestown some time before, for in the early records of the colony, under date of May 13, 1640, appears the repeal51 of a former order forbidding the erection of houses at a distance of more than half a mile from the meeting house, and with the repeal is an order remitting52 to William Ludington the penalty for having disobeyed the original decree. That restriction53 of building was, of course, a prudent54 and probably a necessary one, in the early days of the colony, for keeping the town compact and thus affording to all its inhabitants greater security against Indian attacks. It seems to have been disregarded, however, by the actual building of some houses outside[9] of the prescribed line, and in such violation55 a heavy penalty was incurred56. By 1640 the law became obsolete57. Boston had then been founded ten years. The colonies of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut had been settled and organized. And three years before the Pequods had been vanquished58. It was therefore fitting to rescind59 the order, and to let the borders of Charlestown be enlarged. We may assume that it was with a realization60 that this would speedily be done that William Ludington, either at the very beginning of 1640 or previous to that year, built his house on the forbidden ground, and thus incurred the penalty, which, however, was not imposed upon him; and we may further assume that it was this act of his which finally called official attention to the obsolete character of the law and thus brought about its repeal. In the light thus thrown upon him, William Ludington appears as probably a man of considerable standing61 in the community, and of high general esteem62, else his disregard of the law would scarcely have been thus condoned63.
Reckoning, then, that William Ludington was settled in his house in the outskirts64 of Charlestown—on the north side of the Mystic River, in what was later called Malden—before May 13, 1640, the date of his arrival in America must probably be placed as early as 1639, if not even earlier. He remained at Charlestown for a little more than twenty years, and was a considerable landowner and an important[10] member of the community. Many references to him appear in the old colonial records, with some apparent conflicts of date, which are doubtless due to the transition stage through which the calendar was then passing. Most of the civilized65 world adopted the present Gregorian calendar in the sixteenth century, but it was not until 1751 that Great Britain and the British colonies did so. Consequently during most of our colonial history, including the times of William Ludington, the year began on March 25 instead of January 1, and all dates in the three months of January, February and March (down to the 24th) were credited to a different year from that to which we should now credit them. In many cases historians have endeavored to indicate such dates with accuracy by giving the numbers of both years, thus: March 1, 1660-61. But in many cases this has not been done and only a single year number is given, thus causing much uncertainty66 and doubt as to which year is meant. There were also other disturbances67 of chronology, and other differences in the statement of dates, involving other months of the year; especially that of two months’ difference at what is now the end of the year. Thus the birth of William Ludington’s daughter Mary is variously stated to have occurred on December 6, 1642, December 6, 1642-43, February 6, 1643, and February 6, 1642-43. Also the birth and death of his son Matthew are credited, respectively, to October 16, 1657, and November 12, 1657, and to December 16, 1657, and January 12,[11] 1658. There is record of the purchase, on October 10, 1649, of a tract68 of twenty acres of land at Malden, by William Ludington, described in the deed as a weaver69, from Ralph Hall, a pipe-stave maker70, and also of the sale of five acres by William Ludington to Joseph Carter, a currier. The deed given by Ralph Hall is entitled “A Sale of Land by Ralph Hall unto William Luddington, both of Charlestowne, the 10th day of the 10th moneth, 1649,” and runs as follows:
Know all men by these presents, That I, Ralph Hall, of Charletowne in New England, Pipe stave maker, for a certaine valluable consideration by mee in hand Received, by which I doe acknowledge myselfe to be fully71 satisfied, and payed, and contented72; Have bargained, sould, given, and granted, and doe by these presents Bargaine, sell, give, and grant unto william Luddington of Charletowne aforesayd, Weaver, Twenty Achors of Land, more or less, scituate, Lying, and Beeing in Maulden, That is to say, fifteen Acres of Land, more or less which I, the sayd Ralph formerly purchased at the hand of Thomas Peirce, of Charltowne, senior, Bounded on the Northwest by the land of Mr. Palgrave, Phisition, on the Northeast by the Lands of John Sybly, on the South Easte by the Lands of James Hubbert, and on the South west by the Land of widdow Coale, And the other five Acres herein mencioned sould to the sayd William, Are five Acres, more, or less, bounded on the southeast by the Land of Widdow Coale aforesaid, on[12] the southwest by Thomas Grover and Thomas Osborne, Northeast by the Ground of Thomas Molton, and Northwest by the forsayde fifeteen Acres: which five acres I formerly purchased of Mr. John Hodges, of Charltowne. To Have and to hould the sayd fifeteen acres, and five Acres of Lands, with all the Appurtenances and priviledges thereoff To Him, the sayd William Luddington his heigres and Assignees for ever: And by mee, the sayd Ralph Hall, and Mary my wife, to bee bargained sould, given, and confirmed unto him, the sayd william, and his heigres and assignes for him, and them peasable and quietly to possess, inioy, and improve to his and their owne proper use and usses for ever, and the same by us by vertue hereoff to bee warrantedtised (sic) mayntained, and defended from any other person or persons hereafter Laying clayme to the same by any former contract or agreement concerning the same: In witness whereof, I, the sayd Ralph Hall with Mary my wife, for our selves, our heires, executors and Administrators73, have hereunto sett our hands and seales.
Dated this Tenth day of December 1649.
This is testified before the worshipfull Mr. Richard Bellingham.
On November 30, 1651, William Ludington was mentioned in the will of Henry Sandyes, of Charlestown, as one of the creditors75 of his estate, and in 1660 he was enrolled76 as a juror in Malden. Early in the latter year, however, he removed from Malden or Charlestown to the New Haven77, Connecticut, colony,[13] and there settled at East Haven, adjoining Branford, on the east side of the Quinnipiac River. Five years before there had been established at that place the first iron works in Connecticut. The raw material used was the rich bog78 ore which was then found in large quantities in the swamps of North Haven and elsewhere, precisely like that which at a still later date was abundantly found and worked in the swamps of southern New Jersey79, where the name of “Furnace” is still borne by more than one village on the site of a long-abandoned foundry. This industry flourished at East Haven until about 1680, when the supply of bog ore was exhausted80 and the works were closed. Although William Ludington had been a weaver at Malden, he appears to have been interested in these iron works, and indeed probably removed to East Haven for the sake of connecting and identifying himself with them. But his career there was short. On March 27, 1660, evidently soon after his arrival there, he was complainant in a slander81 suit, and in either the same year or the next year he died, at the East Haven iron works. The manner of his death, whether from sickness or from accident, is unknown. But it evidently produced some impression in the community, since it is the only death specially28 recorded in the early annals of the place.
The precise date of his death, even the year in which it occurred, is a matter of uncertainty. Mr. Patrick quotes a passage from the East Haven records[14] which says: “In 1662 John Porter obtained a piece of land to set his blacksmith shop upon … and about the same time William Ludington died.” Therefore he concludes that William Ludington died in 1662. But was it 1662 according to the chronology of those times or according to that of our time? Wyman’s records of Charlestown and Malden, which mention William Ludington’s departure thence for East Haven, relate that on October 1, 1661, John White made petition for the appointment of an administrator74 of William Ludington’s estate in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and Pope’s “Pioneers of Massachusetts” confirms that record, giving the name of the petitioner82 as Wayte or Waite, and adding that the inventory83 of the estate was filed by James Barrat, or Barret, on April 1, 1662. Mr. Patrick has the name Bariat and the date February 1, 1662. Here we have, then, the same discrepancy84 of exactly two months in statement of date which was noticed in the case of Matthew Ludington’s birth and death. Of course, if the petition for administration of William Ludington’s estate was made on October 1, 1661, his death must have occurred before that date, instead of in 1662 as the East Haven records suggest. The explanation of the apparent conflict of dates is doubtless to be found in the changes of calendar to which reference has been made, one historian giving the date according to the chronology then prevailing85 and another according to that of the present day. Concerning the date of the[15] probating of his estate at East Haven, however, there is apparently86 no doubt, since in the records of it the dual87 year-dates are given. That estate was inventoried88 and appraised89 by John Cooper and Matthew Moulthrop, and their inventory, according to Hoadly’s “New Haven Colonial Records,” was filed in court at New Haven on March 3, 1662, according to the chronology of that time, or 1663 according to ours. This interesting document was entitled “An Inventory of ye Estate of William Ludington, late of New Haven, deceased, amounting to ￡183 and 10s., upon Oath attested90 yt ye Aprizents was just to the best of their light, by John Cooper, Sen., and Matthew Moulthrop in Court at New Haven, 1662-63.” It ran in detail as follows:
lbs sh d.
Inv’ty ? bd’s, boulsters pillows, coverlits, rugs, curtains—value 20 07 02
” ? sheets, pillow covers, table clothes and a blanket 05 16 00
” ? five yards ? of krosin 02 00 00
” ? four yards of red kersey 01 00 00
” ? six yards of kersey 02 14 00
” ? five yards of serze at 7s 01 15 00
” ? eight yards blew kersey at 7s 02 16 00
” ? twelve yards of serge at 6s 00 18 00
” ? 1?th of wosted yarns91 00 12 00
[16]” ? 1?th of woolen92 yarns 00 05 00
” ? 4 guns, 2 swords and a piece of a sword 05 16 00
” ? 3 chests and three boxes 02 00 00
” ? pewter, chamber31 pots, spoons and 2 sauce pans 02 13 02
” ? 2 dripping pans, 1 cup, 4 cream pots, some eartyn ware93 00 08 02
” ? 3 bottles and a tu mill 00 02 06
” ? warming pan, 2 iron pots, kettle, brass94 pot 2 skillets, frying pan 03 15 00
” ? iron dogs, tramell, share and coulter and an iron square 01 01 06
” ? tooles, wedges, sithes & a payre of still yards & a 7lb waight 05 04 00
” ? a smoothing iron, a parcell of wayles, a hogshead & 2 chests 01 08 06
” ? sheeps wooll and cotton wooll 02 10 09
” ? Indyan corne, 7lb 10s; 10 bush turnips95, 18s 08 08 00
” ? 2 loomes and furniture, 3 chayres 05 09 00
” ? wooden ware, a table & forme, a sieve96, some trenches97 & bagges 01 09 04
[17]” ? house and land 60lbs 60 00 00
” ? 3 cowes & two calves98, 2 sowes & 3 shoates 16 06 08
” ? 6 loads of hay, 50s, and some other thinges in all 30 07 00
185 02 09
The Estate Cr. 00 15 00
The Estate Dr. 02 07 09
Which being deducted99 there remains100 183 10 00
The marke, i. e. of
John Cooper, } Apprisers.
Mathew Moulthrop,
Again, in the “Records of the Proprietors101 of New Haven” we find that “At a Court held at New Haven March 3, 1662-3 … an inventory of the Estate of Willm. Luddington deceased whas presented.… The widdow upon oath attested to the fulness of it to the best of her knowledge.… The widdow being asked if her husband made noe will answered that she knew of none for she was not at home when he died.… The matter respecting the childrens portions was deferred102 till next court & the … widdow with him that shee was to marry & all her children above fourteen years of age was ordered then to appear.…” At this date, therefore, William Ludington’s widow was engaged to be married again, and that engagement was publicly announced.[18] Moreover, she was actually married to her second husband, John Rose, a few weeks later, for on May 5 following, in 1662-63, according to the “Proprietors’ Records,” the court was again in session, and “John Rose who married widdow Ludington was called to know what security he would give for the childrens portions that was not yet of age to receive them.” It is true that in those days the period of mourning before remarriage was sometimes abbreviated103, but it is scarcely conceivable that this widow’s marriage took place within a few months of her husband’s death, or sooner than a year thereafter. It may therefore be assumed that William Ludington’s death, at the East Haven iron works, occurred at least as early as March or April, 1661-62.
There is reason to believe that William Ludington was not only a man of note in the East Haven community but that also he was a man of considerable property—more than would be suggested by the item of “house and land 60 lbs.” in the inventory. For the New Haven Land Records show that in 1723 his son, William Ludington, 2nd, sold to Thomas Robinson “part of that tract of land set out to my father, William Luddington, which tract contains 100 acres.” This property was in East Haven, just across the river from Branford.
The children of William and Ellen Ludington were seven in number. The first was Thomas, who was born (probably in England) in 1637. He removed to Newark, New Jersey, in 1666, and became[19] a farmer—since when in 1689 he sold some land with a house and barn at New Haven he described himself in the deed as a husbandman. He was an assessor and a surveyor of highways at Newark, and left children whose descendants are now to be found in the northern part of New Jersey. His oldest child, John, remained at New Haven, married, and had issue, his first-born, James, being a soldier in the French and Indian war and being killed in battle on September 8, 1756. The second child of William and Ellen Ludington was John Ludington, who was born (probably at Charlestown, Massachusetts) in 1640. He was living at East Haven in 1664, and afterward, Mr. Patrick thinks, removed to Vermont. The third child was Mary, of whose birth various dates are given, as already noted104. The fourth was Henry Ludington, the date of whose birth is not known, but who was killed in the war with King Philip, at the end of 1675 or beginning of 1676, as appears in the “New Haven Probate Records,” where is found an inventory of the estate of “Henry Luddington late of N. haven slayne in the warre taken & apprised105 by Mathew Moulthrop & John Potter Janry. 3, 1676.” The fifth child was Hannah, the dates of whose birth and death are unknown. The sixth child was William Ludington, 2nd, who was born about 1655 and died in February, 1737. His first wife was Martha Rose, daughter of his stepfather, John Rose, and his second was Mercy Whitehead. According to Dodd’s “East Haven Register”[20] he was a man of means, of intelligence, of ability, and of important standing in the community. He had two sons and one daughter by his first wife, and two sons and six daughters by his second. His first-born, the son of Martha Rose, was Henry Ludington, who was born in 1679, was a carpenter, married Sarah, daughter of William Collins, on August 20, 1700, had eight sons and four daughters, and died in the summer of 1727—of whom, or of his descendants, we shall presently hear much more. Finally, the seventh child of William and Ellen Ludington was Matthew, who as already related was born at Malden and died in infancy106. Despite the removal of Thomas Ludington to Newark, and that of John Ludington (probably) to Vermont, they appear to have retained much interest in the New Haven colony, since in the “Colony Record of Deeds” of Connecticut we find Thomas, John, and William Ludington enumerated107 among the proprietors of New Haven in 1685, who were, presumably, the above mentioned first, second, and sixth children of William and Ellen Ludington.
Recurring108 for a moment to the family of William Ludington, 2nd, and passing by for the time his first-born, Henry Ludington, it is to be observed that his second child, Eleanor, married Nathaniel Bailey, of Guilford, Connecticut, and had issue; his third, William Ludington, 3rd, married Anna Hodge, lived at Waterbury and Plymouth, Connecticut, and had issue, his sixth son, Samuel, serving in[21] the French and Indian war, and his grandson, Timothy, son of William 3rd’s first-born, Matthew, also serving in that war and being killed in battle at East Haven in the War of the Revolution; the fourth, Mercy, married Ebenezer Deanes or Dains, of Norwich, Connecticut, and had issue; the fifth, Mary, married John Dawson, of East Haven, and had issue; the sixth, Hannah, married Isaac Penfield, of New Haven, and had issue; the seventh, John, married Elizabeth Potter, and had issue, his son Jude serving in the French and Indian war; the eighth, Eliphalet, married Abigail Collins, and had issue, his third son, Amos, serving in the French and Indian war; the ninth, Elizabeth, died in childhood; the tenth, Dorothy, married Benjamin Mallory and had issue; and the eleventh, Dorcas, married James Way and had issue.
Returning now to Henry Ludington, eldest109 son of William Ludington, 2nd, who was the sixth child of the original William Ludington, it is to be observed that his first child, Daniel, married first Hannah Payne, and second Susannah Clark, and had issue, his second child, Ezra, serving in the French and Indian war, and his ninth, Collins, in the War of the Revolution; his second, William Ludington, married first Mary Knowles, of Branford, and second Mary Wilkinson, of Branford, and had issue—of whom we shall hereafter hear much more; his third, Sarah, died in childhood; his fourth, Dinah, married Isaac Thorpe; his fifth, Lydia, married Moses[22] Thorpe; his sixth, Nathaniel, married first Mary Chidsey, and second Eunice (Russell) Smith, and had issue; his seventh, Moses, married Eunice Chidsey; his eighth, Aaron, died at sea; his ninth, Elisha, died in infancy; his tenth, also named Elisha, settled in Phillipse Precinct, Dutchess County, New York, married, and had a daughter, Abigail, of whom more hereafter; his eleventh, Sarah, probably died unmarried, though Dodd’s “East Haven Register” says she married Daniel Mead110; and his twelfth, Thomas, was drowned, unmarried.
Turning back, once more, to the William Ludington last mentioned, who was the second son of Henry Ludington, we find that he was born at Branford, Connecticut, on September 6, 1702. He married Mary Knowles, of Branford, on November 5, 1730. She died on April 16, 1759, and on April 17, 1760,—just a day after the year of mourning had elapsed!—he married for his second wife Mary Wilkinson, also of Branford. His eight children, all of his first wife, were as follows: First, Submit, who married Stephen Johnson, of Branford; second, Mary; third, Henry, of whom we shall hear more, since he forms the chief subject of this book; fourth, Lydia, who married William (or, according to Dodd, Aaron) Buckley, of Branford; fifth, Samuel; sixth, Rebecca; seventh, Anne; and eighth, Stephen. On the night of Monday, May 20, 1754, part of William Ludington’s house at Branford was destroyed by fire, and his sixth and seventh children, Rebecca and Anne, aged[23] seven and four years, respectively, perished in the flames.
Attention is thus finally centered upon the second Henry Ludington, who was the third child of William Ludington, who was the second child of the first Henry Ludington, who was the first child of the second William Ludington, who was the sixth child of the first William Ludington, who was the founder111 of the Ludington family in America. The sources of information concerning him and his career, which have been mentioned in the preface to this volume, are varied112 and numerous rather than copious113 or comprehensive; but they are sufficient to indicate that he was a man of more than ordinary force of character and of more than average importance and influence in his time and place, and that he is entitled to remembrance and to enrolment among those who contributed materially, and with no little sacrifice of self, to the making of the State of New York and of the United States of America.
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gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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travail
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| n.阵痛；努力 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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wildernesses
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| 荒野( wilderness的名词复数 )； 沙漠； （政治家）在野； 不再当政（或掌权） | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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ascertainable
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antedated
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| v.（在历史上）比…为早( antedate的过去式和过去分词 )；先于；早于；（在信、支票等上）填写比实际日期早的日期 | |
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credible
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| adj.可信任的，可靠的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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monarch
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guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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residential
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| adj.提供住宿的；居住的；住宅的 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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44
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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repeal
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| n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消 | |
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remitting
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的现在分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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rescind
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| v.废除，取消 | |
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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condoned
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| v.容忍，宽恕，原谅( condone的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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weaver
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| n.织布工；编织者 | |
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maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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administrators
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| n.管理者( administrator的名词复数 )；有管理（或行政）才能的人；（由遗嘱检验法庭指定的）遗产管理人；奉派暂管主教教区的牧师 | |
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74
administrator
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| n.经营管理者，行政官员 | |
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creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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bog
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| n.沼泽；室...陷入泥淖 | |
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jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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81
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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82
petitioner
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| n.请愿人 | |
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83
inventory
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| n.详细目录，存货清单 | |
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84
discrepancy
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| n.不同；不符；差异；矛盾 | |
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85
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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86
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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inventoried
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| vt.编制…的目录（inventory的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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appraised
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| v.估价( appraise的过去式和过去分词 )；估计；估量；评价 | |
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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yarns
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| n.纱( yarn的名词复数 )；纱线；奇闻漫谈；旅行轶事 | |
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92
woolen
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| adj.羊毛(制)的；毛纺的 | |
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93
ware
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| n.(常用复数)商品，货物 | |
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94
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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95
turnips
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| 芜青( turnip的名词复数 )； 芜菁块根； 芜菁甘蓝块根； 怀表 | |
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96
sieve
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| n.筛，滤器，漏勺 | |
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97
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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calves
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| n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子，腓；腿肚子( calf的名词复数 )；牛犊；腓；小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 )；（冰川）崩解；生（小牛等），产（犊）；使（冰川）崩解 | |
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99
deducted
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| v.扣除，减去( deduct的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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101
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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102
deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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103
abbreviated
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| adj. 简短的，省略的 动词abbreviate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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104
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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105
apprised
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的过去式和过去分词 )；评价 | |
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106
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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107
enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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109
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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110
mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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111
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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112
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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113
copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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