In order justly to appreciate the circumstances in which Henry Ludington and his young family found themselves about fifteen years after his return from the French and Indian war, it will be desirable to recall briefly1 the political and social conditions generally prevailing2 throughout the Colonies at that time, which were nowhere more marked than in New York City and the rural counties lying just north of it. During the two or three years before the actual declaration of American independence, or secession from England, the people of the Colonies were divided into two parties, the Patriots4 and the Loyalists or Tories. The latter maintained the right of England to govern the Colonies as she pleased, and regarded even a protest against the maladministration of George III’s ministers as little short of sacrilege. The former were by no means as yet committed to the idea of American separation from the mother country, but they were most resolute5 in their demand for local self-government, and for government according to the needs of the Colonies rather than the caprices of English ministers. When they first placed the legend “Liberty and union” upon their colonial flag, and called it the “Grand union Flag,” they had in[48] mind liberty under the British constitution and continued union with England. Nevertheless, antagonism6 between the two parties became as bitter as ever it was between Roundhead and Cavalier in Stuart days; and while in some respects Boston and Philadelphia figured more conspicuously8 in the pre-revolutionary agitation9 and operations than did New York, there was probably no place in all the Colonies where the people were more evenly and generally divided between the two parties, or where passions rose higher or were more strongly maintained, than in and about the last-named city. No ties of neighborliness, friendship, or even family relationship sufficed to prevent or to quell11 the animosities which arose over the political interests of the Colonies. Nowhere had the Patriots a more ardent12 or persuasive13 leader than young Alexander Hamilton, or the Tories a more uncompromising champion than Rivington, the printer, whose office was at last sacked and gutted14 by wrathful Patriots. An illuminating15 side-light is thrown upon the New York state of mind by an item in the New York “Journal” of February 9, 1775, as follows:
A company of gentlemen were dining at a house in New York. One of them used the word Tory several times. His host asked him, “Pray, Mr. ?, what is a Tory?” He replied, “A Tory is a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched!”
Nor were these passions by any means confined to the urban but not always urbane16 community on[49] Manhattan Island. They prevailed with equal force in the rural regions of Westchester and Dutchess counties. During the Revolutionary War that border region, between the British garrison17 on Manhattan Island and the American strongholds in the Highlands of the Hudson, was the fighting ground of the belligerents18, and was also unmercifully harried19 and ravaged20 by the irregular succors21 of both sides, the “Cow Boys” and “Skinners,” and others, celebrated22 in the unhappy André’s whimsical ballad23 of “The Cow Chase.” Patriots from Westchester County were foremost among those who wrecked24 Rivington’s Tory printing shop, and an aggravated25 sequel to the item just cited from the New York “Journal” is provided in the annals of Dutchess County a little later in the same year. At that time a County Committee, or Committee of Safety—of which we shall presently hear much more—had been formed in that county, for the purpose of holding the Tories in check, and it had forcibly deprived some men of their arms and ammunition26. The despoiled27 Tories made appeal to the Court of Common Pleas for redress28, and James Smith, a justice of that court, according to a contemporary narrative29, “undertook to sue for and recover the arms taken from the Tories by order of said committee, and actually committed one of the committee who assisted at disarming30 the Tories; which enraged31 the people so much that they rose and rescued the prisoner, and poured out their resentment32 on this villanous retailer33 of the law.” The[50] “resentment” seems to have been poured out of buckets and pillows, for we are told that Justice Smith and his relative, Coen Smith, were “very handsomely tarred and feathered, for acting34 in open contempt of the resolves of the County Committee!”
In or near that part of Dutchess County in which Henry Ludington lived a third small but not insignificant35 factor was involved in the problem. This was provided by the members of the Society of Friends, who were settled at Quaker Hill, near Pawling, in The Oblong. This was the first community in America to abolish negro slavery, in 1775, and on that account it was probably regarded with some suspicion. But worse still was the regard given to it in the strife36 between Patriots and Tories. There can be little doubt that the sentiments and wishes of the Quakers were largely with the Patriots. Yet their religious principle of non-resistance forbade them to take up arms or to engage in forcible conflict of any kind. They were therefore generally looked upon by the Patriots as Tories, and were on that account sometimes fined and otherwise punished, while on the other hand, the Tories made themselves free to quarter troops upon them and to demand aid of them at will. On the whole, however, they appear to have commanded the respect of the Patriots, for their sincerity37, and thus to have been far more leniently38 dealt with than were the more militant39 Tories outside the Society of Friends.
Map of Quaker Hill and Vicinity, 1778-80, showing location of Colonel Ludington’s place at Fredericksburgh
The earliest organization of the Patriots in and[51] about New York was a Committee of Vigilance, the chief functions of which were to watch for oppressive acts of the British Government and incite40 colonial protests against them. This was in 1774 superseded41 by a Committee of Fifty-One, and it in turn in the same year gave place to a Committee of Inspection42, of sixty members. In both of these latter John Jay, who was a neighbor and friend of Henry Ludington, was conspicuous7, and it is to be presumed that Henry Ludington himself was either a member of the committees or at least was in active sympathy with their work. In April, 1775, came a crisis and the turning point in the movement for independence. The old Colonial Assembly of New York went out of existence on April 3. Then came the news of the first clash of arms at Lexington and Concord43, acting as a spark in a powder-magazine. “Astonished by accounts of acts of hostility44 in the moment of expectation of terms of reconciliation45,” said the lieutenant46-governor of New York in his account of the occurrence, “and now filled with distrust, the inhabitants of the city burst through all restraint on the arrival of the intelligence from Boston, and instantly emptied the vessels47 laden48 with provisions for that place, and then seized the city arms and in the course of a few days distributed them among the multitude, formed themselves into companies and trained openly in the streets; increased the number and power of the committee before appointed to execute the association of the Continental49 Congress, convened50 themselves by[52] beat of the drum for popular resolutions, have taken the keys of the custom house by military force; shut up the port, drawn51 a small number of cannon52 into the country; called all parts of the country to a Provincial53 Convention; chosen twenty delegates for this city, formed an association now signing by all ranks, engaging submission54 to committees and congresses, in firm union with the rest of the continent, and openly avow55 a resolution not only to resist the acts of Parliament complained as grievances56, but to withhold57 succors of all kinds from the troops and to repel58 every species of force, wherever it may be exerted, for enforcing the taxing claims of Parliament at the risk of their lives and fortunes.” This only half coherent but wholly intelligible59 and graphic60 narrative tells admirably how the Patriot3 sentiment of New York startled into life and action. A year later it was forcibly repressed by the British garrison on Manhattan Island, but in the counties at the north it continued dominant61 and triumphant62.
The “association now signing by all ranks” was promptly63 entered into by Henry Ludington and his neighbors in Dutchess County, as the following transcript64, from the MS. collection of Mr. Patrick, shows, the date of the original being April 29, 1775:
A General Association agreed to and subscribed65 by the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the County of Dutchess:
Persuaded: That the Salvation66 of the Rights & Liberties of America depends, under God, on the[53] firm union of its Inhabitants in a Vigorous Prosecution67 of the Measures necessary for its Safety; and Convinced of the Necessity of preventing the Anarchy68 & Confusion which attend the Dissolution of the Powers of Government, We, the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the County of Dutchess, being greatly alarmed at the avowed69 Design of the Ministry70 to raise a Revenue in America, and shocked by the bloody71 Scene now acting in the Massachusetts Bay, Do, in the most solemn Manner, Resolve, never to become Slaves; and do associate under all the Ties of Religion, Honour and Love to our Country, to adopt and endeavor to carry into execution, whatever Measures may be recommended by the Continental Congress, or resolved upon by our Provincial Conventions, for the Purpose of preserving our Constitution and opposing the execution of the several arbitrary and oppressive Acts of the British Parliament, until a Reconciliation between Great Britain and America, on Constitutional Principles (which we most ardently72 desire) can be obtained: And that we will in all things, follow the Advice of our General Committee, respecting the Purposes aforesaid: the Preservation73 of peace and good Order and the Safety of Individuals, and private property.
Mathew Paterson
Joseph Chandler
Comfort Ludinton
Ruben Miers
James Dickinson Junr.
Isaiah Bennett
Malcolm Morison
Alexr. Kidd
Henry Ludinton
Elijah Oakley
William Alkin.
David Atkins
Stephen Baxter.
[54]
One other signature is illegible74. Those of the two Ludingtons are clear and firm.
The new Provincial Congress of New York met in the New York City Hall on May 22, 1775, and remained in session until May 29, its most important act being the adoption75 of the following resolution:
Resolved, That it be and hereby is recommended to all counties in this colony (who have not already done it) to appoint County Committees and also sub-committees for their respective townships and districts without delay, in order to carry into execution the resolutions of the Continental and this Provincial Congress; And that it is also recommended to every inhabitant of this colony who has neglected to sign the general association to do it with all convenient speed, and for this purpose that the committees in the respective counties do tender the said association to every inhabitant within the several districts in each county; And that the said committees and persons respectfully do return the said associations and the names of those who shall refuse to sign the same to this Congress by the 15th day of June next, or sooner if possible.
This obviously “meant business.” It compelled every inhabitant of the colony to align76 himself, either with the Patriots or with the Loyalists; with a certainty that if he chose the former, he would be held as a traitor77 by the British Government, and if he chose the latter, he would be subject to whatever pains and penalties his incensed78 Patriot neighbors might see[55] fit to impose upon him. Into the work thus recommended by the Congress, Henry Ludington entered with zeal79 and ardor80. He was at the head of the local committee, in Fredericksburgh Precinct, and also a member of the Dutchess County Committee, among his colleagues being John Jay, William Duer, Jacobus Swartwout, and other eminent81 Patriots.
How vigorously and unsparingly these committees went to work will appear if we anticipate for a moment the chronological82 record by a year. On a motion offered by John Jay on June 16, 1776, the Provincial Congress of New York declared guilty of treason, with the penalty of death, all persons inhabiting or passing through the colony, or state, as it then began to be called, who should give aid or comfort to the enemy. A week later the Continental Congress adopted a similar resolution. It does not appear that this penalty was ever actually imposed, but the terror of it was held as a powerful measure of restraint over the Tories. Again, at Conner’s tavern83, at Fishkill, Dutchess County, on October 8, 1776, there was organized a secret committee “for inquiring into, detecting and defeating conspiracies84 … against the liberties of America,” with full power to send for persons and papers, call out the militia85, and arrest or expel persons regarded as dangerous to the state, apparently86 without any judicial87 process. Thereafter numerous parties of suspects were sent in by the various local committees, including men, women, and children. All who consented to sign an[56] oath of allegiance to Congress were dismissed. The others were variously dealt with. Some were exiled from the State, some were imprisoned88, and some released on parole, to remain near Fishkill within call and surveillance of the committee. The chairman of this committee was William Duer, and if Henry Ludington was not actually among its members he was certainly one of its most trusted and efficient agents. It continued in existence and action until February 27, 1777, when it was dissolved by the State Convention and was replaced by a Board of Commissioners89. Two minutes of the proceedings90 of this committee will serve the double purpose of showing the character of its activities and the part which Henry Ludington played in executing its decrees. The first is dated only four days after the organization of the committee:
In Committee appointed by a Resolution of the Convention of the State of New York for enquiring91 into, detecting and defeating all Conspiracies which may be form’d in the said State against the Liberties of America. Fish Kill Octr. 12. 1776.
This Committee taking into Consideration Coll. Ludington’s Letter respecting Thomas Menzes Esqr. received yesterday—
Ordered that Coll. Ludington carry into Execution the former Orders of this Committee respecting Thomas Menzes Esqr. in such manner as to him shall appear most prudent92.—
Ordered that the Secretary transmit to Coll.[57] Ludington by Express a Copy of the above Order.
Extract from the Minutes,
A. W. D. Peyster Secry.
Reduced Fac-simile of Letter, from Committee on Conspiracies, to Col. Henry Ludington.
(Original in possession of Charles H. Ludington, New York City)
The second is dated eight days later:
warrant from commite to aprhend sundry93 persons
In Committee of the Convention of the State of New York appointed for enquiring into, detecting and defeating all Conspiracies which may be form’d in the said State against the Liberties of America. Fish Kill Octr. 20, 1776.
Whereas this Committee did on the 17th inst. resolve that the following persons, Inhabitants of South East and Frederick Precincts in the County of Dutchess, should forthwith be disarm’d apprehended95 and secured, to witt, Uriah Townsend, Ebenezer Rider, Charles Cullen*, Barns Hatfield, Uriah Wright, Joseph Hitchcock, Eli Crosby, Dr. Daniel Bull*, Charles Theal, and Gilbert Dickeson—?
Ordered that Coll. Luddington do forthwith apprehend94 and bring before this Committee the above mentioned Persons and that he secure the Papers of such whose Names are mark’d with an Asterisk96 in order that the same be examined by this Committee.—
Ordered that Capt. Clarke detach Leut. Haight with a Party of 15 Men, to repair to Coll. Luddington and to follow such orders as they may receive from him.
Signed by Order of the Committee,
Wm. Duer Chairman.
[58]
In the margin97 of this warrant, which is here copied from the original in the possession of Charles H. Ludington, are these additional names:
? Daniel Babbit Jeremiah Birch Junr. David Nash Samuel Towner William Merrit Thomas Carl* Daniel Brundage Moses Fowler.
The Charles Cullen mentioned in the warrant was a brother-in-law of the distinguished98 jurist, Chancellor99 Kent.
Reduced Fac-simile of Order of arrest issued, by Wm. Duer, Chairman of Committee on Conspiracies, of the “Provincial Congress of the State of New York” to Col. Henry Ludington.
(Original paper in possession of Charles H. Ludington, New York City.)
In order to understand clearly the geographical100 scope of the operations already and hereafter credited to Henry Ludington, the division of that part of Dutchess County into precincts should here be explained, with the aid of a map. The reference is to that southern part of Dutchess County which was afterward101 set off, as at present, into Putnam County. From 1737 down to March 24, 1772, it was known as the South Precinct. On the latter date it was divided into three longitudinal strips, that along the Hudson being called Phillipse, or Philipsburgh Precinct; that in the central and east central part being called Fredericksburgh Precinct; and the smallest strip at the extreme east, consisting of part of The Oblong hitherto mentioned, being known as South East Precinct. It may be added, in anticipation102 of the narrative, that on March 17, 1788, these names were changed to Philipstown, Frederickstown, and South East, respectively; that on March 17, 1795, the towns of Carmel and Franklin were formed from Frederickstown,[59] and the remainder of the last named was called Fredericks; that on April 6, 1808, Franklin was changed to Patterson, and on April 15, 1817, Fredericks was changed to Kent. It may further be explained that the Philipsburgh Precinct was subdivided103 into two nearly equal longitudinal strips, and the one along the Hudson River was again divided laterally104 into three parts, making four lots in all, which were numbered from 1 to 4, and which in the partition of the original Phillipse Patent were apportioned105 as follows: No. 1, at the extreme southwest, Susannah Robinson; No. 2, next at the west center, Philip Phillipse; No. 3, at the northwest, Mary Phillipse; and No. 4, the long strip inland from the river, Susannah Robinson. The Fredericksburgh Precinct was likewise divided into three longitudinal strips, and the easternmost of them into three laterally, making five lots in all, numbered from 5 to 9, and these were apportioned as follows: No. 5, the long strip next to No. 4 of Philipsburg, to Mary Phillipse; No. 6, a long strip next to No. 5, to Philip Phillipse; No. 7, a “short lot” at the northeast, to Susannah Robinson; No. 8, a short lot at the east center, to Philip Phillipse; and No. 9, a short lot at the southeast, to Mary Phillipse. When, as we shall presently see, Henry Ludington became colonel commanding a militia regiment106, his territorial107 command included all of these nine lots excepting Nos. 7 and 8. He was thus of all the militia commanders nearest to the seat of government when it was at[60] Fishkill, and was brought much into contact with state officials there.
Map of Philipse patent, showing original divisions
Map showing territory (shaded portion) covered by Colonel Ludington’s regiment
Appreciating the important part which the militia would play in the conflict which was then seen to be impending108 and inevitable109, the Provincial Congress of New York, in session at New York City on August 22, 1775, adopted an elaborate measure for the enlistment110, organization and equipment of such troops. Every county, city, manor111, town, precinct, and district within the colony was to be divided by a local committee into districts or beats, in such a manner that in each beat might be formed one military company, ordinarily to consist of eighty-three able-bodied men and officers, between the ages of sixteen and fifty—afterward sixty—years. Not less than five nor more than ten such companies were to form a regiment, and the regiments112 were to be organized into brigades. One brigade was to be formed of the militia of Dutchess and Westchester counties, commanded by a brigadier-general. It was also ordered—
That every man between the ages of 16 and 50 do with all convenient speed furnish himself with a good Musket113 or firelock & Bayonet Sword or Tomahawk, a Steel Ramrod, Worm, Priming Wire and Brush fitted thereto, a Cartouch Box to contain 23 rounds of cartridges115, 12 flints and a knapsack agreeable to the directions of the Continental Congress under forfeiture116 of five shillings for the want of a musket or firelock and of one shilling for want of a bayonet, sword or[61] tomahawk, cartridgebox, cartridge114 or bullet. That every man shall at his place of abode117 be also provided with one pound of powder and three pounds of bullets of proper size to his musket or firelock.
There were numerous additional prescriptions118, concerning discipline and drill, the duties and responsibilities of officers, and the penalties to be imposed for non-compliance119. In case of any alarm, invasion or insurrection, every man thus enrolled120 was immediately to repair to headquarters, to wit, the home of his captain, and the captain was to march the company straight to the scene of invasion or insurrection “to oppose the enemy,” at the same time sending word to the regimental or brigade commander. A little later, to wit, on December 20, the Provincial Congress ordered that the militia of Dutchess and Westchester counties should form two separate brigades; whence we may assume that a larger enrolment of militia men was secured in those counties than had at first been expected.
The militia were called out whenever needed, and were kept out as long as they were needed, but they could be taken outside of the colony or state for no more than three months at a time. Sometimes, as Mr. James A. Roberts explains in his work on “New York in the Revolution,” a regiment or half of a regiment would be called out half a dozen times in the course of a year, perhaps for half a dozen days at a time; and again might not be called out once for[62] a whole year. The regiments were commonly designated first by their colonels’ names and next by their counties. Officers and men seem to have served, says Mr. Roberts, in different organizations almost indiscriminately. At one call they were in one and at another they were in another regiment or company. Each colonel had almost unlimited121 powers in the district to which his regiment belonged, and he was specially122 required to see that every able-bodied male inhabitant between the ages of sixteen and sixty years was enrolled. Moreover, every such person must serve whenever called upon to do so, under penalty of fine and imprisonment123; and if incapacitated, he must contribute toward the cost of securing and equipping another man. Among the rations10 served to all were tobacco, sugar, and tea, and in addition the colonels and chaplains received liberal allowances of rum. A colonel’s pay was $75 a month, and a private soldier’s pay $6.66 a month; not always in money, but sometimes in state scrip and sometimes in authority to “impress” cattle and goods; for all which things taken receipts were to be given to the owners in the name of the state, so that payment could afterward be made.
This enactment124 by New York was made in pursuance of an act of the Continental Congress, on July 18, 1775, which “recommended to the inhabitants of all the united English Colonies in North America that all able-bodied, effective men between sixteen and fifty years of age, in each Colony, might[63] form themselves into regular companies of Militia, to consist of one captain, two lieutenants125, one ensign, four sergeants126, four corporals, one clerk, one drummer, one fifer, and about sixty-eight privates.”
Each company was permitted to elect its own officers; the companies were to be formed into regiments or battalions127, officered with a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, two majors, an adjutant or quartermaster. All officers above the rank of captain were to be appointed by the respective Provincial Assemblies, or Conventions, or by the Committees of Safety.
One fourth part of the militia in every county was to consist of minute men, who were ordered “to be ready on the shortest Notice to march to any Place where their Assistance may be required for the Defence of their own or a neighboring Colony.” As the minute men were expected to be called into action before the body of the militia were sufficiently128 trained, it was recommended “that a more particular and diligent129 attention be paid to their instruction in military discipline.”
The equipment of these militia companies was at first painfully meager130, and their muster131-rolls, “spelled by the unlettered Muse,” were such as would drive the modern officer to despair. As an example, the muster-roll of Captain Nathaniel Scribner’s company may be cited, copied verbatim et literatim from an original MS. in the possession of Mr. Charles H. Ludington:
[64]
Capt. Scribner’s muster role.
Capt Nathaniel Scribner gun sword o
Ltn Daniel martine o o catrig box
In David merrick o sword o
St. Thomas grigrory o o o
St. Caleb hazen o o o
St makis Brundige o o o
Cl Thomas willson gun o catrig box
Cl Isaac Evritt gun sword o
Benianan hamblon fiffer
Stephen Hyatt Drummer
Joshua grigrory o o o
gilbirt ganung gun o o
Samuel Pears o o o
Caleb Pears gun o o
Rusel grigrory gun sword o
freman hopkins o o o
Samuel horton o o o
Joseph hopkins o o o
alexander pears o o o
henery Bolding gun sword o
John ferguson gun o o
Noah robinson o o o
Joseph ganung gun o o
Jesse ganung gun o o
Elezur hazen gun o o
william haighson o o o
Lewis Furguson o o o
abiiag Barker o o o
Samuel Jinkins gun o o
Jacob mead132 gun o o
John mcLean gun o o
John Lounsbury o o o
[65]John thrustin o o o
Nathanel finch133 o o o
Jona Carle o o o
Thomas Furguson o o o
Richard p e grigrory o o o
James Carle o o o
Nathaniel Jinkins o o o
David Storms gun sword o
John Sloot o o o
John frost o o o
gorge134 Evritt gun sword o
Edward Vermilyea o o o
John Stedel o o o
Jonathan hustice gun o o
Thomas Hall gun sword o
James Barker o o o
John wright o o o
Thadeus Ramond gun o o
robint wright o o o
Beniaman Birdsel o o o
Isaac ganung gun o o
Job Veail o o o
Isaac Sloot o o o
adonija carle o o o
Samuel Conkling o o o
Elisha Bolding o o o
Jeremiah hughson o o o
Jerediah davis gun o o
alaxander Brown o o o
gedien Simkins o o o
David Fowler o o o
Daniel worden o o o
abraham Furguson o o o
Jones Semans o o o
Nathanel Robinson o o o
John Sloot o o o
[66]
Annexed135 to the muster roll was the following addendum136:
These air men What is gon into the servis
Leftenant John munrow
St. Josiah grigrory
Jacob birdsel
Jacob ganung
john Shaw
Solomon hustice
parce bolding
John Vermilya
Richard Barker
Daniel grigrory
Zebulon wright
Isaac merick
Eli hopkins
James mcfarling
Rhubin finch
Timothy wood
Jonathan Semans
william Virmilya
Thomas hagson
Jonathan hopkins
moses hazen
Samuel bouton
Isaac Lounsbury.
In the work of enlisting137 and organizing these militia levies138 the most efficient men were naturally those who had already had military experience and command as officers in some of the colonial wars. Henry Ludington was among these. He had had such experience in a noteworthy degree, and to it[67] he added both physical and temperamental aptitude139 for military labors140, and an ardent spirit of patriotism141. Leaving the service in 1759 as a lieutenant, he had, as already related, resigned his commission in indignation at the Stamp Act. On February 13, 1773, however, he accepted a commission as captain in Colonel Beverly Robinson’s Dutchess County regiment, and this commission, which was signed by William Tryon, the last British governor of New York, he held until 1775, or possibly 1776, when he cast it aside and entered the “Rebel” or Patriotic142 service. The militia of Dutchess County was organized, under the law already cited, in the fall of 1775, and on October 17 Petrus Ten Broeck, the colonel of the First or Rhinebeck and Northwest regiment, was commissioned brigadier-general commanding. Of the Second regiment of Dutchess County, Jacobus Swartwout was colonel, and when in time the militia of the county was so increased as to form two brigades, he was, on March 3, 1780, appointed brigadier-general commanding one of them. Swartwout’s commission as colonel was also issued on October 17, 1775, and at the same time Malcolm Morrison was commissioned first major and Henry Ludington was commissioned second major of his regiment. Ludington seems also to have served as captain of the company raised in his home district, and to have been prompt and energetic in his service; for on February 20, 1776, we find Colonel Swartwout in a letter to the Provincial Congress reporting that[68] he was in hourly expectation of Captain Ludington’s appearance at regimental headquarters, together with Captains Woodford from Pawling’s, Clearck from Beekman’s, and Durling from Rombout Precinct. The Congress the next day ordered that all the men thus reported should serve until May 1 of that year, unless sooner discharged.
Soon afterward came Ludington’s first promotion143. On March 8, 1776, Malcolm Morrison, the first major of Swartwout’s regiment, addressed to the Provincial Congress of New York this letter:
Gentlemen: Whereas the gentlemen of the Provincial Congress has been pleased to appoint me First Major in Colo. Swartwout’s regiment, and as my situation and business is such, that it is not within my power to serve without doing injustice144 to myself and creditors145, having a considerable interest in my hands to settle, and having a large family to take care of without any person to assist me in settling my affairs, and whereas Major Henry Ludington, appointed in the militia, is prevailed upon to accept the commission sent me, and if agreeable to you, do resign in his favor. He can be recommended by Colo. Swartwout or the Committee of Dutchess County, and I hope you will be prevailed upon to appoint him in my stead, he being a person that has served in the last war and well acquainted in the military service, and, Gentlemen, your compliance will greatly oblige,
Your Very Humble146 Servant,
Malcolm Morrison.
[69]
Mr. Ludington waits for an answer.
N.B. Gentlemen, enclosed you have the commission.
This extraordinarily147 na?ve and unconventional letter was received on March 9, apparently being borne by Major Ludington himself as messenger. It was favorably acted upon, and the next day, March 10, Ludington was made first major of the regiment in Morrison’s place. At this time the companies were not yet filled, and the regiment was small. But recruiting went on rapidly, so that by the first of May, 1776, the regiment was actually too large. Accordingly on May 6 the Committee of Dutchess County took action for the formation of another regiment in that part of the county, as reported in the following letter to the Provincial Congress:
Sir:—It having been represented to the General Committee of this County, that the Southern Regiment of Militia was too large and extensive, containing 12 companies and covering a space of country upwards148 of 30 miles in length, we have, therefore, not only because in other respects it was expedient149, but also in compliance with the Resolution of Congress prohibiting a Regiment to consist of more than 10 Companies, divided it, and instead of one have formed the Militia in that quarter into 2 regiments, together with a list of persons nominated for Field Officers. As this part of our Militia will remain unregimented till the Officers receive their Commissions, we must request that the Commissions be[70] made out as soon as possible and sent to the Committee in Rombout’s Precinct with directions to forward them to the Officers immediately.
I remain, by order of the Committee,
Your very humble servant,
Egbert Benson Chairman.
Reduced Fac-simile of the Commission of Henry Ludington as Colonel.
From the “Provincial Congress for the Colony of New York,” June 1778.
The new regiment, as described in an enclosure in Mr. Benson’s letter, was to consist of all the militia in Phillipse Precinct, and in all of Fredericksburgh Precinct “except the Northern and Middle Short Lots”—at the northeast, as hitherto explained. The field officers nominated were as follows: Colonel, Moses Dusenbury; lieutenant-colonel, Henry Ludington; first major, Reuben Ferris; second major, Joshua Nelson; adjutant, Joshua Myrick; quartermaster, Solomon Hopkins. These nominations150 were promptly confirmed. A little later Henry Ludington was commissioned colonel of this regiment, to succeed Colonel Dusenbury. The exact date is not now ascertainable151, but according to the mutilated remains152 of the commission, a facsimile of which is given in this volume, it was some time in June, 1776. The commission—his first as colonel—was issued by the Provincial Congress of the Colony of New York, and was one of the last acts of that body, which in that month of June, 1776, went out of existence, and on July 9 following was succeeded by a new Provincial Congress, meeting at White Plains, which the next day, July 10, changed its name to the Convention of the Representatives of the State of New[71] York. With this change of government new commissions were issued to officers, Henry Ludington receiving one as colonel, which is now in the possession of his grandson, Charles H. Ludington. His regiment, the seventh of the Dutchess County militia, was thereafter popularly known and indeed often officially designated as Colonel Ludington’s regiment. Unfortunately its earliest muster-rolls and record of organization have not been preserved, or cannot now be found, but it is known to have consisted of six companies. The minutes of the Council of Appointment do not mention it until May 28, 1778, when it is called Colonel Henry Ludington’s regiment. At this latter date Stephen Ludington was a second lieutenant in Captain Joel Mead’s (1st) company. We may here add that in various rosters153 of New York troops the following names of members of the Ludington family appear, in addition to Colonel Ludington:
Stephen Ludington, and also Stephen Ludenton (doubtless the same person), private, in Brinckerhoff’s company of Brinckerhoff’s regiment—the second regiment of Dutchess County, Rombout Precinct.
Elisha Luddington, private, of Livingston’s company of Malcolm’s regiment—the first regiment of New York levies in the United States Army. Also, Elisha Luddington, private, in Barnum’s company of Hopkins’s regiment—the sixth regiment of Dutchess County.
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William Luddington, private, in Westfall’s company of Wessenfels’s regiment.
Comfort Ludington, private, in Hecock’s company of Field’s regiment—the third regiment of Dutchess County. Also, Comfort Ludington, private, in Mead’s company of Ludington’s regiment—the seventh regiment of Dutchess County. Also, Comfort Luddington, captain of a company of the second regiment of minute men of Dutchess County, commissioned on February 26, 1776.
Early in June, 1776, probably at about the time of Colonel Ludington’s appointment, and a month before the formal declaration of American independence, the Continental Congress called for 13,800 militia from the Colonies, to re?nforce the army at New York, in addition to other levies for the army which was to invade Canada. New York’s share of this levy154 was 3,750, of whom 3,000 were for service at New York and 750 for the expedition to Canada. The latter were naturally selected from the northern counties, while the 3,000 for local service were taken from the counties along the Hudson and around the city of New York. Among the latter were 335 men from Dutchess County, a larger number than was contributed by any other county excepting New York and Albany. The Dutchess County contingent155 was ordered to be ready to march on June 21.
Reduced Fac-simile of the Commission of Henry Ludington as Colonel.
From the State of New York. May 28, 1778.
(Original in possession of Charles H. Ludington, New York City.)
The local needs of Dutchess County were not, however, to be overlooked. A committee of the New[73] York Congress on June 20 reported that there were many disaffected156 and dangerous persons in Dutchess and Westchester counties, who greatly disturbed the peace, and who would probably take up arms whenever the enemy should make a descent upon that region, and that the requisitions of troops made by the Continental Congress had left the militia incapable157 of keeping peace and order “without great inconvenience to themselves and much injury to and neglect of their private property.” It was therefore recommended, and ordered, that 100 men and officers in Dutchess County and 50 in Westchester County be taken into the service of the Provincial Congress “and confined to the Service of those Counties.” The 100 men in Dutchess County were organized in two companies. On July 16 the Provincial Congress, or Convention, was in session at White Plains, and it there ordered that one fourth of the militia of those two counties should be summoned into active service, until the end of the year; each man receiving $20 bounty158, and the same pay and subsistence as the Continental soldiers. Among those thus drawn into the service was Colonel Ludington.
The first care of Colonel Ludington on assuming command of his regiment was to fill up its ranks and organize a complete staff of officers. In reporting to the Convention—or Provincial Congress, as he still called it—upon this work, he wrote under date of July 19, 1776, from Fredericksburgh, as follows, this letter being transformed into modern and corrected[74] orthography159, and others which follow being thus edited only enough to insure intelligibility160:
These may inform Your Honors that I meet with some difficulty in furnishing my quota161 of men for the present emergency, for want of commissions in the regiment which I have the honor to command. We have a number of officers chosen already that have no commissions, and several more must be chosen in order to have the regiment properly officered. And whereas I have applied162 to the County Committee for blanks to be filled up, and there are none to be had, therefore I, in conjunction with the committee of this Precinct, would desire that there might be about twenty blank commissions sent up by Mr. Myrick, the bearer hereof. I would further acquaint Your Honors that the regiment is destitute163 of Majors, and would be glad if Your Honors would appoint two gentlemen to that office and fill up commissions for them. There are two gentlemen that I do, with the advice of the Committee, nominate, viz., Mr. Gee—his Christian164 name I am not able to tell—of Phillipse Precinct, and Captain Ebenezer Robinson of this Precinct. These gentlemen are doubtless known by several of the members of the honorable House.
From Your Humble Servant,
Henry Ludenton, Colonel.
To the Honorable Provincial Congress.
Reduced Fac-simile of Letter from Abraham Bancker to Col. Henry Ludington.
(Original in possession of Charles H. Luddington, New York City.)
The annals of the New York Convention, under date of July 20, 1776, relate that this letter was received, read, and filed, and that—
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On reading the said letter from Colonel Ludenton, of Dutchess County, and considering the state of his Regiment at this critical time,
Resolved, That Commissions be issued to the two gentlemen therein named in said letter, and that 20 other Commissions be signed by the President and countersigned165 by one of the Secretaries and transmitted to Colonel Ludenton, to be filled up for the Captains and Subalterns of his Regiment when necessary, by the Precinct Committee and himself; that said Precinct Committee and Colonel Ludenton return to this Convention an exact list of the names, rank and dates of the Officers commissioned, which they shall fill up and deliver.
And Resolved, That the sending blank commissions to a Precinct Committee shall not from this instance be drawn into precedent166.
In this fashion Colonel Ludington prepared for the stern activities before him. The “critical time” referred to in the resolutions of the Convention was indeed critical. New York was in imminent167 danger of being occupied by the British, and British warships168 were likely soon to ascend169 the Hudson River. John Jay was intrusted with the making of plans for the defense170 of the Hudson Highlands. On August 1, Jay, Duer, and others, were made a committee to draft a plan for a new government for the State of New York. The battle of Long Island was fought on August 27, and a little later the British were in full possession of New York and its environs. The Convention was driven to Harlem, to Kingsbridge,[76] to Odell’s in Phillipse Manor, to Fishkill, to Poughkeepsie, and to Kingston. On October 20 the battle of Chatterton Hill was fought, at White Plains, in which Colonel Ludington’s regiment was engaged, and in which he himself served as one of Washington’s aides, and thus began his acquaintance with the commander-in-chief. When Washington’s army crossed the Hudson River, however, for the “devil’s dance across the Jerseys,” and the superb turning at bay at Trenton, the New York militia levies remained at home, where indeed they were sorely needed. The Tory element in Westchester and Dutchess counties had from the first been ominously171 strong. With the British victories in and around New York, and with the American Army in apparently hopeless rout172 and flight, they were emboldened173 to open hostility to the Patriot cause. A report to the Convention, or to the Committee of Safety, on September 4, made it appear that in the four counties of Dutchess, Westchester, Orange and Ulster there were only 3,100 armed and trustworthy militia, while there were 2,300 disaffected Tories and 2,300 slaves to be held in order. A month later the situation was much worse, and it was then that there was formed the committee already mentioned, “for inquiring into, detecting and defeating conspiracies against the liberties of America.” The war was now on, in earnest, and “malice domestic, foreign levy,” were both at once to be grappled with by the Patriot soldiers.
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1
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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2
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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patriots
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| 爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 ) | |
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5
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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antagonism
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| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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quell
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| v.压制，平息，减轻 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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13
persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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14
gutted
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| adj.容易消化的v.毁坏（建筑物等）的内部( gut的过去式和过去分词 )；取出…的内脏 | |
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15
illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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16
urbane
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| adj.温文尔雅的，懂礼的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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18
belligerents
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| n.交战的一方（指国家、集团或个人）( belligerent的名词复数 ) | |
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19
harried
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| v.使苦恼( harry的过去式和过去分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
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20
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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succors
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| n.救助，帮助（尤指需要时）( succor的名词复数 )v.给予帮助( succor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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23
ballad
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| n.歌谣，民谣，流行爱情歌曲 | |
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24
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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27
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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29
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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30
disarming
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| adj.消除敌意的，使人消气的v.裁军( disarm的现在分词 )；使息怒 | |
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31
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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32
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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33
retailer
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| n.零售商(人) | |
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34
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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36
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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37
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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leniently
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| 温和地，仁慈地 | |
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39
militant
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| adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士 | |
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40
incite
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| v.引起，激动，煽动 | |
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41
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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42
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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43
concord
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| n.和谐；协调 | |
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44
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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45
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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46
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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47
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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48
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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49
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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50
convened
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| 召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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51
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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52
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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53
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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54
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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55
avow
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| v.承认，公开宣称 | |
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56
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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57
withhold
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| v.拒绝，不给；使停止，阻挡 | |
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58
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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59
intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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60
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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61
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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62
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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63
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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64
transcript
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| n.抄本，誊本，副本，肄业证书 | |
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65
subscribed
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| v.捐助( subscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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66
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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67
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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68
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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69
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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70
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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71
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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72
ardently
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| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
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73
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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74
illegible
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| adj.难以辨认的，字迹模糊的 | |
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75
adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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76
align
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| vt.使成一线，结盟，调节；vi.成一线，结盟 | |
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77
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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78
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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81
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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82
chronological
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| adj.按年月顺序排列的，年代学的 | |
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83
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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84
conspiracies
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| n.阴谋，密谋( conspiracy的名词复数 ) | |
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85
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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86
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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87
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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88
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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90
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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91
enquiring
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| a.爱打听的，显得好奇的 | |
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92
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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93
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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94
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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95
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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96
asterisk
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| n.星号，星标 | |
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97
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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98
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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99
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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100
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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101
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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102
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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103
subdivided
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| 再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
laterally
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| ad.横向地；侧面地；旁边地 | |
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105
apportioned
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| vt.分摊，分配（apportion的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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106
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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107
territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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108
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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109
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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110
enlistment
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| n.应征入伍，获得，取得 | |
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111
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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112
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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113
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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114
cartridge
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| n.弹壳，弹药筒；(装磁带等的)盒子 | |
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115
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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116
forfeiture
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| n.（名誉等）丧失 | |
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117
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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118
prescriptions
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| 药( prescription的名词复数 )； 处方； 开处方； 计划 | |
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119
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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120
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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121
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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122
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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123
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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124
enactment
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| n.演出，担任…角色；制订，通过 | |
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125
lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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126
sergeants
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| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
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127
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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128
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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129
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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130
meager
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| adj.缺乏的，不足的，瘦的 | |
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131
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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132
mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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133
finch
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| n.雀科鸣禽(如燕雀，金丝雀等) | |
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134
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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135
annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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136
addendum
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| n.补充，附录 | |
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137
enlisting
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| v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的现在分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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138
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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139
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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140
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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141
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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142
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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143
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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144
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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145
creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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146
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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147
extraordinarily
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| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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148
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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149
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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150
nominations
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| n.提名，任命( nomination的名词复数 ) | |
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151
ascertainable
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| adj.可确定（探知），可发现的 | |
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152
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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153
rosters
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| n.花名册( roster的名词复数 )；候选名单v.将（姓名）列入值勤名单( roster的第三人称单数 ) | |
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154
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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155
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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156
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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157
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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158
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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159
orthography
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| n.拼字法，拼字式 | |
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160
intelligibility
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| n.可理解性，可理解的事物 | |
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161
quota
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| n.（生产、进出口等的）配额，（移民的）限额 | |
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162
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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163
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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164
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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165
countersigned
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| v.连署，副署，会签 （文件）( countersign的过去式 ) | |
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166
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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167
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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168
warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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169
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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170
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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171
ominously
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| adv.恶兆地，不吉利地；预示地 | |
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172
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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173
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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