Though I did not get it all from any one person—no resident of the Fatherland talked so long in the hungry armistice2 days—the German point of view averaged about as follows. There were plenty of variations from this central line, and I shall attempt to show the frontier of these deviations3 as we go along. We shall probably not find this statement of his point of view very original; most of his arguments we have heard before, chiefly while the question of our coming or not coming into the war was seething4. Fifteen years ago, when I first visited him at home, I did not gather the impression that every German thought alike. To-day he seems to reach the same conclusions by the same curious trains of thought, no matter what his caste, profession, experience, and to some extent his environment—for even those who remained far from the scene of conflict during 179all the war seem to have worked themselves into much the same mental attitude as their people at home. But then, this is also largely true of his enemies, among whom one hears almost as frequently the tiresome6 repetition of the same stereotyped7 conclusions that have in some cases been deliberately8 manufactured for public consumption. One comes at times to question whether there is really any gain nowadays in running about the earth gathering9 men’s opinions, for they so often bear the factory-made label, the trade-mark of one great central plant, like the material commodities of our modern industrial world. The press, the cable, the propagandist, and the printer have made a thinking-machine, as Edison has made a talking-machine, and Burroughs a mechanical arithmetic.
The first, of course, if not the burning question of the controversy10 was, who started the war, and why? The German at home showed a certain impatience11 at this query12, as a politician might at a question that he had already repeatedly explained to his constituents13. But with care and perseverance14 he could usually be drawn15 into the discussion, whereupon he outlined the prevailing16 opinion, with such minor17 variations as his slight individuality permitted; almost always without heat, always without that stone-blind prejudice that is so frequent among the Allied18 man in the street. Then he fell into apathetic19 silence or harked back to the ever-present question of food. But let him tell it in his own way.
“The war was started by circumstances. War had become a necessity to an over-prosperous world, as bleeding sometimes becomes necessary to a fat person. Neither side was wholly and deliberately guilty of beginning it, but if there is actual personal guilt20, it is chiefly that of the Allies, especially England. We understand the hatred21 of France. It came largely from fear, though to a great extent unnecessary fear. The ruling party in Russia 180wanted war, wanted it as early as 1909, for without it they would have lost their power. It was a question of interior politics with them. But with England there was less excuse. In her case it was only envy and selfishness; the petty motives22 that sprout23 in a shopkeeper’s soul. We were making successful concurrenz against her in all the markets of the world—though by our German word ‘concurrenz’ we mean more than mere24 commercial competition; she saw herself in danger of losing the hegemony of Europe, her position as the most important nation on the globe. She set out deliberately to destroy us, to vernichten, to bring us to nothing. We hate”—though come to think of it I do not recall once having heard a German use the word hate in describing his own feelings, nor did I run across any reference to the notorious “Hymn of Hate” during all my travels through the Empire—“we dislike, then, we blame England most, for it was she more than any other one party in the controversy who planned and nourished it. How? By making an Entente25 against us that surrounded us with a steel wall; by bolstering26 up the revanche feeling in France; by urging on the ruling class in Russia; by playing on the dormant27 brutality28 of the Russian masses and catering29 to the natural fanaticism30 of the French, deliberately keeping alive their desire to recover Alsace-Lorraine. Edward VII set the ball rolling with his constant visits to Paris.”
“I had much intercourse31 and correspondence with Frenchmen before the war,” said a German professor of European history, “and I found a willingness among those of my own generation, those between thirty and fifty, to drop the matter, to admit that, after all, Alsace-Lorraine was as much German as French. Then some ten years ago I began to note a change of tone. The younger generation was being pumped full of the revanche spirit from the day they started to school; in foreign countries every French text-book incited32 181crocodile tears over the poor statue of Strassburg, with its withered33 flowers. It was this younger generation that brought France into the war—this and Clemenceau, who is still living back in 1870.”
“But the despatches, the official state papers already published, show that England was doing her best to avoid....”
“Oh, you simple Americans! You do not seem to realize that such things are made for foreign consumption, made to sell, to flash before a gaping34 world, to publish in the school-books of the future, not for actual use, not to be seriously believed by the experienced and the disillusioned35. That has been the story of European politics for centuries, since long before you dear, na?ve people came into existence. You are like a new-comer dropping into a poker36 game that has been going on since long before you learned to distinguish one card from another. You do not guess that the deck is pin-pricked and that every kind of underhand trick is tacitly allowed, so long as the player can ‘get away with it.’ Now if we could get the really secret papers that passed back and forth37, especially if we could get what went on in private conversation or ’way inside the heads of Grey and the rest of them....”
“Yes, but—you will pardon my na?veté, I am sure—but if England had long deliberately planned a European war, why did she have nothing but a contemp—but a very small army ready when it broke out?”
“Because she expected, as usual, to have some one else do her fighting for her. And she succeeded! When they were almost burned beyond recovery she got America to pull her chestnuts38 out of the fire—and now America does not even get enough out of it to salve her scorched39 fingers. But for America we should have won the war, unquestionably. But England has lost it, in a way, too, for she has been forced to let America assume the most important place in the world. You will have a war with England yourselves 182for that very reason in a few years, as soon as she catches her breath and discovers you at the head of the table, in the seat which she has so long arrogated40 to herself. You will be her next victim—with Japan jumping on your back the moment it is turned.
“Yes, in one sense Germany did want war. She had to have it or die, for the steel wall England had been forging about her for twenty years was crushing our life out and had to be broken. Then, too, there was one party, the ‘Old Germans’—what you call the Junkers—that was not averse41 to such a contest. The munition-makers wanted war, of course; they always do. Some of our generals”—Ludendorff was the name most frequently heard in this connection; Hindenburg never—“wanted it. But it is absurd to accuse the Kaiser of starting it, simply because he was the figurehead, the most prominent bugaboo, a catchword for the mob. The Hohenzollerns did us much damage; but they also brought us much good. The Kaiser loved peace and did all in his power to keep it. He was the only emperor—we were the only large nation that had waged no war or stolen no territory since 1871. But the English-French-Russian combination drove us into a corner. We had to have the best army in the world, just as England has to have the best navy. We had no world-conquering ambitions; we had no ‘Drang nach Osten’ which our enemies have so often charged against us, except for trade. Our diplomats42 were not what they should have been; Bethmann-Hollweg has as much guilt as any one in the whole affair, on our side. We have had no real diplomats, except von Bülow, since Bismarck. But the Germans as a nation never wanted war. The Kaiser would not have declared it even when he did had he not feared that the Social Democrats43 would desert him in the crisis if it were put off longer. We had only self-protection as our war aim from the beginning, but we did not dare openly say so for fear the enemy, 183which had decided44 on our annihilation, would take it as an admission of weakness.”
This whitewashing45 of the Kaiser was universal in Germany, as far as my personal experience goes. No one, whatever his age, sex, caste, place of residence, or political complexion46, accused him of being more than an accessory before the fact. The most rabid—pardon, I never heard a German speak rabidly on any subject, unless it was perhaps the lack of food and tobacco—the most decidedly monarchical47 always softened48 any criticism of the ex-emperor with the footnote that he, after all, was not chiefly to blame. His bad counselors49, the force of circumstances over which he had little control ... and so on. Then there were those, particularly, though not entirely50, in the backwaters of Prussia, the women especially, who gazed after his retreated figure pityingly, almost tearfully, as if he had been the principal sufferer from the catastrophe51.
Nor did I ever hear any German, not even a Socialist52 of the extremest left, not even a Bavarian, admit that Germany was wholly in the wrong. Once only did I hear a man go so far as to assert that Germany had at least half the guilt of the war. He was a stanch-minded, rather conservative Socialist living in the Polish atmosphere of Bromberg. On the other hand, citizens of the Allied countries, who had dwelt in Germany since 1914, were all more or less firm converts to the England-France-Russia theory. Such is the power of environment. An English governess, who had lost a brother in the war and who was returning home for the first time since it began, expressed the fear that she would soon be compelled to return to Germany to preserve her peace of mind. A few laid the blame entirely to Russia; some charged it all to “the Jews,” implying a rather extraordinary power on the part of the million or so of that race within the Empire.
Now and then one ran across a simple old countryman 184who took his opinions wholly and unreservedly as they had been delivered to him, without ever having opened the package. “How did it start? Why, let’s see. They killed some prince down in ... somewhere or other, I never can remember these foreign names, and his wife, too, if I remember, and then Russia ...” and so on. He was of the same class as those who asserted, “I don’t know when gas was first used, or just where, but it was by the wicked French—or was it the scoundrelly English?” But these simple, swallow-it-whole yokels53 were on the whole more rare than they would have been in many another land. However much we may sneer54 at her Kultur, the Kaiser régime brought to the most distant corners of the Empire a certain degree of instruction, even if it was only of a deliberately Teutonic brand. In the great majority of cases one was astounded55 at the clear, comprehensive, and, within limits, unprejudiced view of all the field of European politics of many a peasant grubbing out his existence on a remote hillside. More than one of them could have exchanged minds with some of our national officials to the decided advantage of the latter. My memory still harks back to the tall, ungainly farmer in whose lowly little inn I spent the last night of my German tramp, a man who had lived almost incessantly56 in the trenches57 during all the war, and returned home still a “simple soldier,” who topped off a sharp, clear-cut exposé of the politics of Europe for the past half-century with: “Who started it? Listen. Suppose a diligent58, sober, hard-working mechanic is engaged on the same job with an arrogant59, often careless, and sometimes intoxicated60 competitor. Suppose the competitor begins to note that if things go on as they are the sober mechanic will in time be given all the work, for being the more efficient, or that there will come a time when, thanks to his diligence, there will be no work left for either of them. If the rowdy suddenly strikes his rival a foul61 185blow in the back when he is not looking and the hard-worker drops his tools and strikes back, who started it?”
On the conduct of the war there was as nearly unanimity62 of opinion as on its genesis. “The Russians and the French, secretly sustained by England, invaded Germany first. William”—they call him that almost as often as the Kaiser now—“who was the only important ruler who had not declared war in more than forty years, gave them twelve hours to desist from their designs; they refused, and the war went on. Had we planned to go to war we should certainly have passed the tip to the millions of Germans in foreign lands in time for them to have reached Germany. You yourself have seen how they poured down to the ports when they heard of the Fatherland’s danger, and how regretfully they returned to their far-off duties when it became apparent that England was not going to let them come home. Then we went through Belgium. We should not have done so, of course, but any people would have done the same to protect its national existence. Besides, we offered to do so peacefully; the stubborn Belgians would not have suffered in the slightest. And Belgium had a secret treaty with the Entente that would have permitted them to attack us from that side ...” and so on.
“Moral guilt? Not the slightest. As we feel no guilt whatever for starting the war—because we did not start it—so we feel none for any of the ways in which we waged it. The U-boats? What was our drowning of a few silly passengers who insisted on traveling compared with what the British were doing in starving our women and children, our entire nation?” (The old specious63 argument about the warning not to take the Lusitania was still frequently heard.) “We had to use U-boats or starve. A hysterical64 world blamed us for the more dramatic but by far the less wicked of two weapons. Drowning is a pleasant death compared with starvation. War is war. But it was a very 186stupid mistake on the part of old fool Tirpitz.” (The admiral probably had his whiskers pulled more often, figuratively, than any other man in the Empire. True, he was almost the only German left who felt capable of still nourishing so luxurious65 an adornment66. But the U-boat policy had very few partizans left.) “Moral guilt, most certainly not. But it was the height of asininity67. If he had had ten times as many U-boats, yes, by all means. But not when it brought in America and still failed to break the blockade. If the U-boat fans had not insisted on their program the war would have been over in 1916. But America would probably have come in, anyway; there were her loans to the Allies, and the munitions68 she furnished them. America, we suspect, was chiefly interested in her interest.”
To all charges of unfair methods of warfare69, of tyranny over the civilian70 population, of atrocities71, Germany replied with an all-embracing: “You’re another.” “If we first used gas”—which by no means all Germans admitted—“think of those dreadful tanks! If we bombed London and Paris, see how our dear brethren along the Rhine suffered from your airmen. If we were forced to be stern with the population of the occupied regions, go hear what the Russians did in our eastern provinces. You make martyrs72 of your Cavells and Fryatts; we can name you scores of Germans who suffered worse far more unjustly. As to accusing us of wanton atrocities, that has become one of the recognized weapons of modern warfare, one of the tricks of the game, this shouting of calumnies73 against your gagged enemy to a keenly listening audience not averse to feeding on such morbid74 morsels75. It was accepted as a recognized misdeal in the political poker game as far back as the Boer War, when the science of photography first reached the advanced stage that made it possible to show English soldiers catching76 on their bayonets babies that had never 187been within a hundred miles of them. Like all the underhand moves, it was immensely improved or perfected during this long life-and-death struggle. That was one of the things we somewhat neglected, first from lack of foresight77, later because of the impossibility of making ourselves heard by the audience, of getting it across the footlights, while our enemies screened the whole front of the stage. Ninety per cent. of the so-called atrocities were made out of whole cloth, or out of very slight remnants. We admit the cleverness of the other side in ‘getting away with it,’ but now that it has served its purpose we expect him, if he is the fair sportsman he pretends, to acknowledge it was only a trick, at least as soon as the smoke and heat of action have cleared a bit.” (This view was widely held among citizens of Allied nations who have traveled in Germany since the signing of the armistice, though few of them admitted it except in private conversation.) “There were, of course, things that should not have been. There are in all armies; there have been in all wars, and always will be. But if some of our soldiers forgot themselves, if our reserve officers were not always of the high standard their position called for, let us tell you of some of the horrible things the Russians perpetrated in our eastern provinces”—somehow Germany always seemed to flee eastward78 when this question of atrocities came up.
“One of our greatest mistakes was the failure to realize the value of réclame, of publicity79, propaganda, advertising80, or whatever you choose to call it, until it was too late.” (Berlin was showing one of our great “Hun” pictures in her principal cinemas at the time of my visit, partly for the amusement of seeing themselves as others see them, but chiefly as an example of how they “missed a bet” in not discovering how the “movies” could also be “mobilized” for war ends.) “The United States was finally led astray and brought into the war chiefly because England and 188France made skilful81 use of propaganda, because they controlled the great avenues of the transmission of news. It looks like a silly, childish little trick for the Allies to take our cables away from us—along with our milch cows—but it is really very important, for they keep on telling unrefuted lies about us as long as it serves their purposes. Now that they have a clear field, they will discolor the facts more than ever. They censored82, doctored their public prints far more than we did. See how they dare not even yet publish the terms of the treaty that was handed us at Versailles; yet we have had them here in Germany for days. Even the French Chamber84 and the American Senate got them first from our papers. Open diplomacy85 indeed! There never was a time during the war that French and English and, when we could get them, American papers could not be bought at any kiosk in our larger cities. Look at Haase, who publishes daily the strongest kind of attacks on the government, quite openly, while the newspapers of Paris are still sprinkled with the long white hoofprints of the censor83.
“We admit our fault—and we are now paying for it. This publicity was one of the ‘perfectly legitimate’ moves in the crooked86 game of war, one of the cleverest of the tricks, and we overlooked it, thanks to the thick heads of our diplomats! It was perhaps the deciding factor. The English with their shopkeeper souls; the French, crudely materialistic87 under their pretended love of art; the traitorous88 Italians—were not equal all together to downing us. But when they succeeded in talking over America, a great big healthy child overtopping them all, na?ve, inexperienced, rather flattered at being let into a man’s game, somewhat hysterical”—I am putting things a bit more baldly than I ever heard them stated, but that is what was meant—“we might have known it was all over with us. Now we are in a pretty predicament. We have no national wealth left, 189except our labor89, for we have given up everything else. We cannot even emigrate—except to Russia. My children will see a great combination with them, unless this Bolshevism sweeps all before it now while the bars are down.
“But we were never defeated militarily. Ausgeschlossen! We won the war—on the field of battle, such a war as was never before waged against a nation in all history. That is what makes our real defeat so bitter. America did it, with her unlimited90 flood of materials, her endless resources, plus the hunger blockade. With the whole world against us and starvation undermining us at the rear, what was left for us? But we still held our front; our line never cracked. The German army was the best in the world—to-day the American is—its discipline was strict, but there was a reason, centuries of experience, behind every command. But the war lasted too long; we got overtrained, went stale and....”
No German, from the mouth of the Elbe to the mountains of Bavaria, admitted for an instant that his army was defeated. Whatever their other opinions, the Boches insisted on hugging to themselves the cold conviction that they were beaten from within, never by a foreign enemy. They seemed almost fond of boasting that it took America with her boundless91 resources to turn the scales against them. But they were not always consistent in this view, for they admitted that with the failure of the last offensive they knew the game was up; they admitted that Hindenburg himself asserted that the side that succeeded in bringing up the last half-million fresh troops would win the war. In this connection it may be of interest to hear what the German Staff (American Intelligence Section) thought of the American army. “The United States enlisted92 men,” runs their statement, “were excellent soldiers. They took battle as an adventure and were the best shock troops of the war when it ended. Their officers were good 190up to and sometimes through battalion93 commanders; above that they were astonishingly weak.”
Throughout all Germany the proposed peace terms were received in much the same spirit they had been in Berlin. Outwardly they were greeted with surprising calmness, almost apathy94. But one could find protests and to spare by knowing where to listen. “This peace is even less open and fair than that of the Congress of Vienna,” came the first returns. “We expected to lose some territory in the east, perhaps, but that Alsace-Lorraine should be allowed to vote which of us she cared to join, that ‘self-determination’ of which Wilson has spoken so much. Both of those provinces always belonged to Germany, except for the hundred years between the time Louis XIV stole them from us and Bismarck won them back; they belonged to Germany just as much as Poland ever did to the Poles. Lorraine may want to be French; Alsace certainly does not, and never did.”
It seemed to be the old men who resented most the loss of territory, as the women were most savage95 in their expressions. Probably grandfather would miss the far corner lot more than would the younger members of the family, who had not been accustomed to seeing it so long. When one could get the Germans to specify96, they rated the proposed terms about as follows: “The loss of the Saar is the worst; the losses in the east, second; the loss of our colonies, third.” But they reminded one of a man who has just returned home and found his house wrecked—the farther he looks the more damage he discovers; at each new discovery he gasps97 a bit more chokingly, and finally stands dumb before the immensity of the catastrophe that has befallen him, for some time undecided just what his next move shall be. “We would rather pay any amount of indemnity98 than lose territory,” they went on, at last. “It is a crime to occupy the Rhineland, the richest, most taxable, 191the most freedom-loving part of Germany. And now they are trying to steal that from us in addition! The Allies are trying to Balkanize us. They do not want money from us; they want to vernichten us, to destroy us completely. The immense majority of the people of the Rhineland do not want to abandon us; they are loyal to the Empire. But the French have the upper hand now; they protect the few self-seekers who are riding it over the loyal masses; the British are willing and the Americans are simple enough to believe that the republic that is to have its capital in Coblenz represents the desires of the majority. Never! The Catholics and the capitalists combined to form the Rhine Republic, with the aid of the French—because they could thus both have more power for themselves.” (How true this statement may be I can only judge from the fact that a very small minority of those I questioned on the subject while with the Army of Occupation expressed any desire to see the region separated from Germany, and that I found virtually no sentiment for abandoning the Empire in any portion whatever of unoccupied Germany.)
“Then these new frontiers in the east were set by men who know the conditions there only from books, not from being on the spot, or at best by men who were misinformed by the stupid or biased99 agents they sent. Thus many towns almost wholly inhabited by Germans are now to be given to the Poles, and vice100 versa.” As to the proposed punishment of the Kaiser, though there seemed to be very little love and no great loyalty—except in acquitting101 him on the score of beginning the war—left for him among the great mass of the people, this clause aroused as great wrath102 as any. The German saw in it a matter of national honor.
Such anger as the peace terms aroused was, of course, chiefly poured out upon President Wilson. “We believed in Wilson and he betrayed us,” protested a cantankerous103 old man. “Wilson told us that if we chased the Hohenzollerns 192out he would ‘treat us right’; we did so, and now look what he has gone and done to us! He has led us to slaughter104, and all the time we thought he was leading us out of the wilderness105. He has grossly betrayed us. People put too much faith in him. I never did, for I always considered his lean face the mask of hypocrisy106, not the countenance107 of justice and idealism. We Germans, with few exceptions, believed him to be a noble character, whereas he is operated by strings108 in the hands of the American capitalists, like the puppets the children at the Guignol mistake for living people.” “Only the capitalists,” cried a motorman, “led by Wilson, had any say in this treaty. Your Wilson and his capitalists are far worse tyrants109 than the Kaiser ever aspired110 to be in his wildest moments.” “Wilson leads the capitalists of the world against Socialism, against socialistic Germany, which they fear far more than they ever did a military Germany,” asserted the Majority-Socialist papers.
On the other hand there were Germans who stanchly defended Wilson, taking an unprejudiced, scientific view of the entire question, as they might of the fourth dimension or of the Bacon-Shakespeare controversy. These were apt to bring their fellow-countrymen up with a round turn by asserting that Wilson never promised to make peace with Germany based on his Fourteen Points. Ah, those Fourteen Points! If they had been bayonets I should have resembled a sieve111 long, long before my journey was ended.
“We Germans can look at the problem from both sides,” insisted one such open-minded professor, “because we are more liberal than the Allies, because we travel, we do business in all parts of the world. We have advanced beyond the stage of melodrama112, of believing that all right, all good is on one side and the contrary on the other. The Frenchman rarely leaves home, the Englishman never changes his mind when he does—he has it set in cement for safety’s sake before he starts. The American is too 193young to be able to look frankly113 at a question from both sides.”
“Militarism,” said a mason who had one crippled leg left, yet who chatted with me in an equally friendly manner both before and after he had learned my nationality, “was our national sport, as football is in England, and whatever you play most is in America. Now we have discovered that it is not a very pleasant sport. We have a nose full of it! Yet we cannot sign this peace. If a man has a thousand marks left and a footpad says to him: ‘I am going to take this away from you. Kindly114 sign this statement to the effect that you are giving it to me freely. I shall take it, anyway, but we will both be better off if I have your consent,’ what would you expect the man to do? Let the Allies come to Berlin! We cannot go to war again, but—the people must stand behind the government!”
Just what he meant by the last assertion was not entirely clear; but at least the first half of the assertion was frequently borne out by little hints that all but escaped the eye. Thus, a large bookstore in Berlin bore the meaningful placard, “War Literature at Half Price!”
“From this date” (May 8th), gasped115 an important Berlin daily, “we drop to a fourth-rate power, along with Spain.” (There were, to be sure, some Spanish suggestions in the uncleanliness, the apathy, the run-down condition of buildings that had suffered five years of disrepair, in the emaciated116 beggars one occasionally saw in the Germany of 1919.) “With this ‘peace’ we are down and out; we can never get on our feet again. There is not wealth enough in all Germany to pay this indemnity and still save ourselves. We can never recover because we can never buy the raw materials we must have to do so. There is nothing left in the country with which to pay for these raw stuffs except our labor, and we cannot set to work because we have no raw stuffs to work with. We are caught in the whirlpool! It is a 194fallacy to think that we shall save money on our army. The army we have to-day costs us far more than the one we had when the armistice was signed. If we are required to have an army of volunteers only and pay them as good wages as they now require ... to-day one soldier costs us more than thirty did under the old system! And what soldiers! We shall not be able to compete with the world, first of all because the exchange on the mark will make our raw materials cost us three times what they do our rivals, and then we have these new eight-hour laws and all the rest of the advance socialistic program, which they do not have in other countries. The Allies should have hunted out the guilty individuals, not punish us all as a nation, as an incompetent117 captain punishes his entire company because he is too lazy or too stupid to catch the actual wrong-doers. In twenty years Germany will have been completely destroyed. All the best men will have emigrated. If we try to spend anything for Kultur—that excellent heritage of the old régime which our enemies so falsified and garbled—for working-men’s insurance, new schools, municipal theaters, even for public baths, the Allies will say, ‘No, we want that money ourselves; you owe us that on the old war game you lost.’ In that case all we can do is to resort to passive resistance”—a strange German occupation indeed!
The little blond German “ace of aces,” credited with bringing down some twoscore Allied airmen, hoped to come to America and play in a circus. He put little faith in the rumor118 that he might not be received there, and thought that if there really was any opposition119 it could easily be overcome by getting one of our large “trusts” to take a financial interest in his case. In fact, the chief worry of many Germans seemed to be whether or not and how soon they would be allowed to come to America—North or South. “Rats desert a sinking ship.” One man whose intelligence and 195experience warranted attention to his words assured me that he belonged to a party that had been working for some time in favor of, and that they found a strong sentiment for—making Germany an American colony! I regret the inability to report any personal evidence to support his statements.
But if the general tone was lacrymose, notes of a more threatening timbre120 were by no means lacking. “With this ‘peace,’” was one assertion, “we shall have another Thirty Years’ War and all Europe will go over the brink121 into the abyss.” “We Germans got too high,” mused122 a philosophic123 old innkeeper accustomed to take advantage of his profession as a listening-post. “He who does is due for a fall, and we got it. But France is the haughty124 one now, and she is riding to a cropper. She will rue5 her overbearing manner, for the revanche is here already—on our side this time. And if French and Germans ever go to war again there will be no prisoners taken!” “If the Germans are forced to sign this ‘peace,’” cried a fat Hollander who had lived much in Germany, “there will be another war within ten years, and all Europe will be destroyed, Holland with the rest, France certainly, for she is tottering125 already. If they do not sign, we shall all be plunged126 into anarchy127.” “We had looked to Wilson to bring an end to a century-old situation that had grown intolerable,” moaned a Berlin merchant. “Now we must drill hatred into our children from their earliest age, so that in thirty years, when the time is ripe....”
What does Germany plan to do with herself, or what is left of her, now? Does she wish to remain a republic, to return to the Hohenzollerns, or to establish a new monarchy128 under some other less sinister129 dynasty? As with so many of the world’s problems, the answer depends largely on the papers one, or those of whom one made inquiries130, read. The replies ran the entire gamut131. Some asserted that even the heads of the socialistic parties have lost only the symbols 196of kaiserism, that the masses still keep even those. A majority of the peasant class is probably monarchical, when they are not wholly indifferent to anything beyond their own acres and the price of beer. They seem to like the distant glamour132 of a glittering pageantry, a ruler to whom they can attribute superman or demigod qualities—so long as the cost thereof is not extracted too openly from their pockets. The Junkers, the old robber barons133 from Borussia, of course still want a monarchy, probably of Hohenzollern complexion, though the present heir to that bankrupt estate has not a visible friend in the Empire. “The majority still want the Kaiser, or at least a monarchy,” one heard the frequent assertion; “we are not ripe for a republic.”
If I were forced to answer definitely myself I should say that most educated Germans want nothing more to do with the Kaiser and his family. Their reply to a query on this point is most apt to be an energetic, “Ausgeschlossen!” On the question of no monarchy at all they are by no means so decided. Naturally there is still a monarchical class left; there still is even in France. “A vote would probably give a small majority for the monarchy to-day,” said a young psychologist. “I have no politics myself; a psychologist must keep his mind clear of those squabbles, as an engineer must his gears of sand, but at least the Hohenzollerns gave us peace and quiet, and while there were some unpleasant things about their system, they now seem slight in comparison with what the war has brought us.... The German people are really democratic (sic!), but they are also monarchical; they want a paternal134 government, such as they have been used to during all the living generations. But we shall probably remain a republic now.”
Said the peasant innkeeper already introduced: “The monarchy is probably the best system for us; it fits our mentality135 and training. But now that we have changed there is no use in changing back again. There is not enough 197difference between the two schemes of government. So we shall probably stay what we are. The great trouble with this king and prince business”—he lived in Saxe-Weimar, where every seventh man used to wear a crown—“was that it was so übertrieben, so overdone136, with us. They demanded such swarms137 of Beamters, of employees, courtiers, uniforms. And all their petty little nobles! We peasants don’t mind supporting a few such decorations, but.... Now the Kaiser gets eighty thousand marks a year instead of twenty-four million, and I doubt if he is suffering from hunger—which is less than can be said for many of the people he left behind.”
Possibly the most frequently expressed opinion in the length and breadth of Germany was the frank, “It does not much matter what kind of a government we have so long as we can get wise and honest men at the top.” That, after all, is the final answer to the whole problem that has been teasing the world for centuries. “Remember,” smiled a Dutchman, “that this democracy you are shouting about is no new American discovery. We tried a republic centuries ago, and we still have it, though now under a hereditary138 president called a king—or just now a queen—and we find that works best of all.” “We are like birds just let out of a lifetime cage,” protested a Socialist. “Give us time to try our wings. We shall fly much better two years from now. There was a strong republican feeling in Germany long before the war, but the Kaiser and his crowd ruthlessly strangled it.” “How fair, how revolutionary, how socialistic is the ‘new’ Germany,” raged the Independent Socialists139, “is shown by the acquittal of the assassins of Liebknecht and Luxembourg contrasted with the death-sentence of Leviné, who was no more a ‘traitor against the constituted authorities’ than was Hoffmann, who drove him out, or those who upset the monarchy and established the ‘republic.’”
198But we must be careful not to let partizan rage, sour grapes, obscure the problem. There has certainly been a considerable change of feeling in Germany; whether a sufficient, a final change remains140 to be seen. The Germans, whatever their faults, are a foresighted and a deliberate people. They are scanning the horizon with unprejudiced eyes in quest of a well-tested theory of government that will fit their problem. Though they seem for the instant to be inclined to the left, they are really balancing on the ridge141 between republicanism and monarchy, perhaps a more responsible monarchy than the one they have just cast off, and it will probably not take much to tip them definitely to either side. In the offing, too, Bolshevism is always hovering142; not so close, perhaps, as the Germans themselves fear, or are willing to have the world believe, but distinctly menacing, for all that. In things political at least the German is no idealist. Of the rival systems of government he has an eye chiefly to the material advantages. Which one will bring him the most Kultur, in the shape of all those things ranging from subsidized opera to municipal baths with which the Kaiser régime upholstered his slavery? Above all, which will give him the earliest and surest opportunity to get back to work and to capitalize undisturbed his world-famed diligence? Those are his chief questions. I never heard in all Germany the hint of a realization143 that a republic may be the best form of government because it gives every citizen more or less of a chance to climb to the topmost rung of the ladder. But I did now and then see encouraging signs that the masses are beginning to realize that a people is responsible for the actions of its government just as a business man is responsible for his clerk’s errors—and that is already a long step forward for Germany.
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1
rambles
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的第三人称单数 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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deviations
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| 背离，偏离( deviation的名词复数 )； 离经叛道的行为 | |
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seething
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| 沸腾的，火热的 | |
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rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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stereotyped
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| adj.(指形象、思想、人物等)模式化的 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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query
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| n.疑问，问号，质问；vt.询问，表示怀疑 | |
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constituents
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| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
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14
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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17
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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18
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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apathetic
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| adj.冷漠的，无动于衷的 | |
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20
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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21
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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sprout
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| n.芽，萌芽；vt.使发芽，摘去芽；vi.长芽，抽条 | |
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24
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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25
entente
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| n.协定；有协定关系的各国 | |
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26
bolstering
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| v.支持( bolster的现在分词 )；支撑；给予必要的支持；援助 | |
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27
dormant
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| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
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28
brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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29
catering
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| n. 给养 | |
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fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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31
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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32
incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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33
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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34
gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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35
disillusioned
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| a.不再抱幻想的，大失所望的，幻想破灭的 | |
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36
poker
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| n.扑克；vt.烙制 | |
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37
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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38
chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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39
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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40
arrogated
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| v.冒称，妄取( arrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；没来由地把…归属（于） | |
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41
averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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42
diplomats
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| n.外交官( diplomat的名词复数 )；有手腕的人，善于交际的人 | |
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43
democrats
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 ) | |
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44
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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45
whitewashing
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| 粉饰，美化，掩饰( whitewash的现在分词 )； 喷浆 | |
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46
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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47
monarchical
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| adj. 国王的，帝王的，君主的，拥护君主制的 =monarchic | |
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48
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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49
counselors
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| n.顾问( counselor的名词复数 )；律师；（使馆等的）参赞；（协助学生解决问题的）指导老师 | |
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50
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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51
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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52
socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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53
yokels
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| n.乡下佬，土包子( yokel的名词复数 ) | |
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54
sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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55
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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56
incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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57
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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58
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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59
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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60
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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61
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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62
unanimity
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| n.全体一致，一致同意 | |
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63
specious
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| adj.似是而非的；adv.似是而非地 | |
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64
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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65
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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66
adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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67
asininity
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| n.愚钝 | |
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68
munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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69
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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70
civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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71
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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72
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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73
calumnies
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| n.诬蔑，诽谤，中伤（的话）( calumny的名词复数 ) | |
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morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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75
morsels
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| n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑 | |
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76
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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78
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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advertising
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| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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81
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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82
censored
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| 受审查的，被删剪的 | |
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83
censor
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| n./vt.审查，审查员；删改 | |
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84
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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85
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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materialistic
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| a.唯物主义的，物质享乐主义的 | |
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traitorous
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| adj. 叛国的, 不忠的, 背信弃义的 | |
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89
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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92
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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93
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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95
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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96
specify
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| vt.指定，详细说明 | |
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gasps
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| v.喘气( gasp的第三人称单数 )；喘息；倒抽气；很想要 | |
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98
indemnity
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| n.赔偿，赔款，补偿金 | |
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biased
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| a.有偏见的 | |
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100
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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101
acquitting
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的现在分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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102
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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103
cantankerous
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| adj.爱争吵的，脾气不好的 | |
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104
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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105
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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106
hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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107
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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109
tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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aspired
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| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
sieve
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| n.筛，滤器，漏勺 | |
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112
melodrama
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| n.音乐剧；情节剧 | |
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113
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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115
gasped
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| v.喘气( gasp的过去式和过去分词 )；喘息；倒抽气；很想要 | |
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116
emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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117
incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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118
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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120
timbre
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| n.音色，音质 | |
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121
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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mused
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| v.沉思，冥想( muse的过去式和过去分词 )；沉思自语说（某事） | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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tottering
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| adj.蹒跚的，动摇的v.走得或动得不稳( totter的现在分词 )；踉跄；蹒跚；摇摇欲坠 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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gamut
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| n.全音阶，(一领域的)全部知识 | |
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glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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mentality
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| n.心理，思想，脑力 | |
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overdone
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| v.做得过分( overdo的过去分词 )；太夸张；把…煮得太久；（工作等）过度 | |
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swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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