Joseph E. Johnston had under his command more than fifty thousand with which to oppose McClellan's advance. It was the opinion of Davis and Lee that the stand for battle should be made on the narrow neck of the Peninsula which lent itself naturally to defense2.
To retreat toward Richmond would not only prove discouraging to the army, and precipitate3 a panic in the city, it meant the abandonment of Norfolk, the loss of the navy yard, the destruction of the famous iron-clad, and the opening of the James River to the gunboats of the enemy to Drury's Bluff4 within twelve miles of the Confederate Capital.
In this crisis Johnston gave confirmation5 to the worst fears of the President. He displayed the constitutional timidity and hesitation6 to fight which marked every step of his military career to its tragic7 end.
With the greatest army under his command which the Confederacy had ever brought together—with Longstreet, McGruder and G. W. Smith as his lieutenants8, he was preparing to retreat without a battle.
The President called in council of war General Lee, Randolph, the Secretary of War, and General Johnston. Johnston asked that Longstreet and Smith be invited. The President consented.
After full consultation9, Davis decided10, with Lee's approval to hold the Peninsula, save the navy yard and keep command of the James. And Johnston received orders accordingly.
With characteristic stubbornness the Field Commander persisted in his determination to retreat without a battle.
With aching heart Davis sent him a telegram.
"Richmond, Va., May 1st, 1861.
"General Joseph E. Johnston,
"Yorktown, Va.
"Accepting your conclusion that you must soon retire, arrangements are commenced for the abandonment of the navy yard and removal of public property from Norfolk and the Peninsula.
"Your announcement to-day that you would withdraw to-morrow night, takes us by surprise and must involve enormous losses, including unfinished gunboats. Will the safety of your army allow more time?
"Jefferson Davis."
Johnston had retreated from his base at Manassas with absurd haste, burning enormous stores and supplies of which the Confederacy was in desperate need. The losses now occasioned by his hasty withdrawal11 from Yorktown were even more serious.
The destruction of the iron-clad which had smashed the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads sent a shiver of horror throughout the South.
The fiery12 trial through which Davis was passing brought out the finest traits of his strong character.
He had received ample warning that one of the first places marked for destruction by the Federal fleet passing up the Mississippi River was his home "Briarfield." He refused to send troops to defend it. His house was sacked, his valuable library destroyed, the place swept bare of his fine blooded stock and the negroes deported13 by force.
To his wife he wrote:
"You will see the notice of the destruction of our home. If our cause succeeds we shall not mourn our personal deprivation14; if it should not, why—'the deluge15.' I hope I shall be able to provide for the comfort of the old negroes."
Uncle Bob and Aunt Rhinah had been roughly handled by Butler's men. The foragers utterly16 refused to believe them when they told of their master's kindness in giving them piles of blankets. They were roughly informed that they had stolen them from the house and their treasures were confiscated17 amid the lamentations of the aged18 couple. The two precious rocking chairs were left them but of blankets and linens19 they were stripped bare.
With Johnston's army in retreat toward Richmond, his rear guard of but twelve thousand men under General McGruder had demonstrated the wisdom of Davis' position that the Peninsula could be successfully defended. McGruder's little army held McClellan at bay for nearly thirty days. He was dislodged from his position with terrible slaughter21 of the union forces. McClellan's army lost two thousand two hundred and seventy-five men in this encounter, McGruder less than a thousand. Had Johnston concentrated his fifty thousand men on this line McClellan would never have taken it, and the only iron-clad the South possessed22 might have been saved.
The daring Commander of the Merrimac, while McClellan was encamped before Yorktown, had appeared in Hampton Roads and challenged the whole Federal fleet again to fight. The Monitor had taken refuge under the guns of Fortress23 Monroe and refused to come out. The ugly duckling of the Confederacy, in plain view of the whole Federal fleet and witnessed by French and English vessels24, captured three schooners25 and carried them into port as prizes of war.
When Norfolk was abandoned, the iron-clad drew so much water she could only ascend26 the James by lightening her until her wooden sides showed above the water line. She was therefore set on fire and blown up on Johnston's retreat uncovering the banks of the James to the artillery27 of McClellan.
The Federal fleet could now dash up the James.
They did this immediately on the news of the destruction of the Confederate iron-clad.
On May fifteenth, the Galena, the Aroostook, the Monitor, the Port Royal, and the Stevens steamed up the river without opposition28 to Drury's Bluff within twelve miles of the Capital of the South. A half-finished fort mounting four guns guarded this point. The river was also obstructed29 by a double row of piles and sunken vessels.
If the eleven-inch guns of the Monitor could be brought to bear on this fort, it was a problem how long the batteries could be held in action.
The wildest alarm swept Richmond. The railroads were jammed with frantic30 people trying to get out. The depots31 were piled with mountains of baggage it was impossible to move. A mass meeting was held on the night the fleet ascended32 the river which was addressed by Governor Letcher and Mayor Mayo.
The Governor ended his speech with a sentence that set the crowd wild with enthusiasm.
"Sooner than see our beloved city conquered to-day by our enemies we will lay it in ashes with our own hands!"
The Legislature of Virginia showed its grit33 by passing a resolution practically inviting34 the President of the Confederacy to lay the city in ruins if he deemed wise:
"Resolved, That the General Assembly hereby expresses its desire that the Capital of the State be defended to the last extremity35, if such defense is in accordance with the views of the President of the Confederate States, and that the President be assured that whatever destruction and loss of property of the State or of individuals shall thereby36 result, will be cheerfully submitted to."
When the Committee handed this document to Jefferson Davis, he faced them with a look of resolution:
"Richmond will not be abandoned, gentlemen, until McClellan marches over the dead bodies of our army. Not for one moment have I considered the idea of surrendering the Capital—"
"Good!"
"Thank God!"
"Hurrah37 for the President!"
The Committee grasped his hand, convinced that no base surrender of their Capital would be tolerated by their leader.
"Rest assured, gentlemen," he continued earnestly, "if blood must be shed, it shall be here. No soil of the Confederacy could drink it more acceptably and none hold it more gratefully. We shall stake all on this one glorious hour for our Republic. Life, death, and wounds are nothing if we shall be saved from the fate of a captured Capital and a humiliated38 Confederacy—"
The Government and the city had need of grim resolution. The Federal fleet moved up into range and opened fire on the batteries at Drury's Bluff. The little Confederate gunboat Patrick Henry which had won fame in the first engagement of the Merrimac steamed down into line and joined her fire with the fort.
General Lee had planted light batteries on the banks of the river to sweep the decks of the fleet with grape and cannister.
The little Monitor, the Galena, and the Stevens steamed straight up to within six hundred yards of the battery of the fort and opened with their eleven-inch guns. The Galena and the Stevens were iron-clad steamers with thin armor.
For four hours the guns thundered. The batteries poured a hail of shot on the Monitor. They bounded off her round-tower and her water-washed decks like pebbles39. The rifled gun on the Stevens burst and disabled her. The Galena was pierced by heavy shot and severely40 crippled, losing thirty-seven of her men. As the Monitor was built, it was impossible to make effective her guns at close range against the high bluff on which the Confederate battery was placed.
At eleven o'clock the crippled fleet slowly moved down the river and Richmond was saved.
When Johnston in his retreat up the Peninsula reached the high ground near the Chickahominy river, he threw out his lines and prepared to give McClellan battle. He dispatched a messenger to the President at Richmond informing him of this fact. The Cabinet was in session. A spirited discussion ensued. The Secretary of War and the whole council were alarmed at the prospect41 of battle on such an ill chosen position. His rear would rest on an enormous swamp through which the treacherous42 river flowed. There were no roads or bridges of sufficient capacity to take his army rapidly if he should be compelled to retreat.
"I suggest, Mr. President," said the Secretary of War, "that you call General Johnston's attention to this fact."
Davis shook his head emphatically.
"No, gentlemen. We have entrusted44 the command to General Johnston. It is his business with all the facts before him to know what is best. It would be utterly unfair and very dangerous to attempt to control his operations by advice from the Capital."
Davis was too great a general and too generous and just to deny Johnston his opportunity for supreme45 service to his country. It was the fixed46 policy of the President to select the best man for the position to which he assigned him and leave the responsibility of action on the field to his judgment47.
On the following morning instead of a report of battle the President received a dispatch announcing that his General had decided to cross the Chickahominy River and use its swamps and dangerous crossings as his line of defense.
The Cabinet expressed its sense of profound relief and Davis watched his commander with an increase of confidence in his judgment. If the narrow roads and weak bridges across the river were guarded, an army of half his size could hold McClellan for months. The nearest crossing was twenty-five miles from Richmond.
General Reagan of the Cabinet rode down that night to see Hood48 at the head of his Texas brigade.
At noon next day on returning to the city he saw the President coming out of his office.
The long arm of the Chief was lifted and Reagan halted.
"Wait a minute—"
"At your service, Mr. President."
"Get your dinner and ride down to the Chickahominy with me. I want to see General Johnston."
Reagan shouted an answer which the President failed to catch:
"You won't have to go to the Chickahominy to see Johnston!"
Joining Reagan after dinner the President rode rapidly through the suburban49 district called "The Rockets," and had reached the high ground beyond. A half mile away stretched a vast field of white tents.
"Whose camp is that?" Davis asked in surprise.
"Hood's brigade," Reagan replied.
"Why Hood's on the Chickahominy twenty-odd miles from here—"
"I camped here with them last night, sir—"
"Impossible!"
Reagan watched the thin face of the Confederate Chieftain grow deadly pale.
"If you wish to see General Johnston, Mr. President, you'll find him in that red brick house on the right—"
Reagan pointed50 in the direction of the house.
The President looked at his friend a moment, a quizzical expression relieving his anxiety.
"Of course—it's a joke, Reagan."
"It's true, sir!"
Davis shook his head:
"General Johnston is on the Chickahominy guarding the crossings. I sent my aide with a dispatch to him last night."
"He hadn't returned when you left the office—"
"No—"
"I thought not. There can be no mistake, sir. I saw General Johnston and his staff enter that house and establish his headquarters there—"
"Here in the suburbs of Richmond?"
"Right here, sir—"
Davis put spurs to his horse, and waved to his aide:
"Colonel Ives—come!"
Reagan turned and rode again into Hood's camp.
The President rode straight to Johnston's headquarters. He sprang to the ground with a quick decisive leap.
The ceremony between the two men was scant51. No words were wasted.
"You have moved your army into the suburbs of Richmond, General Johnston?"
"I have—"
"Why?"
"I consider this better ground—"
"You have left no rear guard to contest McClellan's crossing?"
"No."
"May I ask why you chose to give up the defenses of such a river without a blow?"
"My army was out of provisions—"
"They could have been rushed to you—"
"The ground near the Chickahominy is low and marshy52. The water is bad—"
"And you have come to the very gates of the city?"
"Because the ground is dry, the water good, and we are near our supplies—"
The President's lips trembled with rage.
"And McClellan can now plant his guns within six miles and his soldiers hear our church bells on Sunday—"
"Possibly—"
The President's eye pierced his General.
"Richmond is to be surrendered without a battle?"
"That depends, sir, upon conditions—"
The Confederate Chief suddenly threw his thin hands above his head and faced his stubborn sulking Commander.
"If you are not going to give battle, I'll appoint a man in your place who will—"
Before Johnston could reply the President turned on his heel, waved to Colonel Ives, mounted his horse and dashed into the city.
His Cabinet was called in hasty consultation with General Lee.
Davis turned to his counselors53.
"Gentlemen, I have just held a most amazing conference with General Johnston. You were afraid he would fight beyond the Chickahominy. He has crossed the river, left its natural defenses unguarded, and has run all the way to town without pause. I have told him to fight or get out of the saddle. In my judgment he intends to back straight through the city and abandon it without a blow. We must face the situation."
He turned to Lee. The question he was going to put to the man in whom he had supreme confidence would test both his judgment and his character. On his answer would hang his career. If it should be what the Confederate Chief believed, Lee was the man of destiny and his hour had struck.
"In case Johnston abandons Richmond," the President slowly began, "where in your opinion, General Lee, is the next best line of defense?"
Lee's fine mouth was set for a moment. He spoke54 at first with deliberation.
"As a military engineer, my answer is simple. The next best line of defense would be at Staten River—but—"
He suddenly leaped to his feet, his eyes streaming with tears.
"Richmond must not be given up—it shall not be given up!"
Davis sprang to his side and clasped Lee's hand.
"So say I, General!"
From that moment the President and his chief military adviser55 lived on Johnston's battle line, Lee ready at a moment's notice to spring into the saddle and hurl56 his men against McClellan the moment Johnston should falter57.
The Commander was forced to a decision for battle. He could not allow his arch enemy to remove him without a fight.
The retreat across the Chickahominy had given McClellan an enormous advantage which his skillful eye saw at once. He threw two grand divisions of his army across the river and pushed his siege guns up within six miles of Richmond. His engineers immediately built substantial bridges across the stream over which he could move in safety his heaviest guns in any emergency, either for re?nforcements or retreat.
He swung his right wing far to the north in a wide circling movement until he was in easy touch with McDowell's forty thousand men at Fredericksburg.
McClellan was within sight of the consummation of his hopes. When this wide movement of his army had been successfully made without an arm lifted to oppose, he climbed a tall tree within sight of Richmond from which he could view the magnificent panorama58.
A solid wall of living blue with glittering bayonets and black-fanged batteries of artillery, his army spread for ten miles. Beyond them here and there only he saw patches of crouching59 gray in the underbrush or crawling through the marshes60.
The Northern Commander came down from his perch61 and threw his arms around his aide:
"We've got them, boy!" he cried enthusiastically. "We've got them!"
It was not to be wondered at that the boastful oratorical62 Confederate Congress should have taken to their heels. They ran in such haste, the people of Richmond began to laugh and in their laughter took fresh courage.
A paper printed in double leads on its first page a remarkable63 account of the stampede:
"For fear of accident on the railroad, the stampeded Congress left in a number of the strongest and swiftest of our new canal-boats. The boats were drawn64 by mules65 of established sweetness of temper. To protect our law-makers from snakes and bullfrogs that infest66 the line of the canal, General Winder detailed67 a regiment68 of ladies to march in advance of the mules, and clear the tow-path of these troublesome pirates. The ladies are ordered to accompany the Confederate Congress to a secluded69 cave in the mountains of Hepsidan, and leave them there in charge of the children of that vicinity until McClellan thinks proper to let them come forth70. The ladies will at once return to the defense of their country."
The President for a brief time was free of his critics.
On May thirty-first, Johnston's army, under the direct eye of Davis and Lee on the field, gave battle to McClellan's left wing—comprising the two grand divisions that had been pushed across the Chickahominy to the environs of Richmond.
The opening attack was delayed by the failure of General Holmes to strike McClellan's rear as planned. A terrific rain storm the night before had flooded a stream and it was impossible for him to cross.
Late in the afternoon Longstreet and Hill hurled71 their divisions through the thick woods and marshes on McClellan.
Longstreet's men drove before them the clouds of blue skirmishers, plunged72 into the marshes with water two feet deep and dashed on the fortified73 lines of the enemy. The Southerners crept through the dense74 underbrush to the very muzzles75 of the guns in the redoubts, charged, cleared them, grappling hand to hand with the desperate men who fought like demons20.
Line after line was thus carried until at nightfall McClellan's left wing had been pushed back over two miles through swamp and waters red with blood.
The slaughter had been frightful76 in the few hours in which the battle had raged. On the Confederate left where Johnston commanded in person the union army held its position until dark, unbroken.
Johnston fell from his horse wounded and Davis on the field immediately appointed General Lee to command.
The appointment of Lee to be Commander-in-Chief not only intensified77 the hatred78 of Johnston for the President, it made G. W. Smith, the man who was Johnston's second, his implacable enemy for life. Technically79 G. W. Smith would have succeeded to the command of the army had not Davis exercised his power on the field of battle to appoint the man of his choice.
In no act of his long, eventful life did Davis evince such clearness of vision and quick decision, under trying conditions. Lee had failed in Western Virginia and McClellan had out-generaled him, the yellow journals had declared. They called Lee "Old Spade." So intense was the opposition to Lee that Davis had sent him to erect80 the coast defenses of South Carolina. The Governor of the State protested against the appointment of so incompetent81 a man to this important work. Davis sent the Governor an emphatic43 message in reply:
"If Robert E. Lee is not a general I have none to send you."
Davis now called the man whom McClellan had defeated to the supreme command against McClellan at the head of his grand army in sight of the housetops of Richmond. Only a leader of the highest genius could have dared to make such a decision in such a crisis.
Davis made it without a moment's hesitation and in that act of individual will gave to the world the greatest commander of the age.
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1
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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3
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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4
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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5
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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7
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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8
lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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9
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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10
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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11
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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12
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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13
deported
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| v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止 | |
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14
deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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15
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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16
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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18
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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linens
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| n.亚麻布( linen的名词复数 )；家庭日用织品 | |
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demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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22
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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27
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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28
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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grit
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| n.沙粒，决心，勇气；v.下定决心，咬紧牙关 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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hurrah
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| int.好哇，万岁，乌拉 | |
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38
humiliated
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| 感到羞愧的 | |
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pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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47
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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48
hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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suburban
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| adj.城郊的，在郊区的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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51
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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52
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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53
counselors
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| n.顾问( counselor的名词复数 )；律师；（使馆等的）参赞；（协助学生解决问题的）指导老师 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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falter
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| vi.(嗓音)颤抖，结巴地说；犹豫；蹒跚 | |
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panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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oratorical
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| adj.演说的，雄辩的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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infest
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| v.大批出没于；侵扰；寄生于 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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muzzles
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| 枪口( muzzle的名词复数 )； （防止动物咬人的）口套； （四足动物的）鼻口部； （狗）等凸出的鼻子和口 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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intensified
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| v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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