Davis had begun in April, 1861, without an arsenal2, laboratory or powder mill of any capacity, and with no foundry or rolling mill for iron except the little Tredegar works in Richmond.
He had supplied them.
Harassed4 by an army of half a million men in blue led by able generals and throttled5 by a cable of steel which the navy had drawn6 about his coast line, he had done this work and at the same time held his own defiantly7 and successfully. Crippled by a depreciated8 currency, assaulted daily by a powerful conspiracy9 of sore-head politicians and quarreling generals, strangled by a blockade that deprived him of nearly all means of foreign aid—he had still succeeded in raising the needed money. Unable to use the labor3 of slaves except in the unskilled work of farms, hampered10 by lack of transportation even of food for the army, with no stock of war material on hand,—steel, copper11, leather or iron with which to build his establishments—yet with quiet persistence12 he set himself to solve these problems and succeeded.
He had created, apparently13 out of nothing, foundries and rolling mills at Selma, Richmond, Atlanta and Macon, smelting14 works at Petersburg, a chemical laboratory at Charlotte, a powder mill superior to any of the United States and unsurpassed by any in Europe,—a mighty15 chain of arsenals16, armories17, and laboratories equal in their capacity and appointments to the best of those in the North, stretching link by link from Virginia to Alabama.
He established artificial niter beds at Richmond, Columbus, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and Selma of sufficient capacity to supply the niter needed in the powder mills.
Mines for iron, lead and copper were opened and operated. Manufactories for the production of sulphuric and nitric acid were established and successfully operated.
Minor18 articles were supplied by devices hitherto unheard of in the equipment of armies. Leather was scarce and its supply impossible in the quantities demanded.
Knapsacks were abolished and haversacks of cloth made by patriotic19 women with their needles took their places. The scant20 supply of leather was divided between the makers21 of shoes for the soldiers and saddles and harness for the horses. Shoes for the soldiers were the prime necessity. To save leather the waist and cartridge22-box belts were made of heavy cotton cloth stitched in three or four thicknesses. Bridle24 reins25 were made of cotton in the same way. Cartridge boxes were finally made thus—with a single piece of leather for the flap. Even saddle skirts for the cavalry26 were made of heavy cotton strongly stitched.
Men to work the meager27 tanneries were exempt28 from military services and transportation for hides and leather supplies was free.
A fishery was established on the Cape29 Fear River in North Carolina from which oil was manufactured. Every wayside blacksmith shop was utilized30 as a government factory for the production of horseshoes for the cavalry.
To meet the demands for articles of prime necessity which could not be made in the South, a line of blockade runners was established between the port of Wilmington, North Carolina, and Bermuda. Vessels31 capable of storing in their hold six hundred bales of cotton were purchased in England and put into this service. They were long, low, narrow craft built for speed. They could show their heels to any ship of the United States Navy. Painted a pale grayish-blue color, and lying low on the water they were sighted with difficulty in the day and they carried no lights at night. The moment one was trapped and sunk by the blockading fleet, another was ready to take her place.
Depots32 and stores were established and drawn on by these fleet ships both at Nassau and Havana.
By the fall of 1862, through the port of Wilmington, from the arsenals at Richmond and Fayetteville, and from the victorious33 fields of Manassas and the Seven Days' Battle around Richmond, sufficient arms had been obtained to equip two hundred thousand soldiers and supply their batteries with serviceable artillery34.
On April 16, 1862, Davis asked of his Congress that every white man in the South between the ages of 18 and 35 be called to the colors and all short term volunteer contracts annulled35. The law was promptly36 passed in spite of the conspirators37 who fought him at every turn. Camps of instruction were established in every State, and a commandant sent from Richmond to take charge of the new levies38.
Solidity was thus given to the military system of the Confederacy and its organization centralized and freed from the bickerings of State politicians.
With her loins thus girded for the conflict the South entered the second phase of the war—the path of glory from the shattered army of McClellan on the James to Hooker's crushed and bleeding lines at Chancellorsville.
The fiercest clamor for the removal of McClellan from his command swept the North. The position of the Northern General was one of peculiar39 weakness politically. He was an avowed40 Democrat41. His head had been turned by flattery and he had at one time dallied42 with the idea of deposing43 Abraham Lincoln by the assumption of a military dictatorship. Lincoln knew this. The demand for his removal would have swayed a President of less balance.
Lincoln refused to deprive McClellan of his command but yielded sufficiently44 to the clamor of the radicals46 of his own party to appoint John Pope of the Western army to the command of a new division of troops designed to advance on Richmond.
The generals under McClellan who did not agree with his slow methods were detached with their men and assigned to service under Pope.
McClellan did not hesitate to denounce Pope as an upstart and a braggart47 who had won his position by the lowest tricks of the demagogue. He declared that the new commander was a military impostor, a tool of the radical45 wing of the Republican party, a man who mistook brutality48 in warfare49 for power and sought to increase the horrors of war by arming slaves, legalizing plunder50 and making the people of the South irreconcilable51 to a restored union by atrocities52 whose memory could never be effaced53.
Pope's first acts on assuming command did much to justify54 McClellan's savage55 criticism. He issued a bombastic56 address to his army which brought tears to Lincoln's eyes and roars of laughter from Little Mac's loyal friends.
He issued a series of silly general orders making war on the noncombatant population of Virginia within his line. If citizens refused to take an oath of allegiance which he prescribed they were to be driven from their homes and if they dared to return, were to be arrested and treated as spies.
His soldiers were given license57 to plunder. Houses were robbed and cattle shot in the fields. Against these practices McClellan had set his face with grim resolution. He fought only organized armies. He protected the aged58, and all noncombatants. It was not surprising, therefore, when Lincoln ordered him to march his army to the support of Pope, McClellan was in no hurry to get there.
Pope had boldly advanced across the Rappahannock and a portion of his army had reached Culpeper Court House. He had determined59 to make good the proclamation with which he had assumed command.
In this remarkable60 document he said:
"By special assignment of the President of the United States, I have assumed command of this army. I have come to you from the West where we have always seen the backs of our enemies—from an army whose business it has been to seek the adversary61 and to beat him when found, whose policy has been attack not defense62. Let us study the probable lines of retreat of our opponents and leave ours to take care of themselves. Let us look before us and not behind."
While his eyes were steadily63 fixed64 before him Jackson, moving with the stealthy tread of a tiger, slipped in behind his advance guard, sprang on it and tore his lines to pieces before he could move re?nforcements to their rescue.
When his re?nforcements reached the ground Jackson had just finished burying the dead, picking up the valuable arms left on the field and sending his prisoners to the rear.
Before Pope could lead his fresh men to an attack the vanguard of Lee's army was in sight and the general who had just issued his flaming proclamation took to his heels and fled across the Rappahannock where he called frantically66 for the divisions of McClellan's army which had not yet joined him.
While Lee threatened Pope's front by repeated feints at different points along the river, he dispatched Jackson's corps67 of twenty-five thousand "foot cavalry" on a wide flanking movement through the Blue Ridge23 to turn the Federal right, destroy his stores at Manassas Junction68 and attack him in the rear before his re?nforcements could arrive.
With swiftness Jackson executed the brilliant movement. Within twenty-four hours his men had made the wide swing through the low mountain ranges and crouched69 between Pope's army and the Federal Capital. To a man of less courage and coolness this position would have been one of tragic70 danger. Should Pope suddenly turn from Lee's pretended attacks and spring on Jackson he might be crushed between two columns. Franklin and Sumner's corps were at Alexandria to re?nforce his lines.
Jackson had marched into the jaws71 of death and yet he not only showed no fear, he made a complete circuit of Pope's army, struck his storehouses at Manassas Junction and captured them before the Federal Commander dreamed that an army was in his rear. Eight pieces of artillery and three hundred prisoners were among the spoils. Fifty thousand pounds of bacon, a thousand barrels of beef, two thousand barrels of pork, two thousand barrels of flour, and vast quantities of quartermaster's stores also fell into his hands.
Jackson took what he could transport and burned the rest.
Pope rushed now in frantic65 haste to destroy Jackson before Lee's army could reach him.
Jackson was too quick for the eloquent72 commander. He slipped past his opponent and took a strong position west of the turnpike from Warrenton where he could easily unite with Longstreet's advancing corps.
Pope attempted to turn Jackson's left with a division of his army and the wily Southerner fell on his moving columns with sudden savage energy, fought until nine o'clock at night and drove him back with heavy loss.
When Pope moved to the attack next day at two o'clock Longstreet had reached Jackson's side. The attack failed and his men fell back through pools of blood. The Federal Commander was still sending pompous73 messages to Washington announcing his marvelous achievements while his army had steadily retreated from Culpeper Court House beyond the Rappahannock, back to Manassas where the first battle of the war was fought.
At dawn on August 30, the high spirited troops of the South were under arms standing74 with clinched75 muskets76 within a few hundred yards of the pickets77 of Pope. Their far flung battle line stretched for five miles from Sudley Springs on the left to the Warrenton road and on obliquely78 to the southwest.
The artillery opened the action and for eight hours the heavens shook with its roar. At three o'clock in the afternoon Pope determined to hurl79 the flower of his army against Jackson's corps and smash it. His first division pressed forward and engaged the Confederates at close quarters. A fierce and bloody80 conflict followed, Jackson's troops refusing to yield an inch. The Federal Commander brought up two reserve lines to support the first but before they could be of any use, Longstreet's artillery was planted to rake them with a murderous fire and they fell back in confusion.
As the reserves retreated Jackson ordered his men to charge and at the same moment Longstreet hurled81 his division against the Federal center, and the whole Confederate army with piercing yell leaped forward and swept the field as far as the eye could reach.
No sublimer82 pageant84 of blood and flame and smoke and shrouded85 Death ever moved across the earth than that which Lee now witnessed from the hilltop on which he stood. For five miles across the Manassas plains the gray waves rolled, their polished bayonets gleaming in the blazing sun. They swept through the open fields, now lost a moment in the woods, now flashing again in the open. They paused and the artillery dashed to the front, spread their guns in line and roared their call of death to the struggling, fleeing, demoralized army. Another shout and the charging hosts swept on again to a new point of vantage from which to fire. Through clouds of smoke and dust the red tongues of flame from a hundred big-mouthed guns flashed and faded and flashed again.
The charging men slipped on the wet grass where the dead lay thickest. Waves of white curling smoke rose above the tree-tops and hung in dense86 clouds over the field lighted by the red glare of the sinking sun.
The relief corps could be seen dashing on, with stretchers and ambulances following in the wake of the victorious army.
The hum and roar of the vast field of carnage came now on the ears of the listener—the groans87 of the wounded and the despairing cry of the dying. And still the living waves of gray-tipped steel rolled on in relentless88 sweep.
Again the fleeing Federal soldiers choked the waters of Bull Run. Masses of struggling fugitives89 were pushed from the banks into the water and pressed down. Here and there a wounded man clung to the branch of an overhanging tree until exhausted90 and sank to rise no more.
The meadows were trampled91 and red. Hundreds of weak and tired men were ridden down by cavalry and crushed by artillery. On and on rushed the remorseless machine of the Confederacy, crushing, killing92, scarring, piling the dead in heaps.
It was ten o'clock that night before the army of Lee halted and Pope's exhausted lines fell into the trenches93 around Centreville for a few hours' respite94. At dawn Jackson was struggling with his tired victorious division to again turn Pope's flank, get into his rear and cut off his retreat.
A cold and drenching95 rainstorm delayed his march and the rabble96 that was once Pope's army succeeded in getting into the defenses of Washington.
Davis' army took seven thousand prisoners and picked up more than two thousand wounded soldiers whom their boastful commander had left on the field to die. Thirty pieces of artillery and twenty thousand small arms fell into Lee's hands.
Pope's losses since Jackson first struck his advance guard at Culpeper Court House had been more than twenty thousand men and his army had been driven into Washington so utterly97 demoralized it was unfit for further service until reorganized under an abler man.
For the moment the North was stunned98 by the blow. Deceived by Pope's loud dispatches claiming victory for the first two days it was impossible to realize that his shattered and broken army was cowering99 and bleeding under the shadow of the Federal Capitol.
Even on the night of August thirtieth, with his men lying exhausted at Centreville where they had dropped at ten o'clock when Lee's army had mercifully halted, poor Pope continued to send his marvelous messages to the War Department.
He reported to Halleck:
"The enemy is badly whipped, and we shall do well enough. Do not be uneasy. We will hold our own here. We have delayed the enemy as long as possible without losing the army. We have damaged him heavily, and I think the army entitled to the gratitude100 of the country."
To this childish twaddle Halleck replied:
"My dear General, you have done nobly!"
Abraham Lincoln, however, realized the truth quickly. He removed Pope and in spite of the threat of his Cabinet to resign called McClellan to reorganize the dispirited army.
The North was in no mood to listen to the bombastic defense of General Pope. They were stunned by the sudden sweep of the Confederate army from the gates of Richmond on June first, to the defenses at Washington within sixty days with the loss of twenty thousand men under McClellan and twenty thousand more under Pope.
The armies of the union had now been driven back to the point from which they had started on July 16, 1861. It had been necessary to withdraw Burnside's army from eastern North Carolina and the forces of the union from western Virginia. The war had been transferred to the suburbs of Washington and the Northern people who had confidently expected McClellan to be in Richmond in June were now trembling for the safety of Pennsylvania and Maryland, to say nothing of the possibility of Confederate occupation of the Capital.
An aggressive movement of all the forces of the South under Lee in the East and Bragg and Johnston in the West was ordered.
In spite of the fact that Lee's army could not be properly shod—the supply of army shoes being inadequate101 and the lack of shoe factories a defect the Confederacy had yet been unable to remedy, the Southern Commander threw his army of barefooted veterans across the Potomac and boldly invaded Maryland on September the fifth.
The appearance of Stonewall Jackson on his entrance into Frederick City, Maryland, was described by a Northern war correspondent in graphic102 terms:
"Old Stonewall was the observed of all observers. He was dressed in the coarsest kind of homespun, seedy, and dirty at that. He wore an old hat which any Northern beggar would consider an insult to have offered him. In his general appearance he was in no respect to be distinguished103 from the mongrel barefoot crew who followed his fortunes. I had heard much of the decayed appearance of rebel soldiers,—but such a looking crowd! Ireland in her worst straits could present no parallel, and yet they glory in their shame!"
Lee's army was now fifty miles north of Washington, within striking distance of Baltimore. His strategy had completely puzzled the War Department of the Federal Government. McClellan was equally puzzled. Lincoln and his Cabinet believed Lee's movement into Maryland a feint to draw the army from the defense of the Capital, and, when this was accomplished104, by a sudden swoop105 the Southern Commander would turn and capture the city.
While McClellan was thus halting in tragic indecision one of the unforeseen accidents of war occurred which put him in possession of Lee's plan of campaign and should have led to the annihilation of the Southern army. A copy of the order directing the movement of the Confederates from Frederick, Maryland, was thrown to the ground by a petulant106 officer to whom it was directed. It fell into the hands of a Federal soldier who hurried to McClellan's headquarters with the fateful document.
Jackson's corps had been sent on one of his famous "foot cavalry" expeditions to sweep the Federal garrison107 from Martinsburg, surround and capture Harper's Ferry. McClellan at once moved a division of his army to crush the small command Lee had stationed at South Mountain to guard Jackson's movement.
McClellan threw his men against this little division of the Confederates and attempted to force his way to the relief of Harper's Ferry. The battle raged with fury until nine o'clock at night. Their purpose accomplished Lee withdrew them to his new position at Sharpsburg to await the advent108 of Jackson.
The "foot cavalry" had surrounded Harper's Ferry, assaulted it at dawn and in two hours the garrison surrendered. Thirteen thousand prisoners with their rifles and seventy-three pieces of artillery fell into Jackson's hands. Leaving General A. P. Hill to receive the final surrender of the troops Jackson set out at once for Sharpsburg to join his army with Lee's.
The Southern Commander had but forty thousand men with which to meet McClellan's ninety thousand, but at sunrise on September seventeenth, his batteries opened fire and the bloodiest109 struggle of the Civil War began. Through the long hours of this eventful day the lines of blue and gray charged and counter-charged across the scarlet110 field. When darkness fell neither side had yielded. The dead lay in ghastly heaps and the long pitiful wail111 of the wounded rose to Heaven.
Lee had lost two thousand killed and six thousand wounded. McClellan had lost more than twelve thousand. His army was so terribly shattered by the bloody work, he did not renew the struggle on the following day. Lee waited until night for his assault and learning that re?nforcements were on the way to join McClellan's command withdrew across the Potomac.
It was a day later before Lee's movements were sufficiently clear for McClellan to claim a victory.
On September nineteenth, he telegraphed Washington:
"I do not know if the enemy is falling back or recrossing the river. We may safely claim the victory as ours."
Abraham Lincoln hastened to take advantage of McClellan's claim to issue his Emancipation112 Proclamation. And yet so utter had been the failure of his general to cope with Lee and Jackson, the President of the United States relieved McClellan of his command.
While Lee's invasion had failed of the larger purpose, its moral effect on the North had been tremendous. He carried back into Virginia fourteen thousand prisoners, eighty pieces of artillery and invaluable113 equipment for his army.
In the meantime the Western army under Bragg had invaded Kentucky, sweeping114 to the gates of Cincinnati and Louisville and retiring with more than five thousand prisoners, five thousand small arms and ten pieces of artillery.
The gain in territory by the invasion of Maryland and Kentucky had been nothing but the moral effect of these movements had been far reaching. The daring valor115 of the small Confederate armies fighting against overwhelming odds116 had stirred the imagination of the world. In the west they had carried their triumphant117 battle flag from Chattanooga to Cincinnati, and although forced to retire, had shown the world that the conquest at the southwestern territory was a gigantic task which was yet to be seriously undertaken.
The London Times, commenting on these campaigns, declared:
"Whatever may be the fate of the new nationality or its subsequent claims to the respect of mankind, it will assuredly begin its career with a reputation for genius and valor which the most famous nations may envy."
On McClellan's fall he was succeeded by General Burnside who found a magnificently trained army of veteran soldiers at his command. It was now divided into three grand divisions of two corps each, commanded by three generals of tried and proven ability, Sumner, Hooker and Franklin.
Burnside quickly formed and began the execution of an advance against Richmond. He moved his army rapidly down the left bank of the Rappahannock River to Fredericksburg, and ordered pontoon bridges to cross the stream. His army could thus defend Washington while moving in force on the Confederate Capital.
When Burnside led his one hundred and thirteen thousand men across the river and occupied the town of Fredericksburg, Lee and Jackson were ready to receive him. Lee had entrenched118 on the line of crescent-shaped hills behind the town.
When the new Northern Commander threw his army, with its bands playing and its thousand flags flying, against these hills on the morning of December 13, 1862, he plunged119 headlong and blindfolded120 into a death trap.
Charge after charge was repulsed121 with unparalleled slaughter122. Lee's guns were planted to cross fire on each charging line of blue. Burnside's men were mowed123 down in thousands until their sublime83 valor won the praise and the pity of their foe124.
When night at last drew the veil over the awful scene the shattered masses of the charging army were huddled125 under the shelter of the houses in Fredericksburg leaving the field piled high with the dead and the wounded. The wounded were freezing to death in the pitiless cold.
Burnside had lost thirteen thousand men—the flower of his troops—the bravest men the North had ever sent into battle.
Jackson's keen eye was quick to see the shambles126 into which this demoralized army had been pushed. The river behind them could be crossed only on a narrow pontoon bridge. A swift and merciless night attack would either drive the bleeding lines into the freezing river, annihilate127 or capture the whole army. He urged Lee to this attack. Lee demurred128. He could not know the extent of the enemy's losses. It was inconceivable to the Southern Commander that Burnside with his one hundred and thirteen thousand picked soldiers, could be repulsed with such slight losses to the South. Only a small part of the army under his command had been active in the battle and their losses were insignificant129 in comparison with the records of former struggles. Burnside would renew the attack with redoubled vigor130. He refused to move his men from their entrenchments into the open field where they would be exposed to the batteries beyond the river.
Jackson turned his somber131 blue eyes on Lee:
"Send my corps into Fredericksburg alone to-night. Hold the hills with the rest of the army. I'll do the work."
"You cannot distinguish friend from foe, General Jackson—"
"I'll strip my men to the waist and tie white bands around their right arms."
"In this freezing cold?"
"They'll obey my orders, General Lee—"
"It's too horrible—"
"It's war, sir," was Jackson's reply. "War means fighting—fighting to kill, to destroy—fighting with tooth and nail—"
Lee shook his head. He refused to take the risk. Jackson returned to his headquarters with heavy heart. His chief of medical staff was busy preparing bandages for his men. He had been sure of Lee's consent. He countermanded132 the order and Burnside's army was saved from annihilation. When the sun rose next morning half his men were safely across the river—and the remainder quickly followed.
Again the North was stunned. Another wave of horror swept its homes as the lists of the dead and wounded were printed.
Burnside resigned his command and "Fighting" Joe Hooker was placed at the head of the Northern troops. Since June first, Lee and Jackson had destroyed four blue armies and driven their commanders from the field,—McClellan twice, John Pope and now Burnside.
The political effects of these brilliant achievements of Davis' army had been paralyzing on the administration of Lincoln. The Proclamation of Emancipation which he had issued immediately after the bloody battle in Maryland had not only fallen flat in the North, it had created a reaction against his policies and the conduct of the war. The November elections had gone against him and his party had been all but wiped out.
The Democrats133 in New York had reversed a majority of one hundred and seven thousand against them in 1860 and swept the State, electing their entire ticket. The administration was defeated in New Jersey135, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.
The voters of the North not only condemned136 the administration for declaring the slaves free, but they assaulted the war policy of their Government with savage fury. They condemned the wholesale137 arrest of thousands of citizens for their political opinions and arraigned138 the Government for its incompetence139 in conducting the military operations of an army of more than twice the numbers of the triumphant South.
The Emancipation Proclamation and the victories of Davis' army had not only divided and demoralized the North, they had solidified140 Southern opinion.
Even Alexander H. Stephens, the Vice-President of the Confederacy, who had been a thorn in the flesh of Davis from the beginning in his advocacy of foolish and impossible measures of compromise now took his position for war to the death. In a fiery141 speech in North Carolina following Lincoln's proclamation Stephens said:
"As for any reconstruction142 of the union—such a thing is impossible—such an idea must not be tolerated for an instant. Reconstruction would not end the war, but would produce a more horrible war than that in which we are now engaged. The only terms on which we can obtain permanent peace is final and complete separation from the North. Rather than submit to anything short of that, let us resolve to die as men worthy143 of freedom."
A few days after the defeat of Burnside's army at Fredericksburg the South was thrilled by the feat134 of General McGruder in Galveston harbor. The daring Confederate Commander had seized two little steamers and fitted them up as gun boats by piling cotton on their sides for bulwarks144. With these two rafts of cotton co?perating on the water, his infantry145 waded146 out into the waters of Galveston Bay and attacked the Federal fleet with their bare hands.
When the smoke of battle lifted the city of Galveston was in Confederate hands, the fleet had been smashed and scattered147 and the port opened to commerce. Commodore Renshaw had blown up his flag ship to prevent her falling into McGruder's hands and gone down with her. The garrison surrendered.
Jackson had invented a "foot cavalry." McGruder had supplemented it by a "foot navy."
At Murfreesboro, Tennessee, on the same day General Bragg had engaged the army of Rosecrans and fought one of the bloodiest engagements of the war. Its net results were in favor of the Confederacy in spite of the fact that he permitted Rosecrans to move into Murfreesboro. The Northern army had lost nine thousand men, killed and wounded, and Bragg carried from the field six thousand Federal prisoners, thirty pieces of artillery, sixty thousand stand of small arms, ambulances, mules148, horses and an enormous amount of valuable stores.
His own losses had been great but far less than those he inflicted149 on Rosecrans. He had lost one thousand two hundred and ninety-two killed, seven thousand nine hundred and forty-five wounded and one thousand twenty-seven missing.
At Charleston a fleet of iron-clads on the model of the Monitor had been crushed by the batteries and driven back to sea with heavy loss. The Keokuk was left a stranded150 wreck151 in the harbor.
A second attack on Vicksburg had failed under Sherman. A third attack by Grant had been repulsed. Farragut's attack on Port Hudson had failed with the loss of the Richmond.
The Federal Government now put forth152 its grandest effort to crush at a blow the apparently invincible153 army of Davis' still lying in its trenches on the heights behind Fredericksburg.
Hooker's army was raised to an effective force of one hundred and thirty thousand and his artillery increased to four hundred guns. Lee had been compelled to detach Longstreet's corps, comprising nearly a third of his army for service in North Carolina. The force under his command was barely fifty thousand.
So great was the superiority of the Northern army Hooker divided his forces for an enveloping154 movement, each wing of his being still greater than the whole force under Lee.
Sedgwick's corps crossed the river below Fredericksburg and began a flanking movement from the south while Hooker threw the main body across the Rappahannock at three fords seven miles above.
On April thirtieth, he issued an address to his men. His forces were all safely across the river without firing a shot. He had Lee's little army caught in a trap between his two grand divisions.
In his proclamation he boldly announced:
"The operations of the last three days have determined that our enemy must ingloriously fly, or come out from behind their defenses and give us battle on our own ground, where certain destruction awaits him."
His enemy was not slow in coming out from behind his defenses. With quick decision Lee divided his little army by planting ten thousand men under Early on Marye's Heights to stop Sedgwick's division and moved swiftly with the remainder to meet Hooker in the dense woods of the Wilderness155 near Chancellorsville.
With consummate156 daring and the strategy of genius he again divided his army. He detached Jackson's corps and sent his "foot cavalry" on a swift wide detour157 of twenty-odd miles to swing around Hooker's right and strike him in the flank while he pretended an attack in force on his front.
It was nearly sundown when Jackson's tired but eager men saw from the hill top their unsuspecting foe quietly cooking their evening meal.
When the battle clouds lifted at the end of three days of carnage, Hooker's army of one hundred and thirty thousand men had been cut to pieces and flung back across the Rappahannock, leaving seventeen thousand killed and wounded on the field.
In the face of his crushing defeat Hooker issued another address to his army.
He boldly announced from his safe retreat beyond the banks of the river:
"The Major-General commanding tenders to the army his congratulations on its achievements of the last seven days. If it has not accomplished all that was expected the reasons are well known to the army. It is sufficient to say, that they were of a character not to be foreseen or prevented by human sagacity or resources.
"In withdrawing from the south bank of the Rappahannock before delivering a general battle to our adversaries158, the army has given renewed evidence of its confidence in itself and its fidelity159 to the principles it represents.
"Profoundly loyal and conscious of its strength, the Army of the Potomac will give or decline battle whenever its interests or honor may command it.
"By the celerity and secrecy160 of our movements, our advance and passage of the river was undisputed, and on our withdrawal161 not a rebel dared to follow us. The events of the last week may well cause the heart of every officer and soldier of the army to swell162 with pride!"
The heart of the North quickly swelled163 with such pride that the President was forced to remove General Hooker and appoint General George Meade to his command.
While the South was celebrating the wonderful achievement of their now invincible army, Lee's greatest general lay dying at a little farm house a few miles from the scene of his immortal164 achievement. Jackson had been accidentally wounded by a volley from his own men fired by his orders.
His wound was not supposed to be fatal and arrangements were made for his removal to Richmond when he was suddenly stricken with pneumonia165 and rapidly sank. He lifted his eyes to his physician and calmly said:
"If I live, it will be for the best—and if I die, it will be for the best; God knows and directs all things for the best."
His last moments were marked with expressions of his abiding166 faith in the wisdom and love of the God he had faithfully served.
Yet his spirit was still on the field of battle. In the delirium167 which preceded death his voice rang in sharp command:
"Tell Major Hawkes to send forward provisions to the men!"
His head sank and a smile lighted his rugged168 face. In low tender tones be gasped169 his last words on earth:
"Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees."
So passed the greatest military genius our race has produced—the man who never met defeat. His loss was mourned not only by the South but by the world. His death extinguished a light on the shores of Time.
The leading London paper said of him:
"That mixture of daring and judgment170 which is the mark of heaven-born generals distinguished him beyond any man of his age. The blows he struck at the enemy were as terrible and decisive as those of Bonaparte himself."
Thousands followed him in sorrow to the grave. The South was bathed in tears.
Lee realized that he had lost his right arm and yet, undaunted, he marshaled his legions and girded his loins for an invasion of Northern soil.
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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throttled
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| v.扼杀( throttle的过去式和过去分词 )；勒死；使窒息；压制 | |
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6
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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7
defiantly
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| adv.挑战地，大胆对抗地 | |
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8
depreciated
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| v.贬值，跌价，减价( depreciate的过去式和过去分词 )；贬低，蔑视，轻视 | |
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9
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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10
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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11
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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12
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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13
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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14
smelting
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| n.熔炼v.熔炼，提炼（矿石）( smelt的现在分词 ) | |
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15
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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16
arsenals
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| n.兵工厂，军火库( arsenal的名词复数 )；任何事物的集成 | |
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17
armories
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| n.纹章( armory的名词复数 )；纹章学；兵工厂；军械库 | |
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18
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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19
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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20
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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21
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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22
cartridge
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| n.弹壳，弹药筒；(装磁带等的)盒子 | |
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23
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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24
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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25
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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26
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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27
meager
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| adj.缺乏的，不足的，瘦的 | |
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28
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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29
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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30
utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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31
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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32
depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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33
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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34
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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35
annulled
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| v.宣告无效( annul的过去式和过去分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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36
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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37
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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38
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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39
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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40
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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41
democrat
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 | |
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42
dallied
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| v.随随便便地对待( dally的过去式和过去分词 )；不很认真地考虑；浪费时间；调情 | |
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43
deposing
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| v.罢免( depose的现在分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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44
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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45
radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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46
radicals
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| n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数 | |
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47
braggart
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| n.吹牛者；adj.吹牛的，自夸的 | |
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48
brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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49
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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50
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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51
irreconcilable
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| adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的 | |
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52
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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53
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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54
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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55
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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56
bombastic
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| adj.夸夸其谈的，言过其实的 | |
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57
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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58
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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59
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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60
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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61
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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62
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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63
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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64
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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65
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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66
frantically
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| ad.发狂地, 发疯地 | |
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67
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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68
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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69
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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70
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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71
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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72
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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73
pompous
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的；夸大的；豪华的 | |
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74
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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75
clinched
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| v.（尤指两人）互相紧紧抱[扭]住( clinch的过去式和过去分词 )；解决（争端、交易），达成（协议） | |
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76
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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77
pickets
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| 罢工纠察员( picket的名词复数 ) | |
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78
obliquely
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| adv.斜； 倾斜； 间接； 不光明正大 | |
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79
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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80
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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81
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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82
sublimer
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| 使高尚者，纯化器 | |
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83
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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84
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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85
shrouded
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| v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密 | |
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86
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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87
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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88
relentless
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|
| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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89
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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90
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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91
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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92
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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93
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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94
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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95
drenching
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| n.湿透v.使湿透( drench的现在分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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96
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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97
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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98
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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99
cowering
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| v.畏缩，抖缩( cower的现在分词 ) | |
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100
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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101
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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102
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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103
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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104
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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105
swoop
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| n.俯冲，攫取；v.抓取，突然袭击 | |
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106
petulant
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| adj.性急的，暴躁的 | |
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107
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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108
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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109
bloodiest
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| adj.血污的( bloody的最高级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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110
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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111
wail
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| vt./vi.大声哀号，恸哭；呼啸，尖啸 | |
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112
emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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113
invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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114
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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115
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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116
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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117
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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118
entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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119
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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120
blindfolded
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| v.（尤指用布）挡住（某人）的视线( blindfold的过去式 )；蒙住（某人）的眼睛；使不理解；蒙骗 | |
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121
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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122
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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123
mowed
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| v.刈，割( mow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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124
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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125
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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126
shambles
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| n.混乱之处；废墟 | |
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127
annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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128
demurred
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| v.表示异议，反对( demur的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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130
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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131
somber
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| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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132
countermanded
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| v.取消（命令），撤回( countermand的过去分词 ) | |
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133
democrats
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 ) | |
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134
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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135
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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136
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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137
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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138
arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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139
incompetence
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| n.不胜任，不称职 | |
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140
solidified
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| （使）成为固体，（使）变硬，（使）变得坚固( solidify的过去式和过去分词 )； 使团结一致； 充实，巩固； 具体化 | |
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141
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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142
reconstruction
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| n.重建，再现，复原 | |
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143
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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144
bulwarks
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| n.堡垒( bulwark的名词复数 )；保障；支柱；舷墙 | |
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145
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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146
waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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147
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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148
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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149
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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151
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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152
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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153
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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154
enveloping
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的现在分词 ) | |
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155
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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156
consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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157
detour
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| n.绕行的路，迂回路；v.迂回，绕道 | |
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158
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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159
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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160
secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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161
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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162
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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163
swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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164
immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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165
pneumonia
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| n.肺炎 | |
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166
abiding
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| adj.永久的，持久的，不变的 | |
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167
delirium
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| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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168
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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169
gasped
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| v.喘气( gasp的过去式和过去分词 )；喘息；倒抽气；很想要 | |
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170
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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