From the time of Rameses II to that of the Ptolemy period no queen seems to make a marked impression on the passing centuries. We have here and there a name, here and there an anecdote1; but no figure, with salient points, stands out, about which cluster vitalizing incidents, or upon whom we may drape a robe of woven romance. Nor were there many, even among the kings, who have the bold outlines of some of their predecessors2.
Seck-net or Seti-nekht was first of the Twentieth Dynasty, is believed to have reigned5 seven years, and united with himself, and was succeeded by, his son Rameses III. He seems to have made no special mark upon his time, was neither a great ruler nor a great builder, and we know little of him. There is a picture of him and Rameses III kneeling on either side of the sun’s disk, and he appropriated and enlarged the tomb of Queen Tausert for himself, covering the figures and name of the queen with stucco.
Rameses III was a builder of temples, a rich, magnificent and splendor-loving monarch6, a warrior7 and conqueror8. His Hobrus names were[266] “Mighty bull, great one of kings,” and “Mighty bull, beloved of Maat, establisher of the lands.” But, even at a period, whose moral point of view was so different from the Christian9, it is claimed that this was a court distinguished10 for its licentiousness11. His queen’s name is given as Ast, or Ise, also as Hemalczotha, which seems to suggest that she was a foreigner, possibly a Khitan or Assyrian princess. Her father is spoken of as Hebuansozanath. Often the space beside the king’s name is left vacant, as if she could not or would not appear in his company. From her tomb also her name is obliterated12, while that of her husband and son remain.
The walls of the temples and palaces built by Rameses III are adorned13 with the story of his life. There are naval14 engagements, the ships with embroidered15 sails, and the king is seen as a conqueror, of the Libyans and others, carried in state above the heads of the people, surrounded by priests and followed by warriors16 and captives, while in other processions the queen also appears, following. The great Harris papyrus17, too, of the thirty-second year of his reign4, found near the temple of Medinet-Abou or Haboo, gives much information concerning him and a long list of gifts which he presented to the temples.
Among the other pictures on the walls we see Rameses III enjoying himself in the midst of, some say his daughters, but more probably the members or slaves of his harem. Others, again, believe them to be intended for goddesses or mythological18 characters. Sylph-like figures attend upon[267] the king. To quote from a previous article upon the subject, “One plays draughts19 with him, another holds a lotus blossom to his nose (a favorite attention in Egypt), others offer him wine and refreshments20. The queen, as a chief figure, nowhere appears. The costumes approach that of the Garden of Eden, a necklace and light sandals. We are reminded of the description of a Japanese family: ‘The summer costume of a middle class Japanese consists of a queue, a breechcloth and a pair of sandals; that of his son and heir the same minus the queue, the cloth and the sandals, while that of his spouse21 is a little, and only a little more elaborate.’”
It is impossible, naively22 and gravely, remarks one critic, rather than from the standpoint of the Twentieth Century, than the Twentieth Dynasty, that respectable families should so have conducted themselves, therefore the garments must have evaporated in the course of years. But it was so near the Garden of Eden, the climate was so warm, and the little creatures seem so at ease in their airy nothings, that it is almost appears as if “beauty unadorned was adorned the most.” Some of the pictures are too obscene for reproduction.
It is of interest to note how very ancient are certain games, such as chess, draughts or checkers, and others which still hold a place among our modern amusements. Other pictures, discovered years ago in the mastabas or grave chambers23, of still earlier date, 5200 B. C., give also the[268] game of chess, the invention of which has been attributed both to India and China.
Extensive insurrection and disturbances24, it is evident, had prevailed in the kingdom, and that Rameses III had brought order out of the chaos25. He described himself as “the darling of Amen, the victory-bringing Horus.” After his conquests he turned his attention to building, commerce, digging of reservoirs and planting of trees; nevertheless a general decline of Egypt is said to have begun in his reign.
But if the king had restored order in the land, not so well had he kept his own household in check. Records remain of a conspiracy26 which arose in his harem, headed by the Lady Ti, Thi, or Tey, said to be the mother of a certain Pentaur or Pen-ta-urt, whom she wished to put upon the throne. She probably hated the “royal wife, the great lady, the lady of two lands, Ast.” In exactly what way the Lady Ti was related to the king is not specified27. In both the museums of Paris and Turin there is some account of this cause celebre. The steward28, Pal-bak-Amen, was her chief co-adjutor, also a certain Penhuiban or Hui, a cattle inspector29, who indulged in “Black Art,” made amulets30 and images of wax for ladies, and had books containing directions how to strike people blind and to make figures in effigy31 to bring trouble upon any one who was hated. Melting wax figures and sticking pins in them to harm an enemy we think of as belonging to the age of Queen Elizabeth, and lo, it was known and practiced in Egypt thousands of years before!
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On the other hand, may it not have been also possible that Queen Ise or Ast had some share in the plot, or at least sympathized with it, thus giving another reason for the non-appearance of her name beside the king’s. One of the ladies concerned wrote to her brother, commanding the army in Ethiopia, and ordered or entreated32 him to fight against the king. But whether he did as was desired or not, the revolt was unsuccessful. It was crushed with some severity, and it is said forty men and six women were compelled to commit suicide, and a mummy, thought to be that of Pentaur, and showing signs of death by poison, has been found.
Rameses III reigned thirty-seven years, and there is a list of his sons, several of whom succeeded him. He was buried in the Tombs of the Kings, doubtless with all the honors of state, but his body was not allowed to rest in peace, it was included in the general upheaval33 caused by robbers, before described. His mummy was found in the large coffin34 of Nefertari-Aames, and on being unrolled fell to dust. His features were said to be softer, finer and more intelligent than some of his predecessors, his figure less straight and vigorous and his shoulders narrower. His red granite35 sarcophagus is in the Louvre and the lid in the Fitz-William museum at Cambridge. His tomb is sometimes called “the Harpers,” from the figure of two harpers in a scene on one side, also “Bruce’s tomb” from the name of the modern discoverer. Among the treasures found in this[270] tomb were two golden baskets. His period is given as 1200 B. C.
Rameses III was succeeded by his sons or connections of the same name, who followed him, as one writer has said, with “ominous rapidity,” from number one to number thirteen. They seem to have been a faineant race, and the proud name of Rameses degenerated36 from reign to reign. Here and there in the Tombs of the Kings, or in other spots, we find their last resting places.
Among them, perhaps, Rameses IV was one of the most conspicuous37; and his queen, given as Isis-Ast, was buried in the Tombs of the Queens. The tombs of Rameses IV and VI are decorated with astronomical38 designs; the sun appears in his chariot as Horus-Ra, and that of Rameses IV has pictures of the resurrection. The seventh son is given as Ramessu Meritum, son of Queen Muf-nofer-ari.
A papyrus of the time of Rameses IX gives an account of the violation39 of the royal tombs by robbers, which was then discovered; and this Abbott papyrus contains a list of the tombs inspected, hence the mummies were removed at different periods from place to place for greater safety. A woman called “Little Cat” confessed that she had been in the tomb of Queen Ast, wife of Rameses III, and purloined40 various articles.
The line of priest-kings, of whom Her-Hor was the first, chose a common place of sepulture, and thither41 were at last carried many of the earlier royal remains42. The discovery of these in the cave at Deir-el-Bahari made a world-wide sensation[271] and has already been referred to. There were three kings of the Thothmes name, two Rameses and Seti I, as well as the later kings of the priestly line, Pinotem or Pinozem I and II.
Here, too, we learn the little we know of some of the queens. There was Queen Ansera, of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Queen Aames Nofritari, Hatimoohoo, and Sitha of the Eighteenth, and queens Notem-Maut, Hathor-Houtta-ni, Ma-ka-Ra, and Isem-Kheb, and a queen Hest-em-Seket, as well as Princess Nesi-Khonsu, and a number of princesses and priestesses, called “Singers of Amen.”
Some of the coffins43 of this period show, on a yellow ground, a picture of the dead piercing a serpent with a lance. Among the Tombs of the Queens are a few of the Eighteenth, but more of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. Here was placed the wife of Rameses III, with name no longer legible. Here Queen Ti, or Titi, wife of the earlier King Amenophis III, with her blue eyes and fair skin, pictured as making offerings to the gods. Here Bint-Antha, favorite daughter of Rameses II. One tomb has the name obliterated and Tuattent-apt written upon it in red ink. Here is Isis-Ast, wife of Rameses IV, Queen Sitra of the Twentieth Dynasty, and many others.
There is an interesting story of a queen, by some authorities said to be the wife of Rameses XIII, by others of Rameses XII, and by some queen of Rameses II or III, claiming that Rameses XII was never in Mesopotamia, while Mariette believes it to have been merely a legend invented[272] by the priests to do honor to the god Chonsu or Khonsu. This king, whatever his place in the royal line, was, like his great predecessor3, Amenophis III, fond of hunting. He also went abroad to collect tribute from subjugated44 peoples, and in Mesopotamia among those who came to pay was a certain chief or prince, who brought with him a beautiful daughter, with whom the Egyptian king at once fell in love and bore her home to share his life and throne. This princess of Bakhten took the name of Ra-neferu, “the glories of the sun,” and evidently had much influence with her husband. For later came messengers from her native country, saying that her sister, Bentresh, was ill, and begging for the loan of the ark of the god Khonsu, which was sure to cure her. We can hardly imagine the king willing to part with such a treasure, except to pleasure the queen. To her wishes, therefore, he yielded, and the ark, with a proper escort, was sent away, and accomplished45 a miraculous46 cure, as had been anticipated. Naturally, those who were benefited clung to the same, and years passed without the return of the borrowed treasure. But finally the king, or prince, of Bakhtan, “dreamed a dream,” like the Pharaoh of Scriptures47, in which a golden hawk48 came out of the ark and flew to Egypt. Possibly the king of Egypt had demanded its return before, or perhaps the queen’s influence had been used to induce him to leave it, for the benefit of her family, as long as possible. The explanation is not given, but at last the conscience of the delinquent[273] was pricked49, and the ark, with royal honors, was returned to its native land.
Queen Ra-neferu is variously spoken of as Mesopotamian, Bakhtan or Lidyan. From this story we may infer that she was young and beautiful at the period of her marriage, that she had great influence with the king, and possessed50 near relatives to whom she was warmly attached. But this, so far as we know it, is the whole of her history, and other queens than she of this same general period make no figure among the records.
For some time the priests had been gaining in power and influence, and Rameses XIII seems to have been set aside and Her-Hor, priest of Amen, the third who had directed affairs of state, seized the reins51 of government. He is described as of a “pleasing countenance,” with features that were delicate and good, and expression that was mild and agreeable. The priest-kings were the chief rulers, but a few descendants of previous Pharaohs held sway in a portion of the kingdom, as Japan was once divided between the Mikado of the old regime and the Shogun, the military and political chief.
Of these monarchs52 and such of their consorts53 as are mentioned we now give a brief summary, chiefly following the guidance of the well known Egyptologist, Professor Wallis Budge54.
Nes-ba-Tettet is called the first king of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Tanis. From the time of this king to that of Rsammetichus II, third king of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, the dates are given as from about 1100 to 600 B. C. Egypt[274] declined in power and influence, and its tributaries55 recovered their independence. With the close of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty the New Empire came to an end, and the period of Egyptian Renaissance56 began. The feeble kingdoms of the South and North were again united, under Shashang I, and a Libyan reigned. The worship of the cat-headed goddess Bast increased, and that of Amen-Ra declined, while his priests were forced to seek refuge in Napata, Nubia. Esarhaddon, king of Asyria, sacked Thebes, and ruled by governors.
Nes-ba-Tettet, the Smendes of Manetho, possibly a descendant of Rameses II, reigned at Tanis, while the priest king Her-Hor reigned at Thebes. The name of the former’s queen, Thent-Amen, is about all we know of her, and is thought to suggest her having the true claim to the throne. King Nes-ba-Tettet reigned twenty-nine years, making no such mark in history as did his great predecessors. This king is also called Nessu Ba-neb-Tet.
Next came Pasebkhanut I, second of the Tanite kings, who was called the “Mighty Bull,” and reigned forty-one years. The statues of the Nile, North and South, in the Cairo Museum, are said to belong to this period.
Long and uneventful seem to have been the reigns57 of these kings, for Amen-em-apt, “Amen in Karnak,” a descendant of Nes-ba-Tettet, reigned forty-nine years, and our chief knowledge of him seems to be derived58 from a stele59 at Cairo, making offerings to Isis, his favorite goddess.
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Possibly this king was succeeded by one or two others, with short reigns. Authorities do not seem decided60 on this point. A king, Sa-Sa-Amen, is believed to have reigned sixteen years; his greatest work was the restoration of the pylons61 of the temple of Rameses III at Tanis. Gold and porcelain62 tablets have also been found, engraved63 with his name, and he added it also to the two obelisks64 taken from Heliopolis to Alexandria, and thence in modern times to London and New York, thereby65 proving he had authority in Heliopolis.
Pasebkhanut II added Heru to his name, thus distinguishing himself from Pasebkhanut I. He was the last king of the Tanite, Twenty-first Dynasty, and his daughter is said to have married Solomon. We read in I Kings: “And Solomon made affinity66 with Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh’s daughter and brought her into the city of David.” Thus, in the so usual fashion, he strengthened his political connection by marriage. And the Bible further says: “Pharaoh, king of Egypt, had gone up and taken Gezer and burnt it with fire, and slain67 the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and given it for a present unto his daughter, Solomon’s wife.” Pasebkhanut II reigned, it is said, twelve years, and another daughter married Osorkon I, the first king of the Twenty-second Dynasty.
We now turn again to the priest-kings in Thebes, also called the Twenty-first Dynasty. Of the first of them, Her-Heru, or Her-Hor, we have already spoken. A common title of his was “Living,[276] beautiful god, son of Amen, lord of the two lands, lord of diadems,” and he wore the royal uraeus on his forehead. Queen Notem-Mut, Notimit, or Netchemet, was either mother or wife of King Her-Hor—authorities differ as to which relation she held to him. By some she was believed to be a princess of Rammeside blood, as her name is found encircled by a royal cartouch, while that of the king was not so decorated until the fifth year of his reign. Another says she was called “great royal consort,” but not king’s daughter or princess. There is a finely executed but dilapidated statue of this queen, inlaid with glass, and her head is also on a sphinx. A papyrus belonging to her, illustrated68 with medallion heads, or portrait vignettes of her husband, or son, Her-Hor, still exists, part being in the Louvre, part in the British Museum, and part in the possession of a lady in Berlin. It was the sale of some of these fragments that led to the discovery of the royal mummies at Deir-el-Bahari. The canopic boxes of Queen Notem-Mut represented, according to custom, a little chapel69, placed on a sledge70, a small jackal in black wood, mounted on the cover. Many were found, like the mummies themselves, in coffins not belonging to them, but their inscriptions71 tell who were the rightful owners. Miss Edwards discovers a likeness72 between one of the carved masks of Rameses II and the vignettes of Her-Hor, and thinks the mummy case may have been made in the time of the Twenty-first Dynasty and given the likeness of the reigning73 king, rather than the person[277] for whom it was intended. Her-Hor repaired and preserved many of the mummies of the more ancient kings.
He was succeeded, apparently74, not by his son Piankhi, or Pianchi (who perhaps died before him or whose reign was too short or insignificant75 to be dwelt upon), but by his grandson, Pinotem, Pinozem, or Pai-netchem I, who is said to have married a princess of the old line, a daughter of Pa-seb-kha-nut I, king of Tanis, and who is variously termed Maat-ka-Ra, Ra-ma-ka, or Rahama. He was both high priest and king, which has caused some confusion to the chronologists. His Horus name was “he who satisfieth the gods, he who performeth glorious things for their doubles.” He had a long reign, some say twenty-one years. Queen Maat-ka-Ra is called on one of her coffins, “divine wife, a priestess of Amen, in the Apts, lady of the two lands.” In the same coffin was the tiny mummy of her infant daughter, Mutem-hat. Mother and child evidently died soon after the birth of the latter. A box with two compartments76 accompanied them, filled with funeral statuettes for the two queens, for the baby, though she died and was embalmed77 in infancy78, is called Queen Maut-em-hat. An accompanying papyrus gives the royal cartouch, around the name of Maat-ka-Ra, but to the child also, strangely enough, the title of “Royal Wife,” etc. Another wife of the same king was called Henttaui, daughter of Nebseni, and Thent-Amen, and mother of the high priest of Amen, Men-keper-Ra. Her mummy, with[278] double coffin, was found at Deir-el-Bahari. Great efforts had been made to preserve the lifelike aspect, red was put on the lips and cheeks, and the eyes were treated with eye-paint. She wore a much becurled wig79, and even the furrows80 made by mummification were filled with paste. Pai-netchem I had also been removed to Deir-el-Bahari, and the upper part of the body was found rifled of amulets, but the lower part was intact, the Book of the Dead between the legs. He had repaired and found places of safety for royal mummies, Amen-hetep II, Thothmes II, Rameses II and Rameses III.
The priest kings made Thebes their residence while the old line dwelt at Tanis or San. One writer says that the papyri of the princes and princesses of the family of Pai-netchem or Pi-nozem show the best traditions of art to have been yet in force in the time of the Twenty-first Dynasty. The ushabti, little figures which so often were placed in the tombs with the mummies, came into general use in the Eighteenth Dynasty. They were made of painted limestone81, hard stone, steatite, wood, etc. At the end of the dynasty they began to be made of porcelain, and were glazed82 with such colors as mauve, yellow, chocolate and blue. In the Nineteenth Dynasty blue was the universal color, and figures were made like living people, in every-day clothes, rather than, as previously84, to resemble mummies. This continued through the Twentieth Dynasty and is found sporadically85 under the Twenty-second, while in the Twenty-first, as a general[279] rule, they had returned to the mummy form and had a brilliant blue glaze83 with black inscriptions. In the “Book of the Dead,” in the Eighteenth Dynasty, the vignettes were sometimes colored, sometimes plain, later coarser and more representative of modern things.
Masaherth and Men-kheper-Ra, sons of Pai-netchem I, seem to have been priests rather than kings. The latter married Ast-em-khebit, and became the father of Pai-netchem II, Hent-taui, and others. Ast-em-khebit or Ist-em-khebit is sometimes spoken of as queen, and probably belonged to the royal line. Authorities differ much as to this period, and it is difficult to give a perfectly86 clear account of the succession. Many of this lady’s belongings87 were found among those of the royal mummies so often referred to. That she died before her husband is proved by his seals remaining unbroken upon the hamper88 of mummified food accompanying the body. She was evidently much beloved, and buried, like others of her family, with special care, in three coffins, elaborately decorated and swathed in the finest of linen89, in long plaits. The usual shabti, or “little servants,” accompanied her, as well as beautiful vases in blue glass, inscribed90 with funerary legends. Baskets of food, boxes with wigs91, and many other articles, the reproductions of those used in daily life, were included in her burial outfit92. A pet gazelle was also mummified and buried with her, a pathetic suggestion of her tenderness of heart. While crumbled93 and cast aside was her funeral tent, with an inscription[280] wishing her “a happy repose,” among the first articles found when the modern discoverers entered these long hidden places of sepulture.
Pai-netchem II, son of Ast-em-Khebit, married Nes-su-Khensu, who seems sometimes to be regarded as a queen, and is the last of the line of whom we have record. Her husband, too, appears rather as a high priest and commander of soldiers than a king, and again the claim to higher descent may have been on the lady’s side. There were several children of this marriage, but they are not specially94 noteworthy.
The priests apparently did little for the enlargement or aggrandizement95 of Egypt. They ruled about a hundred and twenty-five years, preserved generally friendly relations with the more ancient royal line, seem to have been less oppressive and despotic than some of the earlier kings, and contented96 themselves with repairing the temples and the royal mummies, and have left behind many interesting funeral remains and papyri, said to form a highly important class of literature.
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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licentiousness
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| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
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obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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papyrus
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| n.古以纸草制成之纸 | |
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mythological
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| adj.神话的 | |
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draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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refreshments
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| n.点心,便餐;(会议后的)简单茶点招 待 | |
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spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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naively
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| adv. 天真地 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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amulets
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| n.护身符( amulet的名词复数 ) | |
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effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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degenerated
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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conspicuous
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astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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purloined
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| v.偷窃( purloin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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coffins
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| n.棺材( coffin的名词复数 )；使某人早亡[死，完蛋，垮台等]之物 | |
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subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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47
scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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48
hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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pricked
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| 刺，扎，戳( prick的过去式和过去分词 )； 刺伤； 刺痛； 使剧痛 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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51
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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52
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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consorts
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| n.配偶( consort的名词复数 )；（演奏古典音乐的）一组乐师；一组古典乐器；一起v.结伴( consort的第三人称单数 )；交往；相称；调和 | |
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54
budge
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| v.移动一点儿；改变立场 | |
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tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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58
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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stele
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| n.石碑，石柱 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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pylons
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| n.（架高压输电线的）电缆塔( pylon的名词复数 )；挂架 | |
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porcelain
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| n.瓷；adj.瓷的，瓷制的 | |
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engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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obelisks
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| n.方尖石塔，短剑号，疑问记号( obelisk的名词复数 ) | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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affinity
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| n.亲和力，密切关系 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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sledge
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| n.雪橇，大锤；v.用雪橇搬运，坐雪橇往 | |
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inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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embalmed
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| adj.用防腐药物保存（尸体）的v.保存（尸体）不腐( embalm的过去式和过去分词 )；使不被遗忘；使充满香气 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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wig
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| n.假发 | |
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80
furrows
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| n.犁沟( furrow的名词复数 )；（脸上的）皱纹v.犁田，开沟( furrow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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82
glazed
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| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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83
glaze
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| v.因疲倦、疲劳等指眼睛变得呆滞，毫无表情 | |
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84
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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85
sporadically
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| adv.偶发地，零星地 | |
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86
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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belongings
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| n.私人物品，私人财物 | |
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88
hamper
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| vt.妨碍，束缚，限制；n.(有盖的)大篮子 | |
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89
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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90
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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91
wigs
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| n.假发，法官帽( wig的名词复数 ) | |
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92
outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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93
crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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94
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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95
aggrandizement
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| n.增大，强化，扩大 | |
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96
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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