Having closed the history of this unfortunate army, let us now return to Spain. Joseph had returned, a nominal1 king, to Madrid. More than twenty-six thousand heads of families had come forward, of their own accord, and sworn, by the host, that they desired his presence amongst them. The marshals, under his directions, were pursuing the conquest of Spain with vigor2. Though Joseph was nominally3 lieutenant-general, Soult was in reality at the head of operations. A modern writer, speaking of these two commanders, says Soult was crippled in all his movements, his sound policy neglected, and his best combinations thwarted4, by Joseph. His operations in Andalusia and Estramadura, and the firmness with which he resisted the avarice5 of Joseph, all exhibited his well-balanced character. In Andalusia he firmly held his ground, although hedged in with hostile armies, and surrounded by an insurgent6 population, while a wide territory had to be covered with his troops.
[100]King Joseph could not comprehend the operations of such a mind as Soult’s, and constantly impeded7 his success. When, without ruin to his army, the stubborn marshal could yield to his commands, he did; but where the king’s projects would plunge8 him into irredeemable errors, he openly and firmly withstood them. The anger and threats of Joseph were alike in vain. The inflexible9 old soldier professed10 his willingness to obey, but declared he would not, with his eyes open, commit a great military blunder. King Joseph would despatch11 loud and vehement12 complaints to Napoleon, but the emperor knew too well the ability of Soult to heed13 them. Had the latter been on the Spanish throne, the country would long before have been subdued14, and the French power established.
We shall not enter into detail of all the operations in Spain. A short account of some of the principal battles we will give; and, as we have already detailed15 the first siege of Saragossa, our readers may perhaps like to know the final fate of this devoted16 city. We quote from Headley’s description of the second siege.
SECOND SIEGE OF SARAGOSSA.
“The siege at Saragossa had been successively under the command of Moncey and Jun?t. The camp was filled with murmurs17 and complaints. For nearly a month they had environed the town in vain. Assault after assault had been made; and from the 2d of January, when Jun?t took the command, till the arrival of Lannes in the latter part of the month,[101] every night had been distinguished18 by bloody19 fights; and yet the city remained unconquered. Lannes paid no heed to the murmurs and complaints around him, but immediately, by the promptitude and energy of his actions, infused courage into the hearts of the desponding soldiery. The decision he was always wont21 to carry into battle was soon visible in the siege. The soldiers poured to the assault with firmer purpose, and fought with more resolute22 courage. The apathy23 which had settled down on the army was dispelled24. New life was given to every movement; and on the 27th, amid the tolling25 of the tower-bell, warning the people to the defence, a grand assault was made, and, after a most sanguinary conflict, the walls of the town were carried, and the French soldiers fortified26 themselves in the convent at St. Joseph’s. Unyielding to the last, the brave Saragossans fought on, and, amid the pealing27 of the tocsin, rushed up to the very mouths of the cannons28, and perished by hundreds and by thousands in the streets of the city. Every house was a fortress30, and around its walls were separate battle-fields, where deeds of frantic31 valor32 were done. Day after day did these single-handed fights continue, while famine and pestilence33 walked the city at noonday, and slew34 faster than the swords of the enemy. The dead lay piled up in every street, and on the thick heaps of the slain35 the living mounted, and fought with the energy of despair for their homes and their liberty. In the midst of this incessant36 firing by[102] night and by day, and hand to hand fights on the bodies of the slain, ever and anon a mine would explode, blowing the living and dead, friend and foe37, together in the air. An awful silence would succeed for a moment, and then, over the groans38 of the dying, would ring again the rallying cry of the brave inhabitants. The streets ran torrents39 of blood, and the stench of putrefied bodies loaded the air. Thus, for three weeks, did the fight and butchery go on, within the city walls, till the soldiers grew dispirited and ready to give up the hope of spoils, if they could escape the ruin that encompassed40 them. Yet theirs was a comfortable lot to that of the besieged41. Shut up in the cellars with the dead, pinched with famine, while the pestilence rioted without mercy and without resistance, they heard around them the incessant bursting of bombs, and thunder of artillery42, and explosions of mines, and crash of falling houses, till the city shook, night and day, as within the grasp of an earthquake. Thousands fell daily, and the town was a mass of ruins. Yet, unconquered and apparently43 unconquerable, the inhabitants struggled on. Out of the dens44 they had made for themselves among the ruins, and from the cellars where there were more dead than living, men would crawl to fight, who looked more like spectres than warriors45. Women would work the guns, and, musket46 in hand, advance fearlessly to the charge; and hundreds thus fell, fighting for their homes and their firesides. Amid this scene of devastation,—[103]against this prolonged and almost hopeless struggle of weeks,—against the pestilence that had appeared in his own army, and was mowing47 down his own troops,—and, above all, against the increased murmurs and now open clamors of the soldiers, declaring that the siege must be abandoned till reinforcements could come up,—Lannes remained unshaken and untiring. The incessant roar and crash around him, the fetid air, the exhausting toil48, the carnage and the pestilence, could not change his iron will. He had decreed that Saragossa—which had heretofore baffled every attempt to take it—should fall. At length, by a vigorous attempt, he took the convent of St. Laran, in the suburbs of the town, and planted his artillery there, which soon levelled the city around it with the ground. To finish this work of destruction by one grand blow, he caused six mines to be run under the main street of the city, each of which was charged with three thousand pounds of powder. But before the time appointed for their explosion arrived, the town capitulated. The historians of this siege describe the appearance of the city and its inhabitants, after the surrender, as inconceivably horrible. With only a single wall between them and the enemy’s trenches49, they had endured a siege of nearly two months by forty thousand men, and continued to resist after famine and pestilence began to slay50 faster than the enemy. Thirty thousand cannon29-balls and sixty thousand bombs had fallen in the city, and fifty-four thousand of the inhabitants had perished.[104] Six thousand only had fallen in combat, while forty-eight thousand had been the prey51 of the pestilence. After the town had capitulated, but twelve thousand were found able to bear arms, and they looked more like spectres issuing from the tomb than like living warriors.
“Saragossa was taken; but what a capture! As Lannes rode through the streets at the head of his victorious52 army, he looked only on a heap of ruins, while six thousand unburied corpses53 lay in his path. Sixteen thousand lay sick, while on the living famine had written more dreadful characters than death had traced on the fallen. Infants lay on the breasts of their dead mothers, striving in vain to draw life from bosoms55 that would never throb56 again. Attenuated57 forms, with haggard faces and sunken eyes and cheeks, wandered around among the dead to search for their friends; corpses, bloated with famine, lay stretched across the threshold of their dwellings58, and strong-limbed men went staggering over the pavements, weak from want of food, or struck with the pestilence. Woe59 was in every street, and the silence in the dwellings was more eloquent60 than the loudest cries and groans. Death and famine and the pestilence had been there, in every variety of form and suffering. But the divine form of Liberty had been there too, walking amid those mountains of corpses and ruins of homes, shedding her light through the subterranean61 apartments of the wretched, and, with her cheering voice, animating62 the thrice-conquered,[105] yet still unconquered, to another effort, and blessing63 the dying as they prayed for their beloved city. But she was at last compelled to take her departure, and the bravest city of modern Europe sunk in bondage64. Still her example lives, and shall live to the end of time, nerving the patriot65 to strike and suffer for his home and freedom, and teaching man everywhere how to die in defending the right. A wreath of glory surrounds the brow of Saragossa, fadeless as the memory of her brave defenders66. Before their achievements,—the moral grandeur67 of their firm struggle, and the depth and intensity68 of their sufferings,—the bravery and perseverance69 of the French sink into forgetfulness. Yet theirs was no ordinary task, and it was by no ordinary means that it was executed.”
THE ENGLISH LAND AT LISBON.
The English had by no means relinquished70 their designs upon the Peninsula. The successes of Napoleon and his victorious army but served to stimulate71 their hatred72 of the French, and spur them on to further efforts. Another army was accordingly collected, and placed under the command of Sir Arthur Wellesley, who landed in Lisbon on the 22d of April, 1809. The force under his command was fourteen thousand five hundred infantry73, fifteen hundred cavalry74, and twenty-four pieces of artillery. The passage of the river Dwero was his first contest with the French. In this he was successful, and his success opened to him the gates of Oporto. Soon after occurred the celebrated75 battle of Talavera.[106] King Joseph was himself nominally at the head of his troops; but Marshal Victor was, in reality, the leader. Victor and Soult had both laid their plans before the king, and urged them with all the eloquence76 they were capable of. So sure was Victor of the victory, should his advice be followed, that he said that, if his plans should fail, all military science was useless. The event proved, however, that Soult was correct.
BATTLE OF TALAVERA.
“The morning dawned beautifully clear, but a July sun poured down its burning heat, until the soldiers were glad to seek shelter from its rays in the quiet shade. Between the camps of the two armies flowed a little murmuring rivulet78, and, as the French and English met there to slake79 their thirst, pleasant words passed between them. Familiar conversation, the light laugh and the gay jest, were heard on every side. But, about one o’clock, the deep rolling of drums along the French lines announced to the allies that the hour had come when those who had met to slake their thirst in those quiet waters were soon to mingle80 to quell81 in blood their thirst for strife82. They, too, prepared for combat; and, when the loud booming of the guns gave the signal that the battle was commenced, eighty cannon opened their destructive fire, and the light troops went sweeping83 onward84 with the rapidity of a thunder-cloud over the heavens, while the deep, dark columns marched sternly after, and charged, with terrible strength, the English lines. Then all along their fronts the deep-mouthed guns[107] opened their well-directed fire, and the infantry responded to the furious attack with their rapid volleys, as they closed around the head of the advancing columns, enveloping85 them in one sheet of flame, that streamed like billows along their sides. It was too much for human courage to endure; and, after bravely breasting the storm, they were obliged to fall back in disorder86.
“After various successes and reverses, the French seemed about to gain the day. The English centre was broken, and Victor’s columns marching triumphantly87 through it. Just at this juncture88, when the English were scattering89 on every side, Colonel Donellan, anxious to save the honor of his army, was seen advancing through the disordered masses, at the head of the 48th regiment90. The retiring masses on every side pressed hard against these brave soldiers, and it seemed, at first, as though they must be carried away by them; but, wheeling back by companies, they opened to let the fugitives91 pass, and then, pursuing their proud and beautiful line, they marched straight upon the pursuing columns on the right side, and poured their rapid fire into the dense92 ranks. Closing on the foe with steadiness and firmness, these few soldiers arrested the progress of the entire mass. Then their artillery opened its fire upon them, and the cavalry rallied, and rode round to charge their flanks; and, after a short and earnest warfare93, the tide of success turned, and victory, which seemed a moment before in the hands of the French, was[108] wrested94 from their grasp, amid the loud shouts and earnest cheerings of the British. Their troops retired95 in good order to their former position, and at six o’clock the battle had closed. And now, as both parties were preparing to remove their wounded, and pay the last sad duties to the dead, one of those terrible events occurred which sometimes come to shock the human soul, and overrun a cup of misery96 already full. Hardly had the last troops withdrawn97 from the scene of contest, when the long dry grass took fire, and one broad flame swept furiously over the field, wrapping the dead and wounded together in its fiery99 mantle100. The shrieks101 of the scorched102 and writhing103 victims, that struggled up through the thick folds of smoke that rolled darkly over them, were far more appalling104 than the uproar105 of battle, and carried consternation106 to every heart that heard. Two thousand men were killed on both sides, and eight thousand wounded.”[A]
THE ENGLISH RETIRE INTO PORTUGAL.
Soon after, the army effected a junction107 with Soult, and Sir Arthur Wellesley was obliged to retreat. He obtained, however, a promise from the Spanish general that the English wounded should be removed from the hospitals of Talavera to some other place. But this promise, like too many others, was shamefully108 violated; and he left the place, abandoning them all to the mercy of the enemy. When Victor entered the town, he found the public square covered with the sick and maimed of both armies, scattered109 [109]around on the pavement, without any one to care for them. He immediately sent his soldiers into the houses, commanding the inhabitants to receive the wounded sufferers. He ordered that one English and one French soldier should be lodged110 together,—thus softening111 the asperities112 of war, and setting an example to his foes113 which they would have done well to follow. If the Spanish had refused to care for the sick and wounded of their allies, they showed scarcely more consideration for the men on whose success their own safety depended. They refused to supply them with provisions. The soldiers were weakened by hunger, and the sick dying for want of necessary succor114. Half a pound of wheat in the grain, and, twice a week, a few ounces of flour, with a quarter of a pound of goat’s flesh, formed the sole subsistence of men and officers. The goats were caught and killed by the troops; and it was so difficult to procure115 even these, that the mere116 offal of a goat would bring three or four dollars. Sir Arthur’s warm remonstrances117 to the Spanish junta118 were answered only by promises. The soldiers were murmuring at their bad treatment; and, when pestilence broke out in the army, and five thousand men died in their hospitals, Wellesley, deeming it useless to struggle longer against the force of circumstances, judged it best again to evacuate119 Spain, and withdraw his troops into Portugal. However lightly the English had, in anticipation120, regarded the bravery of the French troops, experience—that stern and truthful121 monitor[110]—had taught them that they were an enemy not to be despised, and that Soult, their chief commander, was as skilful122, and, as a tactician123, fully77 equal to Wellington. Many English writers, in speaking of Wellington, have drawn98 a parallel between him and Napoleon, because he was commander-in-chief when the battle of Waterloo was won. Yet this long struggle between the English general and Soult, in Spain, in which he was as often defeated as conqueror124, shows conclusively125 that the French and English commanders were well matched,—that there was little to choose between them; and who would think, even for a moment, of instituting a comparison of equality between Napoleon and Soult?
We cannot follow the Spaniards, in all their operations, after the English forces had been withdrawn; marked, as they often were, by want of courage, and oftener by want of skill and foresight126 in their arrangements. The Partida warfare was now instituted, and many of the French troops were cut off in this way; yet the system was a decided127 injury to Spain. The heroic defence of Saragossa, already recorded, and the almost equally courageous128 one of Gerona, rise as bright spots on the dark page of Spanish history, and are well worthy129 of a name and place in this history. Most of the siege of Gerona we shall take the liberty to extract from Tucker’s Life of Wellington.
SIEGE OF GERONA.
Gerona is a city of Catalonia, situate on the little river Onar. It is protected by four forts, upon the high ground above it. Its principal defence, however,[111] was the citadel130, called the Monjuie. This is a square fort, two hundred and forty yards in length on each side, with four bastions. The garrisons131 consisted of three thousand four hundred men, commanded by Mariano Alvarez,—a man at once noble, brave, and humane133. Alvarez, who knew that he could place small dependence134 on reinforcements from without, gave every encouragement to the feelings of the citizens to defend their town to the last extremity135. For this purpose, he formed them into eight companies of one hundred men each. Nor was the enthusiasm of the defence shared alone by the men. Maids and matrons also enrolled136 themselves in an association, which they termed the Company of St. Barbara, to perform whatever lay in their power. Alvarez knew full well the power which superstition137 would exert on the minds of the bigoted138 Spaniards. He, therefore, invested St. Narcis, the patron saint of the Geronans, with the insignia of generalissimo of all their forces, by land and by sea. This was done on the Sabbath; and the shrine139 of the saint was opened, and a general’s staff, a sword and richly-ornamented belt, were deposited with his holy relics140. Such was the joy and excitement of the Spaniards, that one of their writers says, “It seemed as if the glory of the Lord had descended141 and filled the church, manifesting that their devotion was approved and blessed by heaven.”
A proclamation was also issued by Alvarez, forbidding all persons, of whatever rank, from speaking[112] of capitulation, on pain of immediate20 death. This was received, both by the garrison132 and people, with acclamation.
The city was closely invested by eighteen thousand French, under the command of General Verdier, on the 6th of May, on the heights of Casa Roca, where they erected142 a battery of eleven mortars144, and began to form their first line of circumvallation. The garrison was too weak to make a sally, or otherwise prevent them. A flag of truce145 was sent, with the conditions on which the French would leave the city; but the only reply it drew forth146 was, that the Geronans would hold no communication with the French, but at the cannon’s mouth. At one o’clock on the morning of June 14th, the bombardment commenced. As soon as the first shell struck, the loud tones of the generale resounded147 through the streets, and every one flew to his post. The female Company of St. Barbara, so far from shrinking from danger, sought everywhere those spots where most was anticipated. What bravery or daring could do was done; yet two castles were yielded up, after a brave but vain resistance. Palamas was also carried by assault. Very few of the garrison escaped, and those only by throwing themselves into the sea. In July, three batteries kept up an incessant fire upon three sides of the Monjuie. By one of these discharges the angle on which the Spanish flag was planted was cut off, and the flag prostrated149 into the ditch below. In an instant, a man was lowered down from the walls to[113] regain150 it. Balls fell like hail around him; yet, apparently unmindful of the dangers to which he was exposed, he calmly descended, and, having recovered the prostrate148 banner, returned to his comrades unhurt, and again hoisted151 it on the walls.
A breach152 was now made in the walls so wide that forty men might enter abreast153. The works progressed with more rapidity, as the fire of the besieged had entirely154 ceased. It was not that Gerona was conquered, but, finding that their ammunition155 was growing short, they prudently156 reserved it until the nearer approach of the enemy should make it more efficient. On the morning of the 8th, about three o’clock, the French, under cover of a most tremendous bombardment, again assaulted the city. Six thousand men marched up to the breach, and endeavored to rush through; but, concealed157 there in the ruins of the ravelin, lay a mortar143, which discharged five hundred musket-balls every shot. As they advanced, it was turned upon them, and their way was soon impeded by the slain. Three times during that day the assault was repeated, with the utmost resolution, by the assailants; and three times were they obliged to retire before the heroic defenders of Gerona, leaving sixteen hundred men lifeless on the field of battle. But the effect of that dreadful attack was severely158 felt by the besieged. The tower of St. Juan had been blown up, and only twenty-three of its brave little garrison remained alive.
An instance of extraordinary heroism159, in a youthful[114] drummer, which occurred during the assault, deserves to be recorded. His name was Luciana Ancio, and he belonged to the artillery. He was stationed to give the alarm, when a shell was thrown. A ball struck his leg off to the knee, and felled him to the ground. Some women, who saw him fall, hastened to remove him to a place of greater safety; but he refused, saying, “No, no! my arms are left, and I can still beat the drum to give my comrades warning in time to save themselves.” Heaven seemed to smile upon his bravery; for he alone, of all those who suffered an amputation160 of the thigh161 during the siege, recovered.
The Company of St. Barbara were everywhere to be seen, covered with dust and blood, under the burning heat of a July sun. Those courageous women, through an incessant fire of the batteries and the musketry, carried water and wine to the soldiers, and bore back the wounded. Every day produced acts of heroism equally conspicuous162, for the attack continued with unabated force. The sharp-shooters of the enemy were stationed thickly in the trenches; and so fatal was their aim, that for any of the garrison to be seen, only for a moment, was certain death. And, although the sentinels were changed every half-hour, nine were killed, in one day, at one post; and, after this, it was only possible to observe what the enemy were about, by some one in the force lifting up his head, and taking a momentary163 glance.
Early in August, the besiegers had pushed their[115] parallels to the very edge of the fosse; but here their efforts were delayed, because the nature of the soil obliged them to bring earth from some distance to finish their works. About this time, Castellar de la Silva, at the head of fifteen hundred men, attempted to throw supplies into the city; but no precautions could escape the watchful164 eye of the besiegers. The convoy165 was seized, and only five hundred men, of the fifteen hundred who defended it, lived to tell the tale.
The main attacks of the besiegers were now directed against the ravelin, which had become the chief defence of Monjuie. Attempts were made, night after night, to storm it; but in vain. It was mined, but, as the breastwork was wholly of earth, the explosion did no injury. A battery was planted against it, and a sally was made by the besieged, hoping to destroy it. This attack was headed by a priest. He was fired upon, and fell. One of the French officers, at the risk of his own life, protected him from further injury. But his humanity cost him his life. One of the Spaniards, mistaking his object, cut him down. The guns of the battery were spiked166; but this brave attack was of little use, for the French were well supplied with artillery, and fresh guns were soon mounted, and played upon the gate and ravelin.
For thirty-seven days had this fierce conflict been sustained. The numbers of the besieged were greatly reduced; the hospitals were filled to overflowing,[116] and pestilence, with all its horrors, spread unchecked, on every side. Yet this was not all. Grim, gaunt famine was among them, and began to be severely felt. Of all their stores, only some wheat and a little flour remained. Still, there was no thought of capitulation, although every day diminished their little stock. On the 19th of September, another general assault was made, and as bravely met. “Frequently,” says Southey, “such was the press of conflict, and such the passion that inspired them, that, impatient of the time required for reloading their muskets167, the defendants168 caught up stones from the breach, and hurled169 upon their enemies these readier weapons.” Four times the assault was repeated in the course of two hours, and at every point the enemy was beaten off. The noble Alvarez, during the whole assault, hastened from post to post, wherever he was most needed, providing everything, directing all, and encouraging all. Eight hundred of the besiegers fell, on this memorable170 day. A glorious success had been gained, yet it brought with it no rest,—no respite,—scarcely a prolongation of hope. There was no wine to cheer the wearied soldiery, when they returned from the assault—not even bread. A scanty171 mess of pulse, or corn, with a little oil, or morsel172 of bacon, in its stead, was all that could be served out; and even this was the gift of families, who shared with the soldiers their little stores. “What matters it?” was the answer of these heroes to the lament173 of the inhabitants that they had nothing[117] better to give; “if the food fail, the joy of having saved Gerona will give us strength to go on.” Every day, every hour, added to the distress174 of the besieged. Their flour was exhausted175, and, for want of other animal food, mules176 and horses were slaughtered177, and sent to the shambles178. A list was made of all within the city, and they were taken by lot. Fuel became exceedingly scarce; yet such was the patriotism179 of the people, that the heaps placed at the corners of the streets, to illuminate180 them in case of danger, remained untouched. A glimmering181 of hope still remained that the city might be supplied with provisions by the army of Blake; but even this faint hope was cut off when Marshal Augereau superseded182 St. Cyr in the control of the siege,—for his first act was to take possession of Haslatrich, at which place Blake had stored the greater part of his magazines. Augereau sent letters to the city threatening an increase of horrors in case the siege was prolonged, and offering them an armistice183 of a month, with provisions for that time, if Alvarez would then capitulate; but these terms were rejected with scorn. Hitherto, the few animals which had remained had been led out to feed near the burying-ground; but this was no longer possible, and the wretched animals gnawed184 the hair from each other’s bodies. The stores of the citizens were now exhausted, and the food for the hospitals was sometimes seized on the way, by the famishing populace. Provisions were prepared in the French camp, and held out to the garrison as a[118] temptation to desert; and yet, during the whole siege, only ten so deserted185.
At length, human nature could endure no more. The chief surgeon presented to Alvarez a report on the state of the city. It was, indeed, a fearful one. It stated that “not a single house remained in a habitable state” in Gerona. The people slept in cellars, and vaults186, and holes, amid the ruins; and the wounded were often killed in the hospital by the enemy’s fire. The streets were broken up, so that the rain-water and sewers187 had stagnated188, and their pestilential breath was rendered more noxious189 by the dead bodies which lay perishing in the ruins. The incessant thunder of artillery had affected190 the atmosphere, and vegetation had stopped. The fruit withered191 on the trees, and nothing would grow. Within the last three days, says the report, five hundred of the garrison alone have died in the hospitals, and the pestilence is still raging unchecked. “If, by these sacrifices,” say its authors, in conclusion, “deserving forever to be the admiration192 of history,—and if, by consummating193 them with the lives of us, who, by the will of Providence194, have survived our comrades,—the liberty of our country can be secured, happy shall we be, in the bosom54 of eternity195, and in the memory of all good men, and happy will be our children among their fellow-countrymen.”
Alvarez himself could do no more. Yet would he not yield to the enemy; but, being seized with a delirious196 fever, his successor in command yielded the city[119] on honorable terms, on the 10th of December, the siege having lasted seven months. Alvarez died soon after, and the central junta awarded honors and titles to his family, and exempted197 the whole city from taxation198.
THE ENGLISH AT TORRES VEDRAS.
The surrender of this devoted city closed the campaign for 1809. The principal events of the campaign of 1810 were the battle of Busaco, in which the English gained the victory, and the retreat of the French Marshal Massena. For four months and a half, Massena had continually followed the retreating forces of Wellington, until now he had retired beyond the lines of Torres Vedras. The English had been engaged on these lines a year, until they had at last rendered them almost impregnable. They consisted of three lines of intrenchments, one within another, extending for nearly thirty miles. On these lines were a hundred and fifty redoubts, and six hundred mounted cannon. Here Massena saw his enemy retire within these lines, and he then knew that his utmost efforts to dislodge him must prove abortive199. Besides, Wellington here received reinforcements to his army, which increased it to one hundred and thirty thousand men.
Besides these defences, there were twenty British ships of the line, and a hundred transports, ready to receive the army, if forced to retire. Unwilling200 to retreat, Massena sat down with his army here, hoping to draw Wellington to an open battle. But he preferred waiting for an attack upon his intrenchments,[120] or to starve the enemy into a retreat. This he knew must soon be done. Wellington himself declares that Massena provisioned his sixty thousand men and twenty thousand horses, for two months, where he could not have maintained a single division of English soldiers. But his army was now reduced to starvation; and he, driven to the last extremity, saw that he must either commence his retreat at once, or his famine-stricken army would be too weak to march. Arranging his troops into a compact mass, he placed the rear guard under the command of Ney, and retired from the Torres Vedras. Wellington immediately commenced the pursuit; but, owing to the skilful arrangements of the French marshal, he found it impossible to attack him with success. Taking advantage of every favorable position, he would make a stand, and wait until the main body of the army had passed on, and then would himself fall back. Thus, for more than four months, did this retreat continue, until he arrived at the confines of Portugal, having lost more than one-third of his army. Many were the cruelties practised on this retreat. They have often been described, and form a dark spot on the English historian’s page. All war is necessarily cruel; and the desolation and barrenness that followed in the track of the French army, wasting the inhabitants by famine, were a powerful check on Wellington in his pursuit. The track of a retreating and starving army must always be covered with woe; and one might as well complain[121] of the cruelty of a besieging201 force, because innocent women and children die by hunger.
ESCAPE OF FRENCH PRISONERS.
The siege of Cadiz occupied the spring and summer of this year. During this siege, a tremendous tempest ravaged202 the Spanish coast, lasting203 four days. By it more than forty sail of merchantmen, besides three line-of-battle ships, were driven on shore. It was during this tempest that the French and Swiss on board the prison-ships in the harbor made their escape. “The storm was so great,” writes one of the unhappy captives, “that we could not receive our supply of provision from the shore. Our signals of distress were wholly disregarded by the Spanish authorities; and, had it not been for the humanity of the British admiral, who sent his boats to their relief, many more of our miserable204 men must have perished.” The pontoons in which these prisoners were confined were not properly secured; and the prisoners on board the Castilla, seeing that the wind and tide were in their favor, cut the cable, and, hoisting205 a sail which they had made from their hammocks, steered206 for the opposite coast. They were seven hundred in number, and most of them officers. English boats were sent against them, but they found the French were prepared. The ballast of the vessel207 in which they were confined was cannon-balls of twenty-four and thirty-six pounds’ weight. These the French hurled by hand into the boats of their pursuers, and soon disabled them, so that the fugitives finally succeeded in escaping with but little loss.
The first two months of the year 1811 were most inauspicious for the Spanish cause. General Suchet possessed208 himself of Tortosa, and on the 23d of the same month Soult became master of Olivenza. On the same day died the Marquis de la Romana, one of the most skilful and noblest of the Spanish leaders; and he had scarcely expired, before his army met with a signal defeat at Gebora.
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vigor
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
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5
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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6
insurgent
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| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
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7
impeded
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| 阻碍，妨碍，阻止( impede的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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8
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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9
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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10
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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11
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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12
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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13
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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14
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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15
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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16
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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17
murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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18
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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19
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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20
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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21
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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22
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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23
apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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24
dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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25
tolling
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| [财]来料加工 | |
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26
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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27
pealing
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| v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的现在分词 ) | |
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28
cannons
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| n.加农炮，大炮，火炮( cannon的名词复数 ) | |
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29
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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30
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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31
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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32
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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33
pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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34
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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35
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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36
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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37
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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38
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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39
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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40
encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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41
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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43
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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44
dens
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| n.牙齿，齿状部分；兽窝( den的名词复数 )；窝点；休息室；书斋 | |
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45
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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46
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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47
mowing
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| n.割草，一次收割量，牧草地v.刈，割( mow的现在分词 ) | |
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48
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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49
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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50
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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51
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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52
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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53
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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54
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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55
bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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56
throb
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| v.震颤，颤动；(急速强烈地)跳动，搏动 | |
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57
attenuated
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| v.（使）变细( attenuate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）变薄；（使）变小；减弱 | |
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58
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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59
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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60
eloquent
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|
| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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61
subterranean
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|
| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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62
animating
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| v.使有生气( animate的现在分词 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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63
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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64
bondage
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| n.奴役，束缚 | |
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65
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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66
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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67
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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68
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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69
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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70
relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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71
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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72
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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73
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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74
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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75
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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76
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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77
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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78
rivulet
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| n.小溪，小河 | |
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79
slake
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| v.解渴，使平息 | |
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80
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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81
quell
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| v.压制，平息，减轻 | |
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82
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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83
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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84
onward
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|
| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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85
enveloping
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的现在分词 ) | |
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86
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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87
triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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88
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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89
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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90
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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91
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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92
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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93
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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94
wrested
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| （用力）拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 )； 费力取得； （从…）攫取； （ 从… ） 强行取去… | |
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95
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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96
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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97
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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98
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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99
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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100
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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101
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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102
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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103
writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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104
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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105
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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106
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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107
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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108
shamefully
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| 可耻地； 丢脸地； 不体面地； 羞耻地 | |
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109
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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110
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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111
softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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112
asperities
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| n.粗暴( asperity的名词复数 )；（表面的）粗糙；（环境的）艰苦；严寒的天气 | |
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113
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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114
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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115
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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116
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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117
remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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118
junta
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| n.团体；政务审议会 | |
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119
evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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120
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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121
truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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122
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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123
tactician
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| n. 战术家, 策士 | |
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124
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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125
conclusively
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| adv.令人信服地，确凿地 | |
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126
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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127
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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128
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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129
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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130
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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131
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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132
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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133
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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134
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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135
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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136
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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137
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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138
bigoted
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| adj.固执己见的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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139
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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140
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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141
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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142
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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143
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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144
mortars
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| n.迫击炮( mortar的名词复数 )；砂浆；房产；研钵 | |
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145
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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146
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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147
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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148
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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149
prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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150
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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151
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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152
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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153
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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154
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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155
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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156
prudently
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| adv. 谨慎地，慎重地 | |
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157
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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158
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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159
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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160
amputation
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| n.截肢 | |
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161
thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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162
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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163
momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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164
watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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165
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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166
spiked
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| adj.有穗的；成锥形的；有尖顶的 | |
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167
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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168
defendants
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| 被告( defendant的名词复数 ) | |
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169
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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170
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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171
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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172
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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173
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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174
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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175
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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176
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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177
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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178
shambles
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| n.混乱之处；废墟 | |
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179
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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180
illuminate
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| vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释 | |
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181
glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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182
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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183
armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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184
gnawed
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| 咬( gnaw的过去式和过去分词 )； （长时间） 折磨某人； （使）苦恼； （长时间）危害某事物 | |
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185
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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186
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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187
sewers
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| n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 ) | |
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188
stagnated
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| v.停滞，不流动，不发展( stagnate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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189
noxious
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| adj.有害的，有毒的；使道德败坏的，讨厌的 | |
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190
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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191
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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192
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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193
consummating
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| v.使结束( consummate的现在分词 )；使完美；完婚；（婚礼后的）圆房 | |
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194
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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195
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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196
delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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197
exempted
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| 使免除[豁免]( exempt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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198
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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199
abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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200
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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201
besieging
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的现在分词 ) | |
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202
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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203
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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204
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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205
hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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206
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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207
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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208
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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