The artists and the poets can love him, but the hand of the prosaic4 and the philistine5 is against him. His enemies are numberless, and his life is one of constant combat and elusion6. The owls8 seek him at night, and during the day he meets antagonism9 in many forms. Some ornithologists have tried to find justification10 for the crow, but the weight of the testimony11 is against him. He pilfers12 the eggs and nestlings of the songsters, invades the newly planted cornfields, and apparently13 abuses every confidence reposed14 in him.
He has been known to take his family into fields of sprouting15 potatoes and, when the plants were hardly out of the ground, feed its members on the{56} soft tubers which were used as seed. Even very young chickens and ducks enter into his economies. He is an inveterate16 mischiefmaker, and by those who fail to see the attractive sides of his character, is looked upon as a general nuisance.
He cannot be considered valuable from a utilitarian17 point of view, but as a picturesque18 element he possesses many charms. Notwithstanding the sins laid at his door, this bird is of absorbing interest. His genteel insolence19, his ability to cope with the wiles20 of his persecutors, and his complete self-assurance may well challenge our admiration21.
He takes full charge of the dune2 country before the morning sun appears above the horizon, and maintains his vigils until the evening shadows relieve him from further responsibility. All of the happenings on the sands, and among the pines, are subjected to his careful inspection22 and noisy comment. His curiosity is intense, and any unusual object or event will attract his excited scrutiny23 and an agitated24 assemblage of his friends.
Like many people, he is both wise and foolish to a surprising degree. He is crafty26 and circumspect27 in his methods of obtaining food and avoid{57}ing most of his enemies, but shows a lack of judgment28 when his curiosity is aroused.
He will approach quite near to a person sitting still, but will retreat in great trepidation29 at the slightest movement. An old crow knows the difference between a cane30 and a gun, but a man carrying a gun can ride a horse much nearer to him than he can go on foot.
In the community life of the crows there is much material for study. Their social organization is cohesive31 and effective. It is impossible not to believe that they have a limited language. Different cries produce different effects among them. They undoubtedly32 communicate with each other. The older and wiser crows have qualities of leadership which compel or attract the obedience33 of the sable34 hordes35 that follow them in long processions through the air, to and from the feeding grounds, and to the roosting-places at night.
The cries of the leaders are distinctive36, and the entire band will wheel and change the direction of its flight when the loud signal comes from the head of the column. These bands often number several thousand birds.{58}
After spending the day in detached groups, they gather late in the afternoon, and prepare for the flight to the roosting-grounds, which is an affair of the utmost importance and ceremony. A single scout37 will come ahead, and after slowly and carefully inspecting the area in the forest where the night is usually spent, he returns in the direction from which he came.{59}
In a few minutes several crows come over the same course and apparently verify the conditions. These also return, and a little later, perhaps twenty or thirty more will appear and fly all over the territory under consideration. They go and report to the main body beyond the hills, and soon the horizon becomes black with the oncoming phalanxes, steadily38 winging their way to the chosen spot.
For a long time the sky above it is filled with their dark forms, circling and hovering39 over and among the trees. Much uncertainty40 seems to agitate25 them, and there is a great deal of noisy confusion before even comparative quiet comes. It requires about half an hour for them to get comfortably settled after their arrival. Sentinels are posted and they maintain a vigilant41 watch during the night.
I have sat quietly on a log and seen these multitudes settle into the trees around me in the deep woods. Although perfectly42 motionless, I have sometimes been detected by a watchful43 sentinel. His quick, loud note of alarm arouses the entire aggregation44, and the air is immediately filled with{60} the turmoil45 of discordant46 cries and beating wings. Sacred precincts have been invaded, and an enemy is within the gates.
After much anxiety, and shifting of positions, confidence seems to be finally restored, and the black masses on the bending boughs47 become quiet.
A footfall on the dead leaves, the snapping of a twig48, a suspicious movement among the trees, or the hoot49 of an owl7, may alarm the wary50 watchers and start another uproar51 that will result in complete desertion of the vicinity of the suspected danger.
When morning comes, various groups visit the beach and strut52 along the shore, drinking and picking up stray morsels53. Dead fish that have been cast in by the waves, and numerous insects crawling on the sand, are eagerly devoured54. Usually before sunrise the crows have started out over the country in detached flocks.
Like all the affairs of the crows, courtship is a serious and important matter. The young male stretches his wings, struts55 dramatically, and performs all kinds of crow feats56 to attract favorable glances from the coy eyes of a black divinity who{61} sits demurely57 still and waits. After the manner of female kind, she will remain obdurate58 as long as supplication59 continues. She will yield only when it ceases.
Several days are spent in the wooing. It often has its vicissitudes60. The proverbial course of true love has its rough spots, for sometimes shiny-coated rivals come which are insistent61 and boisterous62.{62} They refuse to respect a privacy that is much desired, and create unwelcome disturbances63.
There are battles in the tree-tops that send many black feathers down before the fickle64 beauty makes her final decision. She has little love for defeated suitors, and her admiration is the spoil of the victor when trouble comes.
When the love-making is over the happy pair begin the construction of the nest, which is usually composed of broken twigs65 or small bits of grape vine, and lined with moss66 or dead grass. It is generally built about thirty feet from the ground among the strong branches in the deep woods. It is jealously guarded, and combats with would-be intruders are numerous and desperate. The sharp bills are effective weapons when the home is at stake, and it is a bold invader67 who would risk contact with them for the sake of the mottled eggs or the tender young in the nest.
The crow may be a subtle and artful villain68, and his evil ways may have brought him into disrepute, but he has picturesque quality. His black form is often an effective accent in composition, and his{63} presence adds character and interest to the waste places.
The black roving flocks impart a peculiar69 charm to the white winter landscapes. The bleak70 uplands and the solemn trees in the still bare woods are enlivened by the dark busy forms. They seem undaunted by the cold and but few of them migrate. During the winter storms they find what refuge they can in the seclusion71 of the hollows in the deep woods, and among the heavy foliage72 of the pines. They eke73 out a precarious74 livelihood75, with scanty76 food and uncertain shelter, until nature becomes more heedful of their wants and again sends the springtime into the world.
This bird has his own peculiar and special ways of living, which are adapted to his own temperament77 and necessities. He is only a crow, and nature never intended that he should adjust himself to the convenience and desires of other forms of animal life. He is without ethics78 or conscience, and in this he differs little from the man with a gun.
Some of the most pleasant memories of the dunes are clustered around “Billy,” a pet crow which re{64}mained with us one summer through the kindness of a naturalist79 friend. He was acquired at a tender age, a small boy having abstracted him from a happy home in an old tree in the deep woods.
His early life was devoted80 principally to bread and milk, hard boiled eggs, bits of meat, and other food, with which he had to be constantly supplied. A large cage was built for his protection as well{65} as for his confinement81, until he could become domesticated82 and strong enough to take care of himself.
He became clamorous83 at unreasonable84 morning hours, and required constant attention during the day. His comical and whimsical ways soon found him a place in our affections, and Billy became a member of the family.
He developed a decided85 character of his own. When he was old enough to fly he was given his freedom, which he utilized86 in his own way. He would spend a large part of his time in a nearby ravine, studying the problems of crow life, but his visits to the house were frequent, and his demands insistent when he was hungry.
He would almost invariably discover the departure of any one of us who left the house, flying short distances ahead and waiting until he was overtaken, or proudly riding on our heads or shoulders, if he was not quite sure of the general direction of the expedition.
The berry patch was a great attraction to him, and if we took a basket with us he would help{66} himself to the fruit after it had been picked, much preferring to have the picking done for him.
One of his delights was walking back and forth87 on the hammock. The loose meshes88 seemed to fascinate him, and he would spend much time in studying its intricacies and picking at the knots. He soon became distantly acquainted with Gip, our black cocker spaniel. While no particular intimacy89 developed between them, each seemed to understand that the other was a part of the family. They finally got to the point where they would eat out of the same dish.
Billy was a delightful90 companion on many sketching91 trips into the dunes, and it was amusing to watch the perplexities of the wild crows when my close association with one of their own kind was observed. They could not understand the relationship, and it gave rise to much animated92 discussion. Billy was immediately visited when he flew into a tree top, and carefully looked over. Other crows joined in the consultations93 and the final verdict was not always favorable, for hostility94 frequently became evident, and poor Billy was compelled to leave the tree, often with cruel{67} wounds. He was probably regarded as a heretic and a backslider, who had violated all crow traditions—a fit subject for ostracism95 and seclusion beyond the pale.
He promptly96 responded to my call when he got into trouble, or thought it might be lunch-time. He would watch with much interest the undoing97 of the sandwiches, and would wait expectantly on my knee for the coveted98 tid-bits which constituted his share of the meal.
When preparations were made for the return, Billy’s interest in the day’s proceedings99 seemed to flag, and he would suddenly disappear, not to be seen again until the next morning, when he would alight on the rail of the back porch and loudly demand his breakfast.
I was never able to ascertain100 where he spent a great part of his time. His identity was, of course, lost when he was with the other crows unless he happened to get into a storm center near the house, and we only knew him when he was with us.
He had the elemental love of color, which always begins with red, and the vermilion on my palette seemed to exercise a spell over him. After{68} getting his bill into it, he would plume101 and pick his feathers, and I have spent considerable time with a rag and benzine in trying to make him presentable after he had produced quite good post-impressionistic pictures on the feathers of his breast.
Occasionally he would take my pencils or brushes into the trees while I was at work, and play with them for some time, but would not return anything that he had once secured. I often had difficulty in recovering lost articles, but usually he would accidentally drop them. In such cases there would be a race between us, for he quickly became jealous of their possession.
Billy was, to a certain extent, affectionate, and would often come to be petted, alighting on my outstretched hand and holding his head down toward me. When his head feathers were stroked gently, low, contented102 sounds indicated the pleasure he took in the attention devoted to him.
Stories of the numerous little tricks and insinuating103 ways of this interesting bird could occupy many pages, but enough has been told to convey an idea of his character. Perhaps he may have{69} been a rascal104 at heart, but his ancestry105 was responsible for his moral shortcomings.
One morning we missed Billy, and we possibly have never seen him since. He may have answered “the call of the wild” and joined the black company that goes over into the back country in the morning and returns to the bluffs106 at night, or he may have fallen a victim to indiscriminating over-confidence in mankind—a misfortune that is not confined to crows.
He left tender recollections with us. He had an engaging personality, and was a most admirable and lovable crow. Such an epitaph would be due him if he has departed from life, and a more sincere tribute could not be offered him if he still lives.
During the following year I was able to approach quite near to a crow who seemed to show slight signs of recognition. A broken pinion107 in his left wing, a reminiscence of a vicious battle in the fall, seemed to complete the identification of Billy. He appeared to be making his headquarters in the ravine. Further careful observation and investigation108 convinced me that if this crow was actually Billy, he had laid three eggs.{70}
The name, however, meant much to us, and by simply changing its spelling to “Billie,” we preserved its pleasant associations.
It was a contented couple whose nest was in the gnarled branches in the ravine, where the little home was protected from the chill spring winds. In due time small, queer-looking heads appeared{71} above the edge of the nest, with widely opened bills that clamored continuously for the bits of food which the assiduous parents had to supply constantly. The nest required much attention. Marauding red squirrels, owls, hawks109, and other enemies had to be kept away from the time the first egg was laid until the fledglings were old enough to fly. Their first attempts resulted in many falls, but they soon became experts, and one morning the entire family was gone.
They probably flew over into the back country, where food was more abundant and where they were subjected to less observation.
The nest was never used again. The twigs, little pieces of wild grapevine, and moss of which it was made, have gradually fallen away during the succeeding years, until but a few fragments remain in the tree crotch. A red lead pencil was found under the tree. Possibly “Billie” may have tucked it in among the twigs as a souvenir of former ties, or its color may have suggested esthetic110 adornment111 of a happy home.
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1
dunes
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| 沙丘( dune的名词复数 ) | |
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dune
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| n.(由风吹积而成的)沙丘 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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philistine
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| n.庸俗的人；adj.市侩的，庸俗的 | |
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elusion
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| n.逃避，规避 | |
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owl
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| n.猫头鹰，枭 | |
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owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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antagonism
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| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
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justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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pilfers
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| v.偷窃（小东西），小偷( pilfer的第三人称单数 )；偷窃（一般指小偷小摸） | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sprouting
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| v.发芽( sprout的现在分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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utilitarian
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| adj.实用的，功利的 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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wiles
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| n.（旨在欺骗或吸引人的）诡计，花招；欺骗，欺诈( wile的名词复数 ) | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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agitate
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| vi.(for,against)煽动，鼓动；vt.搅动 | |
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crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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circumspect
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| adj.慎重的，谨慎的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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trepidation
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| n.惊恐，惶恐 | |
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cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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cohesive
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| adj.有粘着力的；有结合力的；凝聚性的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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sable
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| n.黑貂；adj.黑色的 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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scout
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| n.童子军，侦察员；v.侦察，搜索 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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aggregation
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| n.聚合，组合；凝聚 | |
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turmoil
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| n.骚乱，混乱，动乱 | |
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discordant
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| adj.不调和的 | |
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47
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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48
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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49
hoot
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| n.鸟叫声，汽车的喇叭声； v.使汽车鸣喇叭 | |
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50
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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51
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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52
strut
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| v.肿胀，鼓起；大摇大摆地走；炫耀；支撑；撑开；n.高视阔步；支柱，撑杆 | |
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53
morsels
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| n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑 | |
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54
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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55
struts
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| （框架的）支杆( strut的名词复数 )； 支柱； 趾高气扬的步态； （尤指跳舞或表演时）卖弄 | |
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56
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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57
demurely
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| adv.装成端庄地，认真地 | |
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obdurate
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| adj.固执的，顽固的 | |
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supplication
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| n.恳求，祈愿，哀求 | |
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vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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insistent
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| adj.迫切的，坚持的 | |
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boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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fickle
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| adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的，不坚定的 | |
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twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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eke
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| v.勉强度日，节约使用 | |
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precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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clamorous
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| adj.吵闹的，喧哗的 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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meshes
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| 网孔( mesh的名词复数 )； 网状物； 陷阱； 困境 | |
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intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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sketching
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| n.草图 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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consultations
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| n.磋商（会议）( consultation的名词复数 )；商讨会；协商会；查找 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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ostracism
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| n.放逐；排斥 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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undoing
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| n.毁灭的原因，祸根；破坏，毁灭 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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103
insinuating
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| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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104
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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106
bluffs
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| 恐吓( bluff的名词复数 )； 悬崖； 峭壁 | |
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107
pinion
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| v.束缚；n.小齿轮 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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109
hawks
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| 鹰( hawk的名词复数 )； 鹰派人物，主战派人物 | |
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esthetic
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| adj.美学的，审美的；悦目的，雅致的 | |
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adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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