Strabo speaks of a city of Calpe, situated12 about four and a quarter miles from the Rock, which was formerly13 an important naval14 station of the Iberians. Some say, he adds, that it was founded by Heracles, and anciently named Heracleia; and that the great circuit of its walls and its docks could be seen in his time. It is a moot15 point with antiquaries whether Calpe and Carteia were one and the same city.
The present name of the Rock is derived16 from Jebel-Tarik, or “hill of Tarik,”—so called from the Moorish17 conqueror19 who landed here, April 30, 711.
Every reader of Southey will be familiar with his tragic20 poem of “Roderick, the Last of the Goths,” and will remember the story on which it is founded,—how that Roderick, the Gothic king of Spain, betrayed the daughter of Count Julian, the governor of Ceuta; and how that the latter, to revenge his dishonoured21 house, allied22 himself with Muza, the Moorish ruler of West Africa, to accomplish the conquest of his native land:—
“Mad to wreak23
His vengeance24 for his violated child{144}
On Roderick’s head, in evil hour for Spain,
For that unhappy daughter and himself,
Desperate apostate25, on the Moors26 he called;
And like a cloud of locusts27, which the South
Wafts28 from the plains of wasted Africa,
The Mussulmen upon Iberia’s shore
Descend29.
Muza, having obtained the sanction of the Caliph Al Walid Ebn Abdalmslik, sent over a small force of 100 horse and 400 foot to examine the country, and the best line of operations for an army. This advanced guard was commanded by Tarik Ebn Zarca, a veteran warrior30 of high repute, who crossed the Strait, accompanied by Count Julian, and landed on the Spanish shore near the present Spanish town of Algesiras. Meeting with no opposition31, he ravaged32 the neighbouring towns, and, loaded with plunder33, returned to Africa.
Incited34 by the prospect35 of absolute success, Muza collected in the following year a well-equipped army of 12,000 men, to the command of which Tarik was appointed. Embarking36 on board a large flotilla, he once more crossed the Strait, and, this time, landed on the sandy isthmus37 which connects the Rock with the Spanish mainland. Before entering on the conquest of the country, he deemed it advisable to secure his communication with Africa, by establishing a{145} strong military position on the coast; and his keen eye having at once detected the value of the Rock, he ordered a castle to be raised upon it. Some portions of this ancient structure still remain; and an inscription39 discovered over the principal gate, before it was demolished40, recorded the completion of the work in 725.
“Thou, Calpe, saw’st their coming; ancient rock
Renowned41, no longer now shalt thou be called
From gods and heroes of the years of yore,
Kronos, or hundred-handed Briareus,
Bacchus or Hercules; but doomed42 to bear
The name of thy new conqueror, and thenceforth
To stand his everlasting44 monument.
Thou saw’st the dark-blue waters flash before
Their ominous45 way, and whiten round their keels;
Their swarthy myriads46 darkening o’er thy sands.
There on the beach the Misbelievers spread
Their banners, flaunting47 to the sun and breeze;
Fair shone the sun upon their proud array,
White turbans, glittering armour48, shields engrailed
With gold, and scymitars of Syrian steel;
And gently did the breezes, as in sport,
Curl their long flags outrolling, and display
The blazoned49 scrolls50 of blasphemy51. Too soon
The gales52 of Spain from that unhappy land
Wafted53, as from an open charnel-house,
The taint54 of death; and that bright sun, from fields
Of slaughter55, with the morning dew drew up
Corruption56 through the infected atmosphere.”
Leaving a small force at the foot of Jebel-Tarik, as the Saracens named the Rock, in honour of their{146} leader, Tarik pushed forward to the westward, captured Carteia, and encountered the Goths, under King Roderick, near Xeres in Andalusia. The battle was fiercely contested. The Goths fought with all their old valour, and victory might have rested with King Roderick, had not some of his nobles, with their followers57, deserted58 him at the crisis of the fight, and joined the invaders59. The Goths then gave way, and the Moors pressing them closely, their retreat soon became a headlong flight.
“Eight summer days, from morn till latest eve,
The fatal fight endured, till perfidy60
Prevailing61 to their overthrow62, they sank
Defeated, not dishonoured. On the banks
Of Chrysus, Roderick’s royal car[4] was found,
His battle-horse Orelio, and that helm
Whose horns, amid the thickest of the fray63,
Eminent64, had marked his presence. Did the stream
Receive him with the undistinguished dead,{147}
Christian65 and Moor18, who clogged66 its course that day?
So thought the conqueror, and from that day forth43,
Memorial of his perfect victory,
He bade the river bear the name of Joy.”[5]
Flushed with victory, Tarik advanced into the country, and meeting with no organized attempt at opposition, rapidly made himself master of the provinces of Asturias, Biscay, and of the interior of Spain. The Goths, driven into the mountains, gradually settled down into little communities, which after a while were attracted towards one another by the common sentiment of patriotism67 and hostility68 towards the infidels. Then they descended69 from their mountain-recesses, and after a protracted70 series of contests succeeded in expelling the Moors from the northern provinces. Encouraged by this success, the chiefs allied themselves together for the purpose of driving them wholly out of Spain; and this being accomplished71, they founded the several independent kingdoms of Leon, Galicia, Asturias, Navarre, and Castile.
Meantime, Gibraltar had increased in importance, though at that time it was surpassed by the neighbouring town of Algesiras. Early in the fourteenth century, however, Ferdinand, King of{148} Castile, wrested72 it from its Moorish garrison73, and it remained in the hands of the Spaniards until 1333. Then Abomelique, son of the Sultan of Fez, having landed on the coast with a force to assist the Moorish king of Granada, immediately attacked the fortress75 of the Rock, and captured it after a brave resistance. The Spanish troops fought with determined76 resolution, and surrendered at the approach of famine rather than to the summons of the enemy.
Alonzo XI., King of Castile, was hastening to the relief of the beleaguered77 stronghold, when news of its capitulation reached him. He resolved to attempt its recapture before the Moors could throw in provisions or repair and strengthen its defences. Pressing forward with great rapidity, he arrived before Gibraltar on the fifth day after its surrender. Dividing his army into three sections, he posted the main body on the isthmus, a second on the Red Sands, while the third occupied the north side of the Rock above the town. He made several desperate efforts to storm the castle, but each time was repulsed78 with severe loss; and eventually found himself in the position of the besieger79 besieged—the king of Granada uniting his forces with those of Abomelique, and encamping in the rear of the Spaniards so as to{149} raise a formidable barrier across the isthmus from the Bay to the Mediterranean80, and cut off their supplies of provisions. For a few days longer Alonzo desperately81 pressed his attacks; but at length was compelled by famine to open up negotiations82 with the Moorish chiefs, which resulted in his being allowed to retire with his troops, unmolested. Soon afterwards the Christians83 surprised the Moorish camp, and Abomelique was slain84. His father avenged85 his death by falling upon the Spanish fleet, which he completely destroyed; but Alonzo was still bent86 on the recovery of Gibraltar, and in 1349 collected a powerful army for this purpose. His task was more difficult than on the previous occasion, the Moors having greatly added to the strength of the fortifications, and garrisoned87 it with their best troops.
It was in the spring of the year that Alonzo sat down before Gibraltar, and he conducted the siege with great vigour88, harassing89 the garrison with constant attacks and incessant90 storms of missiles, and intercepting91 their communications by land and sea. He was on the point of success when the plague broke out in his camp, sweeping92 away thousands of his soldiers, and carrying off himself on the 26th of March{150} 1350. The siege was immediately raised, and the Crescent still shone luridly93 from the battlements of the fortress-crowned Rock. But dissensions breaking out among the Moors themselves, the castle was seized, in 1410, by Jusef III., King of Granada. His rule, however, proved so distasteful to the inhabitants that they rose against him, compelled his garrison to retire, and then implored94 the Emperor of Morocco to take them under his protection. The emperor despatched his brother Said to their assistance with 1000 horse and 2000 foot; but the King of Granada was unwilling95 to surrender his prize, and assembled a fleet and army which speedily compelled the unfortunate Said to capitulate.
After an interval96 of a quarter of a century, the hopes of the Spaniards once more turned towards the famous Rock, which had been the object of so many vicissitudes97. In 1435 Henry de Guzman, Count de Niebla, resolved to invest it by land and sea; but having disembarked from his galleys98, and attacked the Moors, before his son John had brought up the land-forces, he was driven back pell-mell into the sea, and with many of his followers perished. In 1462, John de Guzman had the satisfaction of{151} avenging99 his father’s death. A civil war had broken out in Moorish Granada, and a considerable portion of the Gibraltar garrison had been withdrawn100 to strengthen the army of one of the aspirants101 to the crown. The governor of Tarifa, apprised102 of the opportunity thus offered, rapidly collected a body of Spanish troops and appeared before Gibraltar. The inhabitants defended it bravely; but John de Guzman arriving with reinforcements for the besieging103 army, they surrendered, and the Cross supplanted104 the Crescent after a period of seven hundred and forty-eight years. This event was so grateful to Henry IV., King of Castile and Leon, that he added Gibraltar to his royal titles, and bestowed105 upon the fortress the armorial bearings of a castle, gules, proper, with a key pendent to the gate, or,—thereby indicating that Gibraltar was the key to the Mediterranean. Don Pedro de Perras was appointed governor; but the post was afterwards given to Don John de Guzman, who seems to have held it as a semi-independent fief until 1502, when, in the reign106 of Ferdinand and Isabella, it was reclaimed107 by the Crown.
In 1589 its fortifications were extended and modernized108 by the imperial engineer, Daniel Speckel:{152} from which date it was regarded as impregnable, until Sir George Rooke dispelled109 the long-cherished delusion110.
In concluding our brief description of Gibraltar, and our summary of its history, we may allude111 to its intimate connection with the naval annals of Great Britain. How often have our fleets sailed forth from under its guns to encounter the armaments of hostile Powers; how often have they returned victorious112, carrying with them the trophies113 of their prowess! Let us glance for a moment at the most brilliant of these triumphs; that last crowning victory of Nelson’s, off Trafalgar, which was won almost within sight of the celebrated114 Strait. A memorable115 victory, for it swept the French and Spanish flags from the sea, while it defeated Napoleon’s masterly combination by which he had hoped to have effected the invasion of England.
The French and Spanish fleets, under Admiral Villeneuve, were lying in Cadiz, closely watched by Nelson, with an inferior force, when Napoleon sent them an imperative116 order to put to sea. Against his better judgment117, Villeneuve weighed anchor on the 19th and 20th of October 1805, and forming{153} in five divisions,—in all 33 sail of the line and 3 frigates118, mounting 2626 guns,—stood for the mouth of the Strait. This was the opportunity Nelson long had wished for; and with his 27 ships of the line and 6 frigates, carrying 2148 guns, he sailed in immediate74 pursuit. When, on the 21st, the French admiral became aware of the approach of the British, and discovered that it was impossible to avoid an engagement, he drew up his ships in array of battle,—forming a double and even a treble line, nearly five miles in length, and resembling a curve, or half-moon.
Meanwhile, Nelson advanced with his ships arrayed in two columns, and pressing forward under a cloud of canvas; Collingwood leading the leeward120 division in the Royal Sovereign, and Nelson himself the weather line in the Victory. The wind was blowing freshly from the west, and a heavy swell121 rolled along the sea. At this moment the great English Sea-King withdrew to his cabin, where he drew up a memorandum122 of a domestic character, and wrote the following prayer, evidently under the influence of a presentiment123 of coming death:—
“May the great God, whom I worship, grant to{154} my country, and for the benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious victory, and may no misconduct in any one tarnish124 it; and may humanity after victory be the predominant feature in the British fleet! For myself, individually, I commit my life to Him that made me; and may His blessing125 alight on my endeavours for serving my country faithfully! To Him I resign myself, and the just cause which is entrusted126 to me to defend. Amen. Amen. Amen.”
Dressed in his customary well-worn uniform, with the four time-tarnished stars of the orders he generally wore, Nelson went upon deck. Aware that in the ensuing battle his life would be specially127 aimed at, his captain, Hardy128, implored him not to lead his division into the storm, and he reluctantly consented that the Leviathan and Timéraire should pass ahead. But while he issued the necessary order, he took good care it should prove fruitless. The Victory was a swift sailer, and could not fail to keep the lead, unless she shortened sail. But it was evident that Nelson delighted in crowding on all the canvas his spars could carry. Confident of victory, he turned with a smile to Captain Blackwood, and asked how many ships of the enemy’s he should{155} consider a fair triumph? Blackwood, knowing how well they fought, answered that he thought fourteen would be a glorious result. “I shall not be satisfied,” said Nelson, “with less than twenty.”
The British fleet was rapidly closing up with the enemy, when, at about twenty minutes to twelve, Nelson again turned to Captain Blackwood, observing that it appeared to him some other signal was wanting. He paused a few moments, and then directed the signal-lieutenant to proclaim to the fleet that fine historic thought,—
“England expects every man will do his duty!”
As soon as its purport129 was understood by the fleet, a strong and earnest cheer arose, which showed with how heroic an enthusiasm the British were going into the storm and stress of battle. Shortly afterwards Captain Blackwood, having to return to his frigate119, the Euryalus, shook his commander by the hand, and expressed a hope he should return to congratulate him on the capture of twenty prizes. “God bless you, Blackwood,” said the admiral; “I shall never see you again.”
The division under Nelson had to bear away to the north, in order to get between Cadiz and the{156} enemy. Thus it came to pass that Collingwood’s division first joined battle,—his flag-ship, the Royal Sovereign, breaking the enemy’s line at ten minutes past twelve, luffing under the stern of the Santa Anna, and pouring into her a tremendous broadside. Three others of the enemy then gathered round the British man-of-war, hurling130 at her such a hurricane of shot that they were seen to strike each other in the air. “Rotherham,” said Collingwood to his captain, “what would not Nelson give to be here now?” Almost at the same time, Nelson, on board the Victory, exclaimed, “See how that noble fellow Collingwood takes his ship into action!”
Ten minutes later, the Victory broke the enemy’s line to the northward131, and was soon receiving the fire of no fewer than six ships. The incessant discharges were murderous, and men fell quickly. With upwards132 of fifty killed and wounded, and her sails torn into ribbons, the Victory still drove through the enemy, completely breaking up their trim array; her example being followed by each man-of-war as it came up. The battle was at its fiercest when the Victory came into collision with the Redoubtable133, which she engaged with her starboard guns, while she directed her larboard on the Bucentaure and{157} Trinidad. A constant rattle134 of musketry was maintained from the tops of the Redoubtable, which were filled with soldiers. In a few minutes the dead encumbered135 the gangways and quarter-deck of the Victory, while her cockpit was filled with wounded. Meantime, Nelson and Hardy continued to pace to and fro along a space of deck not more than seven yards in length; and at about twenty-five minutes past one, just as they had reached within a pace of the regular turning-point, Nelson, who was on the larboard side, faced about, and, before Hardy could support him, fell. “They have done for me at last, Hardy!” he exclaimed. “I hope not,” answered the captain. “Yes; my backbone136 is shot through.” A musket-ball from the mizzen-top of the Redoubtable had entered his left shoulder through the fore38 part of the epaulet, and descending137, lodged138 in the spine139. He was removed to the cockpit, and examined by the surgeons. The wound was mortal. All was done that could be done to alleviate140 his sufferings; and he lingered until half-past four, when, murmuring, “Thank God, I have done my duty!” the greatest seaman141 of this or any age passed away.
And passed away in the arms of victory. His daring man?uvre had been completely successful;{158} and out of the formidable fleet which represented the united power of France and Spain, nineteen men-of-war were captured. Trafalgar gave the supremacy142 of the sea to Great Britain.
Gibraltar—Trafalgar! These are names which will stir the heart of every Englishman, so long as patriotism is recognized as a virtue,—so long as England’s sons continue to cherish England’s honour.
The End
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1
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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2
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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3
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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4
landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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5
fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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6
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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7
defiant
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| adj.无礼的，挑战的 | |
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8
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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9
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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10
conjectural
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| adj.推测的 | |
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11
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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12
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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13
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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14
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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15
moot
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| v.提出；adj.未决议的；n.大会；辩论会 | |
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16
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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17
moorish
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| adj.沼地的，荒野的，生[住]在沼地的 | |
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18
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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19
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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20
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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21
dishonoured
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| a.不光彩的，不名誉的 | |
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22
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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23
wreak
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| v.发泄；报复 | |
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24
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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25
apostate
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| n.背叛者，变节者 | |
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26
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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27
locusts
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| n.蝗虫( locust的名词复数 )；贪吃的人；破坏者；槐树 | |
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28
wafts
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| n.空中飘来的气味，一阵气味( waft的名词复数 )；摇转风扇v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的第三人称单数 ) | |
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29
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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30
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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31
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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32
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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33
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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34
incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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36
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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37
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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38
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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39
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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40
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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41
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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42
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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43
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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44
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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45
ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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46
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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47
flaunting
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| adj.招摇的，扬扬得意的，夸耀的v.炫耀，夸耀( flaunt的现在分词 )；有什么能耐就施展出来 | |
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48
armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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49
blazoned
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| v.广布( blazon的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布；夸示；装饰 | |
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50
scrolls
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| n.（常用于录写正式文件的）纸卷( scroll的名词复数 )；卷轴；涡卷形（装饰）；卷形花纹v.（电脑屏幕上）从上到下移动（资料等），卷页( scroll的第三人称单数 )；（似卷轴般）卷起；（像展开卷轴般地）将文字显示于屏幕 | |
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51
blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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52
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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53
wafted
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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55
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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56
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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57
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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58
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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59
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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60
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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61
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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62
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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63
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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64
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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65
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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66
clogged
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| （使）阻碍( clog的过去式和过去分词 )； 淤滞 | |
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67
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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68
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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69
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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70
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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71
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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72
wrested
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| （用力）拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 )； 费力取得； （从…）攫取； （ 从… ） 强行取去… | |
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73
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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74
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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75
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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76
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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77
beleaguered
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| adj.受到围困[围攻]的；包围的v.围攻( beleaguer的过去式和过去分词)；困扰；骚扰 | |
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78
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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79
besieger
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| n. 围攻者, 围攻军 | |
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80
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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81
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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82
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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83
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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84
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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85
avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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86
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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87
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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88
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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89
harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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90
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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91
intercepting
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| 截取（技术），截接 | |
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92
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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luridly
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| adv. 青灰色的(苍白的, 深浓色的, 火焰等火红的) | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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96
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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97
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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98
galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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99
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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100
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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101
aspirants
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| n.有志向或渴望获得…的人( aspirant的名词复数 )v.渴望的，有抱负的，追求名誉或地位的( aspirant的第三人称单数 )；有志向或渴望获得…的人 | |
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102
apprised
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的过去式和过去分词 )；评价 | |
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103
besieging
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的现在分词 ) | |
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104
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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107
reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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108
modernized
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| 使现代化，使适应现代需要( modernize的过去式和过去分词 )； 现代化，使用现代方法 | |
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109
dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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111
allude
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| v.提及，暗指 | |
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112
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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113
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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114
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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115
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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116
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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117
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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118
frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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119
frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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120
leeward
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| adj.背风的；下风的 | |
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121
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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122
memorandum
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| n.备忘录，便笺 | |
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123
presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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124
tarnish
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| n.晦暗，污点；vt.使失去光泽；玷污 | |
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125
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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126
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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128
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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129
purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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130
hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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131
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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132
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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133
redoubtable
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| adj.可敬的；可怕的 | |
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134
rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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135
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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136
backbone
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| n.脊骨，脊柱，骨干；刚毅，骨气 | |
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137
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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138
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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139
spine
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| n.脊柱，脊椎；(动植物的)刺；书脊 | |
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140
alleviate
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| v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等) | |
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141
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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142
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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