But this very absence of scenic3 beauty has saved it from the fate of its neighbours. A country that is broken into landscapes, that boasts of its mountains, woods, and waterfalls, that is regarded for its wild loveliness, is seldom propitious4 to agriculture. A portion of the surface in all such regions defies the improving farmer. But, beyond this, such ground under the tropics offers every inducement to the negro squatter6. In Jamaica, Dominica, St. Lucia, and Grenada, the negro, when emancipated7, could squat5 and make himself happy; but in Barbados there was not an inch for him.
When emancipation8 came there was no squatting9 ground for the poor Barbadian. He had still to work and make sugar—work quite as hard as he had done while yet a slave. He had to do that or to starve. Consequently, labour has been abundant in this island, and in this island only; and in all the West Indian troubles it has kept its head above water, and made sugar respectably—not, indeed, showing much sugar genius, or going ahead in the way of improvements, but paying twenty shillings in the pound, supporting itself, and earning its bread decently by the sweat of its brow. The pity is that the Barbadians themselves should think so much of their own achievements.
The story runs, that when Europe was convulsed by revolutions and wars—when continental10 sovereigns were flying hither and thither11, and there was so strong a rumour12 that Napoleon was going to eat us—the great Napoleon I mean—that then, I say, the Barbadians sent word over to poor King George the Third, bidding him fear nothing. If England could not protect him, Barbados would. Let him come to them, if things looked really blue on his side of the channel It was a fine, spirited message, but perhaps a little self glorious. That, I should say, is the character of the island in general.
As to its appearance, it is, as I have said, totally different from any of the other islands, and to an English eye much less attractive in its character. But for the heat its appearance would not strike with any surprise an Englishman accustomed to an ordinary but ugly agricultural country. It has not the thick tropical foliage13 which is so abundant in the other islands, nor the wild, grassy14 dells. Happily for the Barbadians every inch of it will produce canes16; and, to the credit of the Barbadians, every inch of it does so. A Barbadian has a right to be proud of this, but it does not make the island interesting. It is the waste land of the world that makes it picturesque2. But there is not a rood of waste land in Barbados. It certainly is not the country for a gipsy immigration. Indeed, I doubt whether there is even room for a picnic.
The island is something over twenty miles long, and something over twelve broad. The roads are excellent, but so white that they sadly hurt the eye of a stranger. The authorities have been very particular about their milestones17, and the inhabitants talk much about their journeys. I found myself constantly being impressed with ideas of distance, till I was impelled18 to suggest a rather extended system of railroads—a proposition which was taken in very good part. I was informed that the population was larger than that of China, but my informant of course meant by the square foot. He could hardly have counted by the square mile in Barbados.
And thus I was irresistibly19 made to think of the frog that would blow itself out and look as large as an ox.
Bridgetown, the metropolis20 of the island, is much like a second or third rate English town. It has none of the general peculiarities21 of the West Indies, except the heat. The streets are narrow, irregular, and crooked23, so that at first a stranger is apt to miss his way. They all, however, converge24 at Trafalgar Square, a spot which, in Barbados, is presumed to compete with the open space at Charing25 Cross bearing the same name. They have this resemblance, that each contains a statue of Nelson. The Barbadian Trafalgar Square contains also a tree, which is more than can be said for its namesake. It can make also this boast, that no attempt has been made within it which has failed so grievously as our picture gallery. In saying this, however, I speak of the building only—by no means of the pictures.
There are good shops in Bridgetown—good, respectable, well-to-do shops, that sell everything, from a candle down to a coffin26, including wedding-rings, corals, and widows' caps. But they are hot, fusty, crowded places, as are such places in third-rate English towns. But then the question of heat here is of such vital moment! A purchase of a pair of gloves in Barbados drives one at once into the ice-house.
And here it may be well to explain this very peculiar22, delightful27, but too dangerous West Indian institution. By-the-by, I do not know that there was any ice-house in Kingston, Jamaica. If there be one there, my friends were peculiarly backward, for I certainly was not made acquainted with it. But everywhere else—at Demerara, Trinidad, Barbados, and St. Thomas—I was duly introduced to the ice-house.
There is something cool and mild in the name, which makes one fancy that ladies would delight to frequent it. But, alas28! a West Indian ice house is but a drinking-shop—a place where one goes to liquor, as the Americans call it, without the knowledge of the feminine creation. It is a drinking-shop, at which the draughts29 are all cool, are all iced, but at which, alas! they are also all strong. The brandy, I fear, is as essential as the ice. A man may, it is true, drink iced soda-water without any concomitant, or he may simply have a few drops of raspberry vinegar to flavour it. No doubt many an easy-tempered wife so imagines. But if so, I fear that they are deceived. Now the ice-house in Bridgetown seemed to me to be peculiarly well attended. I look upon this as the effect of the white streets and the fusty shops.
Barbados claims, I believe—but then it claims everything—to have a lower thermometer than any other West Indian island—to be, in fact, cooler than any of her sisters. As far as the thermometer goes, it may be possible; but as regards the human body, it is not the fact. Let any man walk from his hotel to morning church and back, and then judge.
There is a mystery about hotels in the British West Indies. They are always kept by fat, middle-aged30 coloured ladies, who have no husbands. I never found an exception except at Berbice, where my friend Paris Brittain keeps open doors in the city of the sleepers31. These ladies are generally called Miss So-and-So; Miss Jenny This, or Miss Jessy That; but they invariably seemed to have a knowledge of the world, especially of the male hotel-frequenting world, hardly compatible with a retiring maiden32 state of life. I only mention this. I cannot solve the riddle33. "Davus sum, non ?dipus." But it did strike me as singular that the profession should always be in the hands of these ladies, and that they should never get husbands.
As a rule, there is not much to be said against these hotels, though they will not come up to the ideas of a traveller who has been used to the inns of Switzerland. The table is always plentifully34 supplied, and the viands35 generally good. Of that at Barbados I can make no complaint, except this; that the people over the way kept a gray parrot which never ceased screaming day or night. I was deep in my Jamaica theory of races, and this wretched bird nearly drove me wild.
"Can anything be done to stop it, James?"
"No, massa."
"Nothing? Wouldn't they hang a cloth over it for a shilling?"
"No, massa; him only make him scream de more to speak to him."
I took this as final, though whether the "him" was the man or the parrot, I did not know. But such a bird I never heard before, and the street was no more than twelve feet broad. He was, in fact, just under my window. Thrice had I to put aside my theory of races. Otherwise than on this score, Miss Caroline Lee's hotel at Barbados is very fair. And as for hot pickles—she is the very queen of them.
Whether or no my informant was right in saying that the population of Barbados is more dense36 than that of China, I cannot say; but undoubtedly37 it is very great; and hence, as the negroes cannot get their living without working, has come the prosperity of the island. The inhabitants are, I believe, very nearly 150,000 in number. This is a greater population than that of the whole of Guiana. The consequence is, that the cane15-pieces are cultivated very closely, and that all is done that manual labour can do.
The negroes here differ much, I think, from those in the other islands, not only in manner, but even in form and physiognomy. They are of heavier build, broader in the face, and higher in the forehead. They are also certainly less good-humoured, and more inclined to insolence38; so that if anything be gained in intelligence it is lost in conduct. On the whole, I do think that the Barbados negroes are more intelligent than others that I have met. It is probable that this may come from more continual occupation.
But if the black people differ from their brethren of the other islands, so certainly do the white people. One soon learns to know a—Bim. That is the name in which they themselves delight, and therefore, though there is a sound of slang about it, I give it here. One certainly soon learns to know a Bim. The most peculiar distinction is in his voice. There is always a nasal twang about it, but quite distinct from the nasality of a Yankee. The Yankee's word rings sharp through his nose; not so that of the first-class Bim. There is a soft drawl about it, and the sound is seldom completely formed. The effect on the ear is the same as that on the hand when a man gives you his to shake, and instead of shaking yours, holds his own still. When a man does so to me I always wish to kick him.
I had never any wish to kick the Barbadian, more especially as they are all stout39 men; but I cannot but think that if he were well shaken a more perfect ring would come out of him.
The Bims, as I have said, are generally stout fellows. As a rule they are larger and fairer than other West Indian Creoles, less delicate in their limbs, and more clumsy in their gait. The male graces are not much studied in Barbados. But it is not only by their form or voice that you may know them—not only by the voice, but by the words. No people ever praised themselves so constantly; no set of men were ever so assured that they and their occupations are the main pegs40 on which the world hangs. Their general law to men would be this: "Thou shalt make sugar in the sweat of thy brow, and make it as it is made in Barbados." Any deviation41 from that law would be a deviation from the highest duty of man.
Of many of his sister colonies a Barbadian can speak with temper. When Jamaica is mentioned philanthropic compassion42 lights up his face, and he tells you how much he feels for the poor wretches43 there who call themselves planters. St. Lucia also he pities, and Grenada; and of St. Vincent he has some hope. Their little efforts he says are praiseworthy; only, alas! they are so little! He does not think much of Antigua; and turns up his nose at Nevis and St. Kitts, which in a small way are doing a fair stroke of business. The French islands he does not love, but that is probably patriotism44: as the French islands are successful sugar growers such patriotism is natural. But do not speak to him of Trinadad; that subject is very sore. And as for Guiana—! One knows what to expect if one holds a red rag up to a bull. Praise Guiana sugar-making in Bridgetown, and you will be holding up a red rag to a dozen bulls, no one of which will refuse the challenge. And thus you may always know a Bim.
When I have met four or five together, I have not dared to try this experiment, for they are wrathy men, and have rough sides to their tongues; but I have so encountered two at a time.
"Yes," I have said; "the superiority of Barbados cannot be doubted. We all grant that. But which colony is second in the race?"
"It is impossible to say," said A. "They are none of them well circumstanced."
"None of them have got any labour," said B.
"They can't make returns," said A.
"Just look at their clearances45," said B; "and then look at ours."
"Jamaica sugar is paying now," I remarked.
"Jamaica, sir, has been destroyed root and branch," said A, well pleased; for they delight to talk of Jamaica. "And no one can lament47 it more than I do," said B. "Jamaica is a fine island, only utterly48 ruined."
"Magnificent! such scenery!" I replied.
"But it can't make sugar," said B.
"What of Trinidad?" I asked.
"Trinidad, sir, is a fine wild island; and perhaps some day we may get our coal there."
"But Demerara makes a little sugar," I ventured to remark.
"It makes deuced little money, I know," said A.
"Every inch of it is mortgaged," said B.
"But their steam-engines," said I.
"Look at their clearances," said A.
"They have none," said B.
"At any rate, they have got beyond windmills," I remarked, with considerable courage.
"Because they have got no wind," said A.
"A low bank of mud below the sea-level," said B.
"But a fine country for sugar," said I.
"They don't know what sugar is," said A.
"Look at their vacuum pans," said I.
"All my eye," said B.
"And their filtering-bags," said I.
"Filtering-bags be d——," said A.
"Centrifugal machines," said I, now nearly exhausted49.
"We've tried them, and abandoned them long ago," said B, only now coming well on to the fight.
"Their sugar is nearly white," said I; "and yours is a dirty brown."
"Their sugar don't pay," said A, "and ours does."
"Look at the price of our land," said B.
"Yes, and the extent of it," said I.
"Our clearances, sir! The clearances, sir, are the thing," said A.
"The year's income," said B.
"A hogshead to the acre," said I; "and that only got from guano."
This was my last shot at them. They both came at me open-mouthed together, and I confess that I retired50, vanquished51, from the field.
It is certainly the fact that they do make their sugar in a very old-fashioned way in Barbados, using wind-mills instead of steam, and that you see less here of the improved machinery52 for the manufacture than in Demerara, or Cuba, or Trinidad, or even in Jamaica. The great answer given to objections is that the old system pays best. It may perhaps do so for the present moment, though I should doubt even that. But I am certain that it cannot continue to do so. No trade, and no agriculture can afford to dispense53 with the improvements of science.
I found some here who acknowledged that the mere54 produce of the cane from the land had been pressed too far by means of guano. A great crop is thus procured55, but it appears that the soil is injured, and that the sugar is injured also. The canes, moreover, will not ratoon as they used to do, and as they still do in other parts of the West Indies. The cane is planted, and when ripe is cut. If allowed, another cane will grow from the same plant, and that is a ratoon; and again a third will grow, giving a third crop from the same plant; and in many soils a fourth; and in some few many more; and one hears of canes ratooning for twenty years.
If the same amount and quality of sugar be produced, of course the system of ratooning must be by far the cheapest and most profitable. In I believe most of our colonies the second crop is as good as the first, and I understand that it used to be so in Barbados. But it is not so now. The ratoon almost always looks poor, and the second ratoons appear to be hardly worth cutting. I believe that this is so much the case that many Barbados planters now look to get but one crop only from each planting. This falling off in the real fertility of the soil is I think owing to the use of artificial manure56, such as guano.
There is a system all through these sugar-growing countries of burning the magass, or trash; this is the stalk of the cane, or remnant of the stalk after it comes through the mill. What would be said of an English agriculturist who burnt his straw? It is I believe one of the soundest laws of agriculture that the refuse of the crop should return to the ground which gave it.
To this it will be answered that the English agriculturist is not called on by the necessity of his position to burn his straw. He has not to boil his wheat, nor yet his beef and mutton; whereas the Barbados farmer is obliged to boil his crop. At the present moment the Barbados farmer is under this obligation; but he is not obliged to do it with the refuse produce of his fields. He cannot perhaps use coals immediately under his boilers57, but he can heat them with steam which comes pretty much to the same thing.
All this applies not to Barbados only, but to Guiana, Jamaica, and the other islands also. At all of them the magass or trash is burnt. But at none of them is manure so much needed as at Barbados. They cannot there take into cultivation58 new fresh virgin59 soil when they wish it, as they can in Guiana.
And then one is tempted60 to ask the question, whether every owner of land is obliged to undertake all the complete duties which now are joined together at a sugar estate? It certainly is the case, that no single individual could successfully set himself against the system. But I do not see why a collection of individuals should not do so.
A farmer in England does not grow the wheat, then grind it, and then make the bread. The growing is enough for him. Then comes the miller61, and the baker62. But on a sugar estate, one and the same man grows the cane, makes the sugar, and distils63 the rum; thus altogether opposing the salutary principle of the division of labour. I cannot see why the grower should not sell his canes to a sugar manufacturer. There can, I believe, be no doubt of this, that sugar can be made better and cheaper in large quantities than in small.
But the clearance46, sir; that is the question. How would this affect the clearance? The sugar manufacturer would want his profit. Of course he would, as do the miller and the baker.
They complain greatly at Barbados, as they do indeed elsewhere, that they are compelled to make bad sugar by the differential duty. The duty on good sugar is so much higher than that on bad sugar, that the bad or coarse sugar pays them best. This is the excuse they give for not making a finer article, and I believe that the excuse is true.
I made one or two excursions in the island, and was allowed the privilege of attending an agricultural breakfast, at which there were some twenty or thirty planters. It seems that a certain number of gentlemen living in the same locality had formed themselves into a society, with the object of inspecting each other's estates. A committee of three was named in each case by the president; and this committee, after surveying the estate in question, and looking at the works and stock, drew up a paper, either laudatory64 or the reverse, which paper was afterwards read to the society. These readings took place after the breakfast, and the breakfast was held monthly. To the planter probably the reading of the documents was the main object. It may not be surprising that I gave the preference to the breakfast, which of its kind was good.
But this was not the only breakfast of the sort at which I was allowed to be a guest. The society has always its one great monthly breakfast; but the absolute inspection65 gives occasions for further breakfasts. I was also at one of these, and assisted in inspecting the estate. There were, however, too many Barbadians present to permit of my producing my individual views respecting the Guiana improvements.
The report is made at the time of the inspection, but it is read in public at the monthly meeting. The effect no doubt is good, and the publicity66 of the approval or disapproval67 stimulates68 the planter. But I was amused with the true Barbadian firmness with which the gentlemen criticised declared that they would not the less take their own way, and declined to follow the advice offered to them in the report. I heard two such reports read, and in both cases this occurred.
All this took place at Hookleton cliff, which the Barbadians regard as the finest point for scenery in the island. The breakfast I own was good, and the discourse69 useful and argumentative. But as regards the scenery, there is little to be said for it, considering that I had seen Jamaica, and was going to see Trinidad.
Even in Barbados, numerous as are the negroes, they certainly live an easier life than that of an English labourer, earn their money with more facility, and are more independent of their masters. A gentleman having one hundred and fifty families living on his property would not expect to obtain from them the labour of above ninety men at the usual rate of pay, and that for not more than five days a week. They live in great comfort, and in some things are beyond measure extravagant70.
"Do you observe," said a lady to me, "that the women when they walk never hold up their dresses?"
"I certainly have," I answered. "Probably they are but ill shod, and do not care to show their feet."
"Not at all. Their feet have nothing to do with it. But they think it economical to hold up their petticoats. It betokens71 a stingy, saving disposition72, and they prefer to show that they do not regard a few yards of muslin more or less."
This is perfectly73 true of them. As the shopman in Jamaica said to me—In this part of the world we must never think of little economies. The very negroes are ashamed to do so.
Of the coloured people I saw nothing, except that the shops are generally attended by them. They seemed not to be so numerous as they are elsewhere, and are, I think, never met with in the society of white people. In no instance did I meet one, and I am told that in Barbados there is a very rigid74 adherence75 to this rule. Indeed, one never seems to have the alternative of seeing them; whereas in Jamaica one has not the alternative of avoiding them. As regards myself, I would much rather have been thrown among them.
I think that in all probability the white settlers in Barbados have kept themselves more distinct from the negro race, and have not at any time been themselves so burdened with coloured children as is the case elsewhere. If this be so, they certainly deserve credit for their prudence76.
Here also there is a King, Lords, and Commons, or a governor, a council, and an assembly. The council consists of twelve, and are either chosen by the Crown, or enjoy their seat by virtue77 of office held by appointment from the Crown. The Governor in person sits in the council. The assembly consists of twenty-two, who are annually78 elected by the parishes. None but white men do vote at these elections, though no doubt a black man could vote, if a black man were allowed to obtain a freehold. Of course, therefore, none but white men can be elected. How it is decided79 whether a man be white or not, that I did not hear. The greater part of the legislative80 business of the island is done by committees, who are chosen from these bodies.
Here, as elsewhere through the West Indies, one meets with unbounded hospitality. A man who dines out on Monday will receive probably three invitations for Tuesday, and six for Wednesday. And they entertain very well. That haunch of mutton and turkey which are now the bugbear of the English dinner-giver do not seem to trouble the minds or haunt the tables of West Indian hosts.
And after all, Barbados—little England as it delights to call itself—is and should be respected among islands. It owes no man anything, pays its own way, and never makes a poor mouth. Let us say what we will, self-respect is a fine quality, and the Barbadians certainly enjoy that. It is a very fine quality, and generally leads to respect from others. They who have nothing to say for themselves will seldom find others to say much for them. I therefore repeat what I said at first. Barbados is a very respectable little island, and considering the limited extent of its acreage, it does make a great deal of sugar.
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picturesquely
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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scenic
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| adj.自然景色的，景色优美的 | |
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propitious
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| adj.吉利的；顺利的 | |
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squat
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| v.蹲坐，蹲下；n.蹲下；adj.矮胖的，粗矮的 | |
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squatter
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| n.擅自占地者 | |
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emancipated
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| adj.被解放的，不受约束的v.解放某人（尤指摆脱政治、法律或社会的束缚）( emancipate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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squatting
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| v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的现在分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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rumour
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| n.谣言，谣传，传闻 | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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canes
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| n.（某些植物，如竹或甘蔗的）茎( cane的名词复数 )；（用于制作家具等的）竹竿；竹杖 | |
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milestones
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| n.重要事件( milestone的名词复数 )；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑 | |
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impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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irresistibly
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| adv.无法抵抗地，不能自持地；极为诱惑人地 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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converge
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| vi.会合；聚集，集中；(思想、观点等)趋近 | |
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charing
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| n.炭化v.把…烧成炭，把…烧焦( char的现在分词 )；烧成炭，烧焦；做杂役女佣 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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middle-aged
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| adj.中年的 | |
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sleepers
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| n.卧铺（通常以复数形式出现）；卧车( sleeper的名词复数 )；轨枕；睡觉（呈某种状态）的人；小耳环 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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riddle
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| n.谜，谜语，粗筛；vt.解谜，给…出谜，筛，检查，鉴定，非难，充满于；vi.出谜 | |
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plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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viands
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| n.食品，食物 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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pegs
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| n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 )；挂钉；系帐篷的桩；弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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deviation
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| n.背离，偏离；偏差，偏向；离题 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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clearances
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| 清除( clearance的名词复数 )； 许可； （录用或准许接触机密以前的）审查许可； 净空 | |
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clearance
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| n.净空；许可(证)；清算；清除，清理 | |
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lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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boilers
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| 锅炉，烧水器，水壶( boiler的名词复数 ) | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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distils
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| v.蒸馏( distil的第三人称单数 )；从…提取精华 | |
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laudatory
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| adj.赞扬的 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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publicity
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| n.众所周知，闻名；宣传，广告 | |
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disapproval
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| n.反对，不赞成 | |
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stimulates
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| v.刺激( stimulate的第三人称单数 )；激励；使兴奋；起兴奋作用，起刺激作用，起促进作用 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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betokens
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的第三人称单数 ) | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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