As the reader is already aware, a defendant14 charged in a magistrate4's court with the commission of a misdemeanor, say that of petit larceny15, is given an immediate16 hearing, and, if there be reasonable ground to believe him guilty, is held for trial in the Special Sessions. The information or affidavit17, to which the complaining witness has sworn and which contains a more or less succinct18 account of the facts alleged against the prisoner, is thereupon forwarded to the clerk of the court and in due course the defendant appears, if he be on bail19, or is brought from prison, if he be in confinement20, to "plead." This information, which is the basis of the proceedings22 against him and which is practically the only record in the case, is commonly called the "complaint" and corresponds with the indictment23 found by the grand jury where the defendant is charged with the commission of a felony.
After the prisoner has entered his plea, if he be in prison, he is given a trial almost immediately; if not, his case will probably come up within a week or two. The offences over which these three judges have jurisdiction24 are as many and as diversified25 as human ingenuity26 and the demands of modern civi[Pg 64]lized life, qualified by ineffective legislation, have combined to make them.
As might be expected, petty larcenies27 and assaults furnish together more than thirty per cent of the cases tried. The following table will show the more numerous and important offences for which defendants28 were held in 1907 for the Special Sessions and their relative proportions:
Petit larceny 2,890
Assault, third degree 2,097
Maintaining a disorderly house 674
Cruelty to animals 887
Possessing obscene prints 124
Indecent exposure 84
Unlawful entry 93
Adultery 11
Adulterated milk 252
Offence against trade-marks (364 P.C.) 6
Violation Motor Vehicle Law 2,709
Violation Medical Law 48
Violation Dental Law 16
Miscellaneous 1,122
———
Total 15,068
A spectator may in the course of a morning hear thirty or forty cases actually tried in which the charges cover almost every conceivable kind of sin, wrong, or prohibition38. One prisoner is being prosecuted39 for assaulting a non-union workman, another for maintaining a public nuisance, another for a[Pg 65] violation of the Liquor Tax Law, another for practising medicine without a license40; a dozen cases will be rapidly disposed of wherein the defendants are charged with shoplifting or "illegal entry" (a charge frequently lodged41 against a suspected burglar who has made an entry without a "break" and has been caught before he has accomplished42 his purpose); others still will be tried for carrying concealed weapons, publishing or possessing indecent literature, violating trade-mark laws, breaking speed ordinances43, or "malicious mischief"; while, if the student of institutions be patient, he may be rewarded by the exciting spectacle of one who is defending himself against the charge of selling skimmed milk, holding a mock auction44, driving a spavined horse, writing a threatening letter, making a fraudulent assignment, pawning45 borrowed property, using a false weight, opening another's letter, keeping a cow in an unhealthy place, running a cock-fight, misrepresenting the circulation of a newspaper, divulging46 the contents of a telegram, impersonating a policeman, adulterating food; or, provided he be exceptionally fortunate, may hear the trial of a celebrated47 actress for her impersonation of "Sappho," or of a manager for producing "Mrs. Warren's Profession."
He will see every conceivable type of man, woman, and child, either as defendant or witness, and he may also study every variety of human failing or weakness. No mock defence or prepared lie can deceive these argus-eyed judges; short shrift is made of the guilty, while the "reasonable doubt" is recognized the instant it puts in the most furtive48 appearance. In fact defendants are often found guilty[Pg 66] or acquitted49 almost before they are aware they are on trial,—and this with no detriment50 to them or to their cause.
The advocates of the abandonment of the jury system point to this court as their strongest argument. No time is lost in the selection of a jury,—a matter often of hours in the General Sessions in cases of no greater importance. There is no opening address on the part of the district attorney or counsel for the defendant,—the written statement or information sworn to by the complainant being entirely51 sufficient for the court. Cross-examination is cut down to its essentials and tests of "credibility" are almost unnecessary. At the conclusion of the case there are no harangues52 from either side, and the judges almost immediately announce their decision and generally impose sentence on the spot.
Of course in nine cases out of ten the evidence is conclusive53 and the merest glance at the complainant and his or her witnesses is enough to satisfy the onlooker55 that their claim is honest and the charge substantial. In such cases the trials proceed with lightning-like celerity. The owner of the stolen property is sworn while the defendant and his lawyer are pushing their way through the crowd to the bar.
"Mr. Blickendecker, are you a grocer, fifty-five years of age, residing at 1000-A-rear, First Avenue, and having a store at 666? Catharine Street?" rapidly articulates the deputy assistant district attorney.
"Ya; I vas," answers Blickendecker heavily, trying helplessly to catch up.
[Pg 67]
"Did you, about 4:49 P.M., on Tuesday, the 17th of April, observe the defendant near your place of business?"
"Ya; I vas—I mean, ya, I did."
"What did you see him do?"
Blickendecker wipes his forehead and turns towards the court:
"Your honors, gentlemens, I see dot feller dere——"
"The defendant?" interrupts the presiding judge, patiently.
"Ya—the defender56, I see dot defender mit a leetle vagon on two wheels, py mein store mit anoder feller, unt dey catch up ein crate57 of eggs unt put him in de vagon unt skip mit him, unt I hollers 'Tief!' unt runs, unt de officer——"
"That's enough. Any cross-examination? No? Call the officer."
The officer is sworn.
"Are you a member of the Municipal Police force of the city and county of New York, attached to the —— Precinct, and were you so attached on the 17th of April last, and did you see the defendant on that day near the premises58 666? Catharine Street?"
"Shure I seen him. Him and another feller. They were makin' off wid old 'Delicatessen's' eggs. I catched this young feller——"
"That's enough. Any cross-examination? No? Leave the stand."
"The People rest," announces the assistant.
"Did you steal Mr. Blickendecker's eggs?"
[Pg 68]
"No, your honor; Cully Fagan asked me to go round and help him deliver some eggs. He said he'd gimme a drink. So I went along wid him. All of a sudden out comes this old guy and yells 'thief.' I gets scared and runs. I didn't mean no harm."
"That is our case," says the lawyer.
"No cross-examination," says the assistant.
The judges consult for a moment.
"We find the defendant guilty," announces the presiding judge, dipping his pen into the ink.
"Now, young man, have you ever been convicted?"
"No, your honor."
"I advise you not to steal any more eggs. One month in the penitentiary60. Next case!"
Now here is a defendant given a perfectly61 fair, if not a very full, trial in less than three minutes. Of course it is in such a case practically a mere54 formality. Two witnesses who have had no previous acquaintance with the prisoner, whose eyesight is perfect, and who have no motive62 to swear falsely, identify him as caught in flagrante delicto. The defendant has merely put in his defence "on the chance." His sentence would be about the same in either case. The only disadvantage of so active a court is the fact that the multitude of the defendants render it almost impossible to make any very exhaustive study of the majority of them before sentence. However, as the sentences are all light, the defendant always gets the benefit of the doubt, and the court resolves all doubts in his favor.
Sometimes in such a case a criminal conspiracy63 between the complainant and the officer is disclosed to "do" a mischievous64, but not criminal, youth who[Pg 69] has fallen into their disfavor. Then the witnesses are subjected to such a fire of questions that they wilt65 and wither66 in the blast, the defendant is acquitted and the prosecution67's witnesses sometimes held for the action of the grand jury on a charge of perjury68. Many a cause célèbre has originated in the Special Sessions through the perspicacity69 of some member of that bench during a petty trial, and defendants there convicted often divulge70 in their confessions72 evidence which for a time sets the newspaper world by the ears. This is especially true of cases where some civil officer is accused of taking a bribe73 to influence his action or to make an appointment. He may be convicted, confess, and for a day or two the papers are full of the unearthing74 of a far-reaching conspiracy to debauch75 the city government, barter76 offices at wholesale77, and deliver the city to a coterie78 of criminals. The next step in the proceeding21 is the unfortunate discovery that the defendant's confession71, since it cannot be corroborated79, is entirely worthless. Yet, as he has apparently80 done all he could to atone81 for his offence, he receives a mitigated82 sentence, while the uproar83 occasioned by his sensational84 disclosures subsides85 as suddenly as it began.
The bane of the Court of Special Sessions in New York County and very likely the bane of all similar courts, are the so-called "Liquor Tax cases." As one of the officers of this court recently said: "In this class of cases the court knows that it is being 'flim-flammed,' and, in addition, that it is helpless. We convict in about sixty per cent of the cases, but the judges know perfectly well that a considerable number of those convicted are men who, while not[Pg 70] honest enough not to violate the law, are too honest to pay corruption86 money."
The possibilities for blackmail88 and the arbitrary and unequal way in which the law is enforced in different parts of the city (one section being allowed to be "wide open" while an adjacent district is "dry") render the judges loath89 to convict even in "straight" cases. When Liquor Tax cases are transferred, by order of the judge presiding in Part I, for trial in the General Sessions, the juries before which they are prosecuted will not convict at all.[23]
In the same way the court looks with grave suspicion on most cases where a defendant is arraigned charged with "assault" on an officer. They expect to see arraigned at the bar (and are usually not disappointed) a small man covered with bandages, while a burly officer without a scratch upon his rosy90 countenance91 takes the stand and swears that the defendant assaulted him. The policeman always has plenty of corroboration—the defendant none at all. The chances are that the relative sizes of the two men are such that if the officer coughed the defendant would drop dead. The proper charge in such a case would be, not attempted assault on an officer, but attempted suicide. The truth of the matter probably is that the small man, having done or said something to irritate the officer, has been pounded to a pulp92 and then ignominiously93 haled away to the station house, while his terrified companions, knowing full well that if they interfered94 theirs would be a similar fate, have retired95 to their homes privately96 to execrate97 a state of civilization where humble98 citizens can be subjected to such persecution99.
[Pg 71]
Practically the Special Sessions is the final court of disposition100 for most misdemeanors. Except in automobile101, theatrical102, health, copyright, and trade-mark cases and a few others, a majority of the defendants do not have enough money even to hire a lawyer, to say nothing of taking an appeal. They are disposed of then and there just as in certain cases they are disposed of in the magistrates' courts. For them a sentence once imposed is final.
Occasionally the Special Sessions is the scene of a great trial, as celebrated as those fought out in the "Parts" upstairs or in the criminal trial term of the Supreme103 Court across the hall. A prominent druggist may have been accused of refilling bottles with spurious or diluted104 contents. He is being prosecuted by the owners of the trade-mark or label. They retain distinguished105 counsel to prepare the case for the prosecution. The accused engages equally able lawyers to defend him. The crime is highly technical and the evidence almost entirely a matter of chemical analysis and expert opinion. The battle goes on for weeks or even months. A jury would have become hopelessly confused and the issue successfully obscured, but the three judges are expert jurymen, and in due course, if he be guilty, the defendant is inevitably107 convicted. Such a trial may cost the parties tens of thousands of dollars for expert testimony108 alone, while the sentence of the defendant will very likely be not more than a two-hundred-and-fifty-dollar fine. Even so, the integrity of the trade-mark has been sustained and the swindler stamped as a criminal.
Fifty per cent or more of the work of the Special Sessions is practically amplified109 police-court busi[Pg 72]ness, but it is accomplished with an exactitude and efficiency that makes much of that done in the magistrates' courts appear crude indeed. The lesson of this particular court is that police business can be done speedily, effectively, and justly, provided the right men are selected to do it.
Fully106 seventy-five per cent of the criminals begin with petty infractions of the law. A driver for an iceman may "swipe" his comrade's horse blanket. If he be convicted and sent to the penitentiary he may learn to commit crimes of which he had never dreamed in his driver days, when his highest ambition was to get a ticket to a "chowder" or to a "grand ball." His next appearance may be in the General Sessions charged with burglary, and his last in the Supreme Court under indictment for murder. If, on the other hand, having been found guilty, he be merely reprimanded and paroled under a suspended sentence, he will in all likelihood never appear in court as a defendant again. Hence an opportunity, greater even than that of the police justice, for the exercise of a wise and humane110 discretion111.
The multitude of prisoners who are unable to employ counsel have created a bevy112 of lawyers, abundantly able to look out for the interests of petty offenders113, who stand or sit near the bar and are assigned by the court to the various defendants. A whispered fifteen seconds' conversation with their unfortunate client and they are enabled to take charge of the case. Long experience has made them almost as expert in estimating human nature as the judges themselves, and they are familiar with every trick of the trade which may raise a "reasonable doubt." The leaders among them have skilful[Pg 73] "runners" who haunt the police courts and the corridors of the building, heralding115 the virtues116 and successes of their masters, handing cards to prospective117 clients, and currying118 business in every conceivable manner. Observing a forlorn person, who timidly responds when his case is called, the runner instantly offers him the services of the "biggest" lawyer in the court for a five-, three-, or two-dollar retainer. If the client escapes conviction he is supposed to pay twenty-five dollars more and is dunned until he does. This may seem petty business and small pickings, but when one considers that thirteen thousand odd cases are disposed of each year, one sees that at even the modest fee of ten dollars per case there is over a hundred thousand dollars a year in the Special Sessions waiting for somebody.
The best of these lawyers earn as much as five thousand dollars per year, including their outside and police-court business. The runner usually gets nearly as much. Sometimes there will be a one-hundred-dollar, a two-hundred-and-fifty-dollar, or even a five-hundred-dollar fee. In reality there is more money to be made in the police court than in the Special Sessions, for it is when the offender114 has just been caught and is in his first spasm120 of terror that he is most ready to "give up." Police-court fees are sometimes very high.
The most notable figure of this bar was Tom Cherry, otherwise known as "The Attorney-General of the Special Sessions." When sober he was a most capable, rough-and-ready, catch-as-catch-can, police-court lawyer. His fame extended to every magistrate's court, and his business was so constant that he never sat down, but stood at the bar from[Pg 74] the opening of court to its adjournment121, defending almost every prisoner who had money to pay a fee, and being assigned to practically all those who had not. His success was his undoing122. Without any knowledge of law, although he presumably had passed the Bar examinations (Heaven knows how!), his judgment123 of character, his ready wit, and his quick tongue made him no unworthy antagonist124 for a well-trained youngster. But Cherry never took an unfair advantage, and his statement as to his client's past, and sometimes as to his innocence, was received without question by the court. It was a boon125 to a new assistant to gain Cherry's confidence; and it was a reproach to many that they did not do so.
Cherry finally succumbed126 to his closest friend and worst enemy—drink. His periodic absences became more and more frequent, and finally the word was sadly whispered through the building that Cherry had "passed." His memory is still green and his smiling face will never be forgotten by those who knew him. A rival attorney almost immediately succeeded to his practice and his particular place beside the bar, but the Court of Special Sessions is not the same.
The practices of the shysters are the curse of the lower courts, and their enormities are such that a special cycle in Hades should be reserved for their particular retribution. Preying127 upon ignorance and vice119, they become hardened to every appeal of human sympathy and often deserve punishment a thousand times more heavy than the miserable129 wretches130 whom they make a pretence131 of defending. They pervert132 justice and prostitute a sacred calling,[Pg 75] extorting133 from their clients the uttermost farthing by fear and false pretence. To show that this charge is not ill-founded, the reader may take as an example the practice of the shyster in dealing134 with those unfortunate women who are the common prey128 of the corrupt87 plain-clothes man and his conscienceless ally—the police-court lawyer.
Let us suppose that a certain section of the town is, as the saying goes, "wide open," and the police are regularly collecting protection money according to the approved method of "the system." The houses which pay up are left undisturbed—and all do pay up. So does the little street walker who plies135 her trade in the open. Some citizen or newspaper makes a complaint that the police are not doing their duty. There is a bare chance that political capital will be made of it and word is sent to the captain of the precinct to "get busy." He sends for the plain-clothes man, and tells him "there are not arrests enough." The officer answers that "everything is quiet." "Get busy," says the captain. A scapegoat136 is necessary and so the officer goes out and, leaving the bawdy-houses untroubled, tracks some miserable creature to her lonely room and there arrests her under the pretence that she is violating the "Tenement137 House Law." Now the worst that would happen to such an unfortunate would be, having "waived138 examination" before the magistrate, and pleaded guilty in Special Sessions, to be fined twenty-five or fifty dollars. The girl usually does not know this. When she is brought in under arrest the keeper "tips off" the runner for some lawyer, who first frightens her into believing that a long term of imprisonment139 confronts[Pg 76] her, and then introduces his master. The latter in turn offers to get her out on bail, meantime determining by an expert cross-examination, at which he is a past master, exactly how much money she has in the world. He then proceeds to acquire this by every means at his command. An actual case will illustrate140 what follows.
A young girl who had fallen from virtue, but who had never been arrested before, was brought into the Jefferson Market prison. She had saved five hundred dollars with which she intended the following week to return to her native town in New Hampshire and start life anew. The keeper led her to believe that she would be imprisoned141 in the penitentiary for nearly a year unless she could "beat the case." One of these buzzards learned of her distress142 and offered to procure143 bail for her for the sum of fifty dollars. A straw bondsman was produced, and she paid him the money and was liberated144. Meanwhile the lawyer had learned of the existence of her five hundred dollars. By terrifying her with all sorts of stories as to what would possibly happen to her, he succeeded in inducing her to pay him three hundred as a retainer to appear for her at the hearing in the magistrate's court. He had guaranteed to get her off then and there, but when her case was called he happened to be engaged in reading a newspaper and, looking up from where he was sitting, merely remarked, "Waives146 examination, your honor." The girl had only one hundred and fifty dollars left, and as yet had had no defence, but the shyster now demanded and received one hundred dollars more for representing her in the Special Sessions. She now had[Pg 77] but fifty dollars. Immediately after the hearing in the police court the bondsman "surrendered" her and she was locked up in the Tombs pending147 her trial, for she had not money enough to secure another bail bond. Here she languished148 three or four days. When at last her case appeared upon the calendar the shyster did not even take the trouble to come to court himself, but telephoned to another buzzard that she still had fifty dollars, telling him to "take her on." Abandoned by her counsel, alone and in prison, she gave up the last cent she had, hoping thus still to escape the dreadful fate predicted for her. When she was called to the bar the second lawyer informed her she had no defence and the best thing she could do was to plead guilty. This she did and was fined twenty-five dollars, but, having now no money, was compelled to serve out her time, a day for each dollar, in the City Prison, at the end of which time she was cast penniless upon the streets.
Many an originally honest young fellow who, in a sincere attempt to build up a small practice, has haunted the magistrate's court and secured petty police business has been gradually drawn149 into the vortex of crime until he is even more tainted150 than those whom he defends. The Legal Aid Society, which, so far as the writer is aware, is the only bona fide charitable organization existing in New York for the purpose of assisting impoverished151 persons to secure legal counsel, does not undertake any criminal business. No greater service could be rendered to the community than by some society organized to protect helpless defendants who have fallen victims to the vultures who prey upon the[Pg 78] prison pens. At the present time the official prosecutor152 himself is the only person to whom one charged with a criminal offence can turn with any hope of relief from his own lawyer, and if the number of cases were known where the prosecutor has befriended the prosecuted the eyes of jurors and of the public would be opened to the real spirit which animates153 a fair-minded district attorney.
A favorite trick of shysters if they have an imprisoned client who still refuses to "give up," is to plead "not guilty and not ready" and thus have the case adjourned154 until they squeeze their victim dry. A defendant who has any money is never permitted to go to trial or even to plead guilty before his money is entirely exhausted155.
This is not romance, it is practice. The men who do these things can be seen any day in every police court in New York—heartless, cynical156, merciless. Lying and deceit are their stock in trade, corruption their daily food. Within three months one of these gentry157 not only compelled an eighteen-year-old girl to give him a fine Etruscan ring which she had inherited, and which he pawned158 for five dollars, but stripped her of a new silk petticoat which he carried away in a newspaper as a fee. This woman served ten days because she could not pay her fine. Another woman who had stolen an umbrella gave a shyster her watch. He pawned it and then abandoned her, when she came up for trial. Each of these men has a special line of clients which he serves, either because he is supposed to be particularly expert in such cases or because he is regularly retained by the "trust" which they compose. Thus the East Side pickpockets159 have one attorney, the[Pg 79] "green-goods" men another, the opium160 sellers a third, the abortionists a fourth, while every "short changing," "thimble rigging," or "flim-flam" case sees the same lawyer for the defence.
It is a fact of considerable significance that most retailers161 charged with selling adulterated milk are defended by the same lawyers. The large milk companies apparently invite the trade of the small dealer163 by offering him cheap milk, and a guarantee that if he is caught selling their product they will not only defend him but, if he be found guilty, will pay his fine. Who does the adulterating? The company or the retailer162? It is almost impossible to say. Nevertheless, if lack of evidence prevents proceedings against the companies themselves, the next best thing is to punish the dealers164 who act as their agents, under the guise165 of doing an independent business. If prison sentences were invariably inflicted166 in such cases the dealers would soon find their miserable business as unhealthy as do the consumers who buy from them.
Some very disreputable, but, nevertheless, highly amusing tricks are invoked167 by wily practitioners168 in the Special Sessions to secure the release of their clients. One of the most adroit169 is to secure adjournments from day to day on various pretexts170 until the patience of the complaining witness is nearly exhausted. When the case is at last about to be called for trial the lawyer tells his runner to go into the corridor outside the court-room and send in word that some one desires to see the complainant. The complainant goes out to see what is wanted. In the meantime the case is moved for trial, and when his name is called he naturally fails to respond. The[Pg 80] shyster, in a most aggrieved171 tone, then informs the court that the defendant "is a hard-working man who has already been dragged down to court four or five times," on each occasion being compelled to lose an entire day's pay; that he is the only support of an invalid172 wife, an aged145 mother, six children, and an imbecile brother; that the defence is and always has been ready to proceed with the case; that simply in the interests of justice he requests that the defendant be discharged on his own recognizance or acquitted. In many cases this motion is granted and the complainant hurries back into the court-room just in time to meet the defendant making a triumphal exit.
The tears and laughter of the police courts are the tears and laughter of the Sessions. The Miserables of Hugo are the miserables of to-day. Jean Valjean, Fantine, and Cosette haunt the corridors of our courts. As well try to paint the sufferings and experiences of mankind in a single picture as the ten thousand yearly tragedies of the Special Sessions in a single chapter.
FOOTNOTES:
[22] Misdemeanors Disposed of During the Year 1907.
Convicted 1,853
Acquitted 1,045
Plead Guilty 6,107
Discharged 502
Demurrers allowed 1
Actions dismissed 3,175
———
Total 13,140
[23] See note, infra, p. 210.
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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arbiters
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| 仲裁人，裁决者( arbiter的名词复数 ) | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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rotation
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| n.旋转；循环，轮流 | |
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arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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legislated
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devoted
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virtue
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qualified
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defendant
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larceny
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immediate
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affidavit
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succinct
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bail
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confinement
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proceeding
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indictment
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jurisdiction
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diversified
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ingenuity
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larcenies
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defendants
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concealed
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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31
malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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32
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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33
impure
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| adj.不纯净的，不洁的；不道德的，下流的 | |
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34
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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35
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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36
sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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37
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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38
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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39
prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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40
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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41
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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42
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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43
ordinances
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| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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44
auction
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| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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45
pawning
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| v.典当，抵押( pawn的现在分词 )；以（某事物）担保 | |
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46
divulging
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| v.吐露，泄露( divulge的现在分词 ) | |
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47
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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48
furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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49
acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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50
detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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51
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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52
harangues
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| n.高谈阔论的长篇演讲( harangue的名词复数 )v.高谈阔论( harangue的第三人称单数 ) | |
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53
conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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54
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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55
onlooker
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| n.旁观者，观众 | |
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56
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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57
crate
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| vt.(up)把…装入箱中；n.板条箱，装货箱 | |
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58
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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59
shambles
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| n.混乱之处；废墟 | |
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60
penitentiary
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| n.感化院；监狱 | |
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61
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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62
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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63
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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64
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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65
wilt
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| v.(使)植物凋谢或枯萎；(指人)疲倦，衰弱 | |
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66
wither
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| vt.使凋谢，使衰退，(用眼神气势等)使畏缩；vi.枯萎，衰退，消亡 | |
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67
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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68
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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69
perspicacity
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| n. 敏锐, 聪明, 洞察力 | |
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70
divulge
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| v.泄漏(秘密等)；宣布，公布 | |
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71
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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72
confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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73
bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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74
unearthing
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| 发掘或挖出某物( unearth的现在分词 )； 搜寻到某事物，发现并披露 | |
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75
debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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76
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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77
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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78
coterie
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| n.(有共同兴趣的)小团体，小圈子 | |
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79
corroborated
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| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的过去式 ) | |
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80
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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81
atone
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| v.赎罪，补偿 | |
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82
mitigated
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| v.减轻，缓和( mitigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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84
sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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85
subsides
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的第三人称单数 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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86
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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87
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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88
blackmail
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| n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索，胁迫，恫吓 | |
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89
loath
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| adj.不愿意的；勉强的 | |
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90
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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91
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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92
pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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93
ignominiously
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| adv.耻辱地，屈辱地，丢脸地 | |
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94
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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95
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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96
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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97
execrate
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| v.憎恶；厌恶；诅咒 | |
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98
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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99
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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100
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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101
automobile
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| n.汽车，机动车 | |
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102
theatrical
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|
| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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103
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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104
diluted
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| 无力的，冲淡的 | |
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105
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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106
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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107
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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108
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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109
amplified
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的过去式和过去分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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110
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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111
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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112
bevy
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| n.一群 | |
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113
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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114
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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115
heralding
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| v.预示( herald的现在分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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116
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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117
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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118
currying
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| 加脂操作 | |
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119
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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120
spasm
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| n.痉挛，抽搐；一阵发作 | |
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121
adjournment
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| 休会； 延期； 休会期； 休庭期 | |
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122
undoing
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| n.毁灭的原因，祸根；破坏，毁灭 | |
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123
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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124
antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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125
boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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126
succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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127
preying
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| v.掠食( prey的现在分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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128
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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129
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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130
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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131
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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132
pervert
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| n.堕落者，反常者；vt.误用，滥用；使人堕落，使入邪路 | |
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133
extorting
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| v.敲诈( extort的现在分词 )；曲解 | |
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134
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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135
plies
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的第三人称单数 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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136
scapegoat
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| n.替罪的羔羊，替人顶罪者；v.使…成为替罪羊 | |
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137
tenement
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| n.公寓；房屋 | |
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138
waived
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| v.宣布放弃( waive的过去式和过去分词 )；搁置；推迟；放弃（权利、要求等） | |
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139
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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140
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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141
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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142
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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143
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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144
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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145
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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146
waives
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| v.宣布放弃( waive的第三人称单数 )；搁置；推迟；放弃（权利、要求等） | |
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147
pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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148
languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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149
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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150
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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151
impoverished
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|
| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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152
prosecutor
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| n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 | |
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153
animates
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| v.使有生气( animate的第三人称单数 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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154
adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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156
cynical
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| adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的，不信世道向善的 | |
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157
gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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158
pawned
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| v.典当，抵押( pawn的过去式和过去分词 )；以（某事物）担保 | |
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159
pickpockets
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| n.扒手( pickpocket的名词复数 ) | |
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160
opium
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| n.鸦片；adj.鸦片的 | |
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161
retailers
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| 零售商，零售店( retailer的名词复数 ) | |
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162
retailer
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| n.零售商(人) | |
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163
dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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164
dealers
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| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
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165
guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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166
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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167
invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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168
practitioners
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| n.习艺者，实习者( practitioner的名词复数 )；从业者（尤指医师） | |
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169
adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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170
pretexts
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| n.借口，托辞( pretext的名词复数 ) | |
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171
aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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172
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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173
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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