Thus, as has already been pointed5 out, while it is popularly believed that women are almost never convicted of crime, and particularly of homicide, the fact is, at least in New York County, that a much greater proportion of women charged with murder are convicted than of men charged with the same offence. To read the newspapers one would suppose that the mere6 fact that the defendant7 was a[Pg 335] female instantly paralyzed the minds of the jury and reduced them to a state of imbecility. The inevitable8 result of this must be to encourage lawlessness among the lower orders of women and to lead them to look upon arrest as a mere formality without ultimate significance. The writer recalls trying for murder a negress who had shot her lover not long after the discharge of a notorious female defendant in a recent spectacular trial in New York. When asked why she had killed him she replied:
"Oh, Nan Patterson did it and got off."
This is not offered as a reflection upon the failure of the jury to reach a verdict in the Patterson case, but as an illuminating9 illustration of the concrete and immediate10 effect of all actual or supposed failures of justice.
A belief that the course of criminal justice is slow and uncertain, that the chances are all in favor of the defendant, and that he has but to resort to technicalities to secure not only indefinite delay but generally ultimate freedom, breeds an indifference11 amounting almost to arrogance12 among law-breakers, powerful and otherwise, and a painful yet hopeless conviction among honest men that nothing can prevent the wicked from flourishing. Honesty seems no longer even a good policy, and the young business man resorts to sharp practices to get ahead of his unscrupulous competitor. In some localities the uncertainty13 and delay attendant upon the execution of the law is the alleged14, and maybe the actual, cause of the community crime of lynching. Even where the administration of justice is seen at its best many people who have been wronged believe that there is so little likelihood that the offender15 will after all be[Pg 336] punished that the cheapest and easiest course is to let the matter drop. All this gives aid and comfort to the powers of darkness.
The widespread impression as to the uncertainty of the law is not entirely16 a misapprehension. "We have long since passed the period when it is possible to punish an innocent man. We are now struggling with the problem whether it is any longer possible to punish the guilty." It is a melancholy19 fact that at the present time "penal20 statutes22 and procedure tend more to defeat and retard23 the ends of justice than to protect the rights of the accused."
The subject of criminal-law reform is too extensive to be discussed here even superficially, but historically the explanation of existing conditions is simple enough. The present overgrown state of the criminal law is the direct result of our exaggerated regard for personal liberty, coupled with a wholesale24 adoption25 of the technicalities of English law invented when only such technicalities could stand between the minor26 offender and the barbarous punishments of a bygone age. We forget that the community is composed of individuals, and we tend to disregard its interests for those of any particular individual who happens to be a prisoner at the bar. We revolted from England and incidentally from her system of administering the criminal law, by which the defendant could have no voice at his own trial, where practically every crime was punishable with death, and where only the Crown could produce and examine witnesses. Every one will have to agree that the English system was very harsh and very unfair indeed. To-day it is better than ours, simply because its errors have been systematically[Pg 337] and wisely corrected, without diminution27 in the national respect for law. When we devised our own system we adopted those humane28 expedients29 for evading30 the law which were only justified31 by the existing penalties attached to convictions for crime,—and then discarded the penalties. We were through with tyrants32 once and for all. The Crown had always been opposed to the defendant and the Crown was a tyrant33. We naturally turned with sympathy towards the prisoner.
We gave him the right of appeal on all matters of law through all the courts of our States, and even into the courts of the United States, while we allowed the People no right of appeal at all. If the prisoner was convicted he could go on and test the case all along the line,—if he was acquitted35 the People had to rest satisfied. We stopped the mouth of the judge and made it illegal for him to "sum up" the case or discuss the facts to any extent. We clipped the wings of the prosecutor36 and allowed him less latitude37 of expression than an English judge. Then we gazed on the work of our intellects and said it was good. If an ignorant jury acquitted a murderer under the eyes of a gagged and helpless judge, we said that it was all right and that it was better that ninety-nine guilty men should escape than that one innocent man should be convicted. Yes,—better for whom? If another murderer, about whose guilt18 the highest court in one of the States said there was no possible doubt, secured three new trials and was finally acquitted on the fourth, it merely demonstrated how perfectly38 we safeguarded the rights of the individual.
The result is that we have unnecessarily fettered[Pg 338] ourselves, have furnished a multitude of technical avenues of escape to wrong-doers, and have created a popular contempt for courts of justice, which shows itself in the sentimental39 and careless verdicts of juries, in a lack of public spirit, and in an indisposition to prosecute40 wrong-doers. In addition, the impression sought to be conveyed by the yellow press that our judiciary is corrupt41 and that money can buy anything—even justice—leads the jury in many cases to feel that their presence is merely a formal concession42 to an archaic43 procedure and that their oaths have no real significance.
The community, the "People," have a sufficiently44 hard task to secure justice at any criminal trial. On the one hand is the abstract proposition that the law has been violated, on the other sits a human being, ofttimes contrite45, always an object of pity. He is presumed innocent, he is to be given the benefit of every reasonable doubt. He has the right to make his own powerful appeal to the jury and to have the services of the best lawyer he can secure to sway their emotions and their sympathies. If the prosecutor resorts to eloquence46 he is stigmatized47 as "over-zealous48" and as a "persecutor49." If a plainly guilty defendant be acquitted, not the trampled50 ideal of justice, but the vision of a liberated51 prisoner rejoicing in his freedom hovers52 in the talesman's dreams.
So far so good; we can afford to stand by a system which in the long run has served us fairly well. But an occasional evil, an evil which when it occurs is productive of great harm and serves to give color to the popular opinion of criminal law, begins only when the lawyers have had their opportunity for elocu[Pg 339]tion. At the conclusion of the charge the defendant's attorney proceeds to put the judge through what is familiarly known as "a course of sprouts53." He makes twenty or thirty "requests to charge the jury" on the most abstract propositions of law which his fertile mind can devise,—relevant or irrelevant54, applicable or inapplicable to the facts,—and the judge is compelled to decide from the bench, without opportunity for reflection, questions which the attorney has labored55 upon, perchance, for weeks. If he guesses wrong, the lawyer "excepts" and the case may be reversed on appeal. This is not a test of the defendant's guilt or innocence56, but a test of the abstract learning and quickness of the presiding judge.
It is generally believed that appellate courts are prone57 to reverse criminal cases on purely58 technical grounds. Whether this belief be well founded or ill, its wide acceptance as fact is fertile in bringing the law into disrepute.[46] Justice to be effective must be not only sure but swift. An "iron hand" cannot always compensate59 for a "leaden heel."
It is probably true that in some of the States such a tendency exists and may result in making the administration of justice a laughing stock, but it is far from being so in States of the character of New York and Massachusetts. The Appellate Division, First Department, and Court of Appeals in New York are distinctly opposed to reversing criminal cases on technical grounds and are prone to disregard trivial error where the guilt of the defendant is clear. The[Pg 340] writer can recall no recent criminal case where the district attorney's office has felt aggrieved60 at the action of the higher courts, and on the contrary believes that their action is generally based on broad principles of public policy and common-sense.
During the year 1905 the district attorney of New York County defended forty-seven appeals from convictions in criminal cases in the Appellate Division. Of these convictions only three were reversed. He defended eighteen in the Court of Appeals, of which only two were reversed. One of the writer's associates computed61 that he had secured, during a four years' term of office, twenty-nine convictions in which appeals had been taken. Of these but two were reversed, one of them immediately resulting in the defendant's re-conviction for the same crime. The other is still pending62 and the defendant awaiting his trial. Certainly there is little in the actual figures to give color to the impression that the criminal profits by mere technicalities on appeal,—at least in New York State.
In nine cases out of ten the reversal of a conviction in a criminal case is due to the carelessness or inefficiency63 of the prosecuting64 officer or trial judge and not to any inadequacy65 in our methods of procedure. Yet the tenth case, the case where the criminal does beat the law by a technicality, does more harm than can easily be estimated. That is the one case everybody knows about,—the one the papers descant66 upon, the one that cheers the heart of the grafter67 and every criminal who can afford to pay a lawyer.
Yet the evil influence of the reversal of a conviction on appeal, however much it is to be deprecated, is as nothing compared with a deliberate acquittal of[Pg 341] a guilty defendant by a reckless, sentimental, or lawless jury. Few can appreciate as does a prosecutor the actual, practical and immediate effect of such a spectacle upon those who witness it.
Two men were seen to enter an empty dwelling-house in the dead of night. The alarm was given by a watchman near by, and a young police officer, who had been but seven months on the force, bravely entered the black and deserted68 building, searched it from roof to cellar, and found the marauders locked in one of the rooms. He called upon them to open, received no reply, yet without hesitation69 and without knowing what the consequences to himself might be, smashed in the door and apprehended70 the two men. One was found with a large bundle of skeleton keys in his pocket and several candles, while a partially71 consumed candle lay upon the floor. In the police court they pleaded guilty to a charge of burglary, and were promptly72 indicted73 by the grand jury.
At the trial they claimed to have gone into the house to sleep, said they had found the bunch of keys on the stairs, denied having the candles at all or that they were in a room on the top story, and asserted that they were in the entrance hall when arrested.
The story told by the defendants74 was so utterly75 ridiculous that one of the two could not control a grin while giving his version of it on the witness-stand. The writer, who prosecuted76 the case, regarded the trial as a mere formality and hardly felt that it was necessary to sum up the evidence at all.
Imagine his surprise when an intelligent-looking jury acquitted both the defendants after practically no deliberation. Both had offered to plead guilty[Pg 342] to a slightly lower degree of crime before the case was moved for trial.
These two defendants, who were neither insane nor degenerates77, consorted78 with others in Bowery hotels and saloons,—incubators of crime. What effect could such a performance have upon them and their friends save to inculcate a belief that they were licensed79 to commit as many burglaries as they chose? They had a practical demonstration80 that the law was "no good" and the system a failure. If they could beat a case in which they had already pleaded guilty, what could they not do where the evidence was less obvious? They were henceforth immune. Who shall say how many embryonic81 law-breakers took courage at the story and started upon an experimental attempt at crime?
The news of such an acquittal must instantly have been carried to the Tombs, where every other guilty prisoner took heart and prepared anew his defence. Those about to plead guilty and throw themselves upon the mercy of the court, abandoned their honest purpose and devised some perjury82 instead. Criminals almost persuaded that honesty was the best policy changed their minds. The barometer83 of crime swung its needle from "stormy" to "fair."
But, apart from the law-breakers, consider the effect of such a miscarriage84 of justice upon a young, honest and zealous officer. First, all his good work, his bravery, his conscientious85 effort at safeguarding the sleeping public had been disregarded, tossed aside with a sneer86, and had gone for naught87. The jury had stamped his story as a lie and stigmatized him, by their action, as a perjurer88. They had chosen two professional criminals as better men. His whole[Pg 343] conduct of the case instead of being commended as meritorious89 had resulted in a solemn public declaration that he was not worthy90 of credence91 and that he had attempted wilfully92 to railroad to State's prison two innocent men. In other words, that he ought to be there himself. What was the use of trying to do good work any longer? He might just as well loiter in an area on a barrel and smoke a furtive94 cigar when he ought to be "on post." Perhaps he might better "stand in" with those who would inevitably95 be preferred to him by a jury of their peers.
What must have been the effect on the court officers, the witnesses, the defendants out on bail96, the complainants, the spectators? That the whole business was nonsense and rot! That the jury system was ridiculous. That the jurymen were either crooks97 or fools. That the only people who were not insulted and sneered98 at were the law-breakers themselves. That if two such rogues99 were to be set free all the other jailbirds might as well be let go. That an honest man could whistle for his justice and might better straightway put on his hat and go home. That the only way to punish a criminal was to punish him yourself—kill him if you got the chance or get the crowd to lynch him. That if a thief stole from you the shrewdest thing to do was to induce him as a set-off to give you the proceeds of his next thieving. That it was humiliating to live in a town where a self-confessed rascal100 could snap his fingers at the law and go unwhipped of justice.
The jury's action must have been due either to a wilful93 disregard of their oath or an entire misconception of it. Assuming that the jury deliberately101 declined to obey the law, the whole twelve elected[Pg 344] to become, and thereby102 did become, law-breakers. They disqualified themselves forever as talesmen. No prosecutor in his senses would move a case before a jury which numbered any one of them. They had arraigned104 themselves upon the side, and under the standard, of crime. They became accessories after the fact. If on the other hand they misconceived the purpose for which they were there the performance was a shocking example of what is possible under present conditions.
Just as there are three general classes of wrongs, so there are three general and varyingly effective forms of restraint against their perpetration. First there is the moral control exerted by what is ordinarily called conscience, secondly105 there is the restraint which arises out of the apprehension17 that the commission of a tort will be followed by a judgment106 for damages in a civil court, and lastly there is the restraint imposed by the criminal law. All these play their part, separately or in conjunction. For some men conscience is a sufficient barrier to crime or to those acts which, while equally reprehensible107, are not technically108 criminal; for others the possibility of pecuniary109 loss is enough to keep them in the straight and narrow way; but for a large proportion of the community the fear of criminal prosecution110, with implied disgrace and ignominy, forfeiture111 of citizenship112, and confinement113 in a common jail is about the only conclusive114 reason for doing unto others as they would the others should do unto them. Were the criminal law done away with in our present state of civilization, religion, ethics115 and civil procedure would be absolutely inefficacious to prevent anarchy116. It is as imperative[Pg 345] to the ordinary citizen to know that if he steals he will be locked up as it is for the child to know that if he puts his hand into the fire it will be burned. The acquittal of every thief breeds another, and the unpunished murder is an incentive117 for a dozen similar homicides.
Crimes are either deliberate or the result of accident or impulse. The last class may rise to a high degree of enormity,—such as manslaughter, but these crimes are rarely possible of restraint. The perpetrator does not stop to consider, even if he be sober enough to think at all, whether his act be moral, whether it will entail118 any civil liability, or what will be its consequences, if it be a crime. So far as such acts are concerned those who commit them are hardly criminals in the ordinary sense, and no influence in the world is able to prevent them.
The question is how far these different kinds of restraint operate upon the community as a whole in the prevention of deliberate crime. Clearly the fear of pecuniary loss through actions brought to judgment in the civil courts is practically nil119. Most persons who set out to commit crime have no bank account, the absence of one being generally what leads them into a criminal career.
The writer has no intention of attempting to discuss or estimate the efficacy of religion or ethics as restraining influences. A certain limited proportion of the community would not commit crime under any circumstances. It is enough for them that the act is forbidden by the State even if it be not really wrong from their own personal point of view. Side by side with these very good people are a very large[Pg 346] number who wear just as fashionable clothing, have the same friends, attend the same churches, but who would commit almost any crime so long as they were sure of not being caught. If we had no criminal law we should soon discover who were the hypocrites.
But for an overwhelming majority of the community something more practical than either religion, ethics, or philosophy is necessary to keep them in order. They must be convinced that the transgressor120 will surely be punished,—not some time, not next year or the year after, but now. Not, moreover, that his way will be merely hard, but that he will be put in stripes and made to break stones.
Hence the necessity for a vigorous and adequate criminal law and procedure which shall command the respect and loyalty121 of the community, administered by a fearless judiciary who will hold jurors to a rigid122 and conscientious obedience to their oath.
There is nothing sacred about an archaic criminal procedure which in some respects is less devised for the protection of the community than for the exculpation123 of the guilty. The portals of liberty would not fall down or the framers of the constitution turn in their graves if the peremptory124 challenges allowed to both sides in the selection of a jury were reduced to a reasonable number, or if persons found guilty of crime after due process of law were compelled to stay in jail until their appeals were decided125, instead of walking the streets free as air under a certificate of "reasonable doubt" issued by some judge who personally knew nothing of the actual trial of the case. As things stand to-day, a thief caught in the very act of picking a pocket in the night-time may challenge arbitrarily the twenty[Pg 347] most intelligent talesmen called to sit as jurors in his case. Does such a practice make for justice? It is even possible that the sacred bird of liberty would not scream if eleven jurors, instead of twelve, were permitted to convict a defendant or set him free, while the question of how far the right of appeal in criminal cases might properly be limited or, in default of such limitation, how far under certain conditions it might be correspondingly extended to the community, is by no means purely academic.[47] It is also conceivable that some means might be found to do away with the interminable technicalities which can now be interposed on behalf of the accused to prevent trials or the infliction126 of sentence after conviction.
Yet these considerations are of slight moment in contrast to that most crying of all present abuses,—the domination of the court-room by the press.[48] It is no fiction to say that in many cases the actual trial is conducted in the columns of yellow journals and the defendant acquitted or convicted purely in accordance with an "editorial policy." Judges, jurors, and attorneys are caricatured and flouted127. There is no evidence, however incompetent128, improper129, or prejudicial to either side, excluded by the judge in a court of criminal justice, that is not deliberately thrust under the noses of the jury in flaring130 letters of red or purple the moment they leave the court-room. The judge may charge one way in accordance with the law of the land, while the editor charges the same jury in double-leaded paragraphs with what[Pg 348] "unwritten" law may best suit the owner of his conscience and his pen. "Contempt of court" in its original significance is something known to-day only to the reader of text books.[49]
Each State has its own particular problem to face, but ultimately the question is a national one. Lack of respect for law is characteristic of the American people as a whole. Until we acquire a vastly increased sense of civic131 duty we should not complain that crime is increasing or the law ineffective. It would be a most excellent thing for an association of our leading citizens to interest itself in criminal-law reform and demand and secure the passage of new and effective legislation, but it would accomplish little if its individual members continued to evade132 jury service and left their most important duty to those least qualified103 by education or experience to perform it.[50] It would serve some of this class of reformers right, if one day, when after a life-time of evasion133, they perchance came to be tried by a jury of their peers, they should find that among their twelve judges there was not one who could read or write the English language with accuracy and that all were ready to convict anybody because he lived in a brown-stone front.
[Pg 349]
Merchants, who in return for a larger possible restitution134 habitually135 compound felonies by tacitly agreeing not to prosecute those who have defrauded136 them, have no right to complain because juries acquit34 the offenders137 whom they finally decide it to be worth their while to pursue. The voter who has not the courage to insist that hypocritical laws should be wiped from the statute21 books should express no surprise when juries refuse to convict those who violate them. The man who perjures138 himself to escape his taxes has no right to expect that his fellow citizens are going to place a higher value upon an oath than he.
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1
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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defendant
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| n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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penal
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| adj.刑罚的；刑法上的 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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retard
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| n.阻止，延迟；vt.妨碍，延迟，使减速 | |
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wholesale
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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diminution
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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expedients
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| n.应急有效的，权宜之计的( expedient的名词复数 ) | |
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evading
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| 逃避( evade的现在分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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acquit
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| vt.宣判无罪；(oneself)使(自己)表现出 | |
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acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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prosecutor
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| n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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archaic
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| adj.(语言、词汇等)古代的，已不通用的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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contrite
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| adj.悔悟了的，后悔的，痛悔的 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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stigmatized
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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persecutor
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| n. 迫害者 | |
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50
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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51
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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52
hovers
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| 鸟( hover的第三人称单数 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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53
sprouts
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| n.新芽，嫩枝( sprout的名词复数 )v.发芽( sprout的第三人称单数 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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54
irrelevant
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| adj.不恰当的，无关系的，不相干的 | |
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55
labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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56
innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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57
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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58
purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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59
compensate
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| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
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60
aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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61
computed
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| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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62
pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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63
inefficiency
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| n.无效率，无能；无效率事例 | |
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64
prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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65
inadequacy
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| n.无法胜任，信心不足 | |
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66
descant
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| v.详论，絮说；n.高音部 | |
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67
grafter
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| 嫁接的人，贪污者，收贿者； 平铲 | |
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68
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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69
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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70
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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71
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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72
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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73
indicted
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| 控告，起诉( indict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
defendants
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| 被告( defendant的名词复数 ) | |
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75
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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76
prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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77
degenerates
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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consorted
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| v.结伴( consort的过去式和过去分词 )；交往；相称；调和 | |
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licensed
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| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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embryonic
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| adj.胚胎的 | |
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82
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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83
barometer
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| n.气压表，睛雨表，反应指标 | |
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84
miscarriage
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| n.失败，未达到预期的结果；流产 | |
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85
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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86
sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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87
naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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88
perjurer
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| n.伪誓者，伪证者 | |
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89
meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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90
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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92
wilfully
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| adv.任性固执地；蓄意地 | |
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93
wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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94
furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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96
bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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crooks
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| n.骗子( crook的名词复数 )；罪犯；弯曲部分；（牧羊人或主教用的）弯拐杖v.弯成钩形( crook的第三人称单数 ) | |
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98
sneered
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| 讥笑，冷笑( sneer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
rogues
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| n.流氓( rogue的名词复数 )；无赖；调皮捣蛋的人；离群的野兽 | |
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100
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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101
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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102
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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103
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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104
arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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105
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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106
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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107
reprehensible
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| adj.该受责备的 | |
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108
technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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109
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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110
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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111
forfeiture
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| n.（名誉等）丧失 | |
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112
citizenship
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| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
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113
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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114
conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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115
ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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116
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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117
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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118
entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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119
nil
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| n.无，全无，零 | |
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120
transgressor
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| n.违背者 | |
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121
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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122
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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123
exculpation
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| n.使无罪，辩解 | |
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124
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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125
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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126
infliction
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| n.（强加于人身的）痛苦，刑罚 | |
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127
flouted
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| v.藐视，轻视( flout的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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128
incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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129
improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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130
flaring
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| a.火焰摇曳的，过份艳丽的 | |
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131
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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132
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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133
evasion
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| n.逃避，偷漏(税) | |
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134
restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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135
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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136
defrauded
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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137
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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138
perjures
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| v.发假誓，作伪证( perjure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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