No history of gloves would be complete which failed to take into account the old French town of Annonay and its celebrated1 industry. Annonay has been mentioned several times already in the course of these pages, when the subject of fine French skins was touched upon, and especially in connection with the difficulties which arose over the free exportation of these beautiful leathers to manufacturers outside France. At once the foundation of the glovers’ prosperity, and the source to them of hardship and bitter contention2 for want of proper domestic protection of the trade in skins, both Annonay and the town of Millau were famous as old-established centres of the tawing industry.
And right here, for the benefit of the layman3, it might not come amiss to define the distinction between the well-known process of tanning leather, and the less familiar method of dressing4 skins, called tawing. The latter is applied5 almost exclusively to leathers in preparation for glove-making. It differs from ordinary tanning in point of the greater care and cleanliness of all the operations. Also, the dressed skin is submitted to a brief fermentation, by piling one piece upon another in a very warm place, so that, under the influence of the heat and the pressure, the 80softness and flexibility6 of the leather may be increased. The actual “tawing” itself consists in treating the skins with a mixture of flour, the yolks of eggs and alum. On the completion of this operation, they are stretched by hand and dried as rapidly as possible.
The expert preparation of glove leather, then, was the chief accomplishment7 of Annonay and Millau. In regard to the latter, it was that city which particularly was embarrassed by the lambskin competition of 1872. Millau long had made a specialty8 of tawing lambskin, but had not discovered the secret of making the fine-looking gloves which now, suddenly, were put upon the market by Germany and other foreign countries. These manufacturers abroad redoubled their activities, initiating9 new styles and even receiving compensations from their governments. For a time Millau folded its arms and submitted, as M. Roux tells us, “in tranquil10 despair.”
But before long Millau makers11 were hard at work studying and experimenting to produce a cheaper grade of glove which, like its rivals abroad should meet the growing demand for a popular-price article with all the fine appearance of genuine kid. The glove trade, along with other industries of the period, found that it must adapt itself to the insistency12 on democratization of all products. It must recognize the spirit of the times; and in the cause of social equality, it must furnish those who could not, or would not, buy expensive kid gloves, with an excellent substitute, as far as style and finish were concerned.
81Lambskins, at this period, became the glove of democracy; and Millau, quickly overtaking her foreign competitors, is to-day producing fine lambskin gloves which are second to none in Europe.
But, to return to Annonay, whose name is identified with the ancient art of tawing as far back, probably, as the fourteenth century! The place has been called—and not inappropriately—the twin city of Grenoble. Its industry, certainly, went hand in hand and ranked equally in importance with that of the celebrated glove town. Without Annonay tanners and tawers Grenoble would have lacked the fine skins indispensable to her manufacture, and might never have held first position as a producer of the most beautiful gloves in the world.
Also, geographically13, there is a striking resemblance between the two cities, which likewise has an important bearing upon their affiliations14 in commerce. Annonay, in the department of the Ardèche, in south-eastern France, is irregularly and picturesquely15 built on several small hills, overlooking the deep gorges16 of the Dé?me and the Cance. Thus, it stands near the confluence17 of two large, swift rivers, almost exactly as Grenoble does; and the waters of these rivers—torrential streams, subject to sudden floods—supply power to the factories of the town. By means of a dam across the Ternay, a tributary18 of the Dé?me, to the northwest of the city, a reservoir is provided, in which an additional supply of water, for both industrial and domestic purposes, is stored. Moreover, the river Ardèche flows in close proximity—like 82the Isère unexcelled for its purity. By virtue19 of the especial qualities of its waters, Annonay has become what it is—the chief home of French dressers of glacé kid skins.
The climate, like that environing Grenoble, is particularly favorable to the raising of goats and sheep. The Cevannes mountains almost cover the department of the Ardèche, and their spurs provide rich grazing country. The peasants are shepherds worthy20 of that ancient calling. The young kids are as carefully nurtured22 and watched over as are the children in the family, for absolutely nothing must be allowed to cause any defects in their skins. They must be killed at a tender age, for as soon as the kid begins to eat herbage, his pelt23 is injured for the finer qualities of gloves. Indeed, the perfect glove animal is milk-fed—and necessarily short-lived.
However, when the kids are allowed to grow up and become goats, their skins are still useful for the heavier, stronger grades of gloves. Such are termed chevrettes, that being the French name for goats. The same care is exercised that these animals shall not meet with any injury to their hides, and good chevrette leather is invaluable24 for piqué and prick-seam gloves, which rank very high indeed.
Formerly25, skins of chamoix, and both wild and domestic animals, were collected all over the country by a class of people corresponding to what were known in England as “higglers.” Ultimately, all these trophies26 found their way into the hands of the famous dressers of Annonay. In these days, the leading glove manufacturers of Grenoble 83buy their skins “in the raw” at the Spring fairs, which are held at various centres throughout France. When they have assembled their lots, they then ship them to the dressing factory in Annonay.
“The dressing of leather,” says Hull27, in his History of the Glove Trade, published in England in 1834, “formed one of the earliest occupations of mankind in all countries; and it is a significant fact that Laplanders, Africans and Canadian Indians dress skins in the highest perfection, altho’ their means and processes necessarily are of the rudest kind. The Laplanders also make very tolerable gloves.”
With all due respect to the Laplanders, and other aborigines, we venture to place the tawers of Annonay above even those primitive28 artists to whom Mr. Hull gave first credit. Mr. Hull wrote his little book to prove that the free trade policy would be the ruination of England’s home manufactures—nor was he greatly mistaken, as far as the glove business of his day was concerned. Naturally, this vehement29 protectionist had little good to say of French methods—which accounts, perhaps, for his going back to the uncivilized peoples to pay his debt for the art of leather-dressing; in England, certainly, at that period, skill in preparing glove skins was sadly lacking.
The finest qualities of French kid skins, suitable for glacé hand-wear, come from the valleys of the Loire, the Rhone, the Poiton and Auvergne. Inferior to these are those which emanate30 from the extreme south of 84France, from Provence and the Pyrenees; as one nears Spain, the skins coarsen.
At Annonay, the skin-dressing industry—like that of glove-making at Grenoble—has been established for so many centuries, that long family lines have devoted31 themselves for successive generations to that single calling. Fathers, sons and grandchildren have passed their lives and spent their efforts in furthering and perfecting the art of preparing glove skins which should be without a rival. The “French National” skins are the result. Doubtless they are the finest skins in the world.
To appreciate fully21 the perfection of this art, and its importance to the science of glove-making, a visit to the largest skin-dressing establishment in Annonay to-day would appear almost indispensable. In imagination, accordingly, let us enter the factory in question, owned and operated by Messrs. Briancon & Company. We find it a large, airy, well-lighted, four-storied structure, recently built for the express purpose for which it is now used.
When the skins “in the hair” arrive at this factory they are at once hoisted32 to the top floor, where they are unpacked33 and piled up in stacks. The dresser holds the skins on account of the manufacturer of gloves who has bought them at the fairs. To each manufacturer is allotted34 sufficient floor space in the fourth story of the dressing factory to receive his supply of skins. Each stack is ticketed with the name of the owner or owners—that is, the manufacturer—and its place of origin.
85Each layer of skins, as placed on the stack, is well sprinkled with naphtha to disinfect and keep it wholesome35. If the hides are to remain long in the stacks before going into the dressing, they must be unstacked from time to time, shaken out, aired, and restacked, to prevent them from overheating. When the dresser receives from the manufacturer instructions to put one of his lots into the dressing, the first thing that has to be done is carefully to inspect each skin in the pile; it is then classified as “hard,” “extra strong,” or “medium”; as “fine” or “superfine.”
After all the skins in the stack have been looked over, and sorted in this manner, they are carried to the ground floor of the factory and placed in tanks of clear, cold water, in which they must remain for forty-eight hours. At the end of that time, they are thoroughly36 washed in running cold water, and are again put into the tanks, where they are kept for another forty-eight hours.
The next step is one of the most particular in the entire process. The skins are removed from the clear water into tanks of concrete, sunk in the floor of the factory, which are filled with a mixture of water and dead sifted37 lime. Every forty-eight hours they are taken out and well swilled38 with a similar mixture; then immediately replaced in the tanks. The length of time skins should be kept in this lime bath depends upon their character and origin. The effect of the lime on the skin is to render it very easy to scrape off the hair. According to the regions from which they come, skins remain in the bath for from ten to twenty-five days. This lime treatment is 86the most crucial point in the dressing of kid skins, for it is only after long years of experience that a master dresser knows exactly how long it takes to render—let us say, for instance—an Auvergne skin “unhairable.” If the skins are left even twenty-four hours too long in the lime mixture, they are so damaged as to be useless for manufacturing into high grade gloves.
When it is judged that the skins have remained long enough in the lime bath, they are taken out and then energetically washed in clear, running water; after which they are passed along to another set of men who place them, one by one, flat, over a smooth, rounded block of wood, and with a blunt, two-handled, almost scythe-shaped knife, proceed to scrape the hair and fat off the surface of the skins. The “unhairing” completed, the skins, still wet and mussy, are passed on to women workers who trim the edges—to which adheres superfluous39 fat—with large hand shears40.
The next process is to rid the skins of the lime with which they have been charged. Therefore, scraped and trimmed, they are submerged in a large, wooden vat41, containing hot water mixed with an entirely42 new product, invented by Monsieur Louis Peyrache. This product is called “peroly” and is an enemy to lime. When the skins are lifted out of this solution they are found to be quite devoid43 of all traces of the latter.
Following the “peroly bath,” the skins are placed in another large tub full of hot water, above which passes a crank connected with an electric motor, from which crank four shafts44 87terminating in wooden “stampers” hang down into the tub. The tub also revolves45 on a spindle connected with the motor. The object of this bath is to free the skins of every vestige46 of the peroly; and the effect of the hot water is to open the pores in the skins and render them more easily deprived of the animal matter they contain.
The skins have now been well washed and thoroughly cleaned. They appear almost transparent47. But the series of “baths” is not over. However, before another is attempted, the skins are laid again across the wooden blocks and as much as possible of the fatty substance which still adheres to them is scraped off with the blunt knives already described. In this instance, as previously48, the skins are scraped on the sides from which the hair was removed in the first place, known as the “fleur” side of the skin. Then comes the bran bath. In a mixture of luke warm water and bran they are gently stirred around by means of long, wooden props49 fitted with ferules of india-rubber. Once more the skins are lifted out and laid on the blocks; and this time the scraping is done on the “flesh” or inside. Another bran bath follows, and now the skins require careful watching. When the master dresser judges that they have stayed long enough in this second bran solution, they are again, one by one, laid over the blocks, when all the remains50 of the bran are scraped off.
Now the skins are put into a large, closed receptacle, containing a mixture of the yellows of eggs, meal and alum. This mixture “feeds” the skins; it is a kind of “wrinkled 88paste” in the beautifying process. It fills up the pores which have been impoverished51 through the loss of their natural fat and oil. The next day, the skins are taken out of this bath, and are strung up in a large room through which flows a current of dry, heated air. In stringing up the skins here, care always is taken to fold them with the “fleur” surface inside. After they have become thoroughly dried, they are tied up into packets of six dozen each, and left in a dry, normal atmosphere for fifteen days, or even a month. By this time the skins are quite hard and brittle52.
To take out the stiffness, the skins now are dipped into clear, cold water for a few minutes. They are left in the air until the following day, when they are passed through a set of rollers which help to make them supple53; after which they are sent immediately to the “palisson.” This process reinvigorates the dressed skins, rendering54 them plastic and easily stretched. By the old-fashioned method, it is performed by hand. The “palisson” consists, as formerly, of a large, rounded, blunted steel blade, pointing upwards55, and fastened into a wooden block, over which the skin is drawn56 backwards57 and forwards, with its flesh side on the blade. After this operation, the skin is rubbed over another blade, similarly shaped, but slightly sharpened. By means of this, the remainder of the flesh is cut away from the surface of the skin, thus giving it the softness and whiteness which, by this time, it will have acquired.
In these days, the “palisson” process is also performed by girls at revolving58 wheels 89run by a motor, and the results obtained compare very well indeed with the old-fashioned method of palisson by hand.
The skins are now completely dressed. Lastly, they are sent to the classing room to be examined by experts and sorted according to their qualities. They are then forwarded to the manufacturers at Grenoble.
In the United States kid gloves manufactured out of skins from all over Europe, and even from northern Africa and China, are to be found on the counters of the glove shops. But the best kidskins come from France, and are invariably dressed in Annonay and manufactured into gloves at Grenoble. The American, then, who buys gloves of French origin, Annonay dressed, and made in Grenoble, may flatter himself that he is enjoying perfection itself in hand-wear.
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1
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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layman
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| n.俗人，门外汉，凡人 | |
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dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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flexibility
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| n.柔韧性，弹性，（光的）折射性，灵活性 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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specialty
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| n.(speciality)特性，特质；专业，专长 | |
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initiating
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| v.开始( initiate的现在分词 )；传授；发起；接纳新成员 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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insistency
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| 强迫，坚决要求 | |
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geographically
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| adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面 | |
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affiliations
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| n.联系( affiliation的名词复数 )；附属机构；亲和性；接纳 | |
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picturesquely
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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nurtured
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| 养育( nurture的过去式和过去分词 )； 培育； 滋长； 助长 | |
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pelt
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| v.投掷，剥皮，抨击，开火 | |
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invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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emanate
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| v.发自，来自，出自 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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unpacked
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| v.从（包裹等）中取出（所装的东西），打开行李取出( unpack的过去式和过去分词 )；拆包；解除…的负担；吐露（心事等） | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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sifted
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| v.筛( sift的过去式和过去分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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swilled
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| v.冲洗( swill的过去式和过去分词 )；猛喝；大口喝；（使）液体流动 | |
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superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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shears
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| n.大剪刀 | |
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vat
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| n.(=value added tax)增值税，大桶 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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revolves
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的第三人称单数 )；细想 | |
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vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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48
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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props
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| 小道具； 支柱( prop的名词复数 )； 支持者； 道具； （橄榄球中的）支柱前锋 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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brittle
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| adj.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的；(声音)尖利的 | |
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53
supple
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| adj.柔软的，易弯的，逢迎的，顺从的，灵活的；vt.使柔软，使柔顺，使顺从；vi.变柔软，变柔顺 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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revolving
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| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
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