At length we find on the Pacific seaboard a European settlement, in the aboriginal4 fishing-station of Panamá the germ of a Spanish city, the first on the western side of the American continent from Patagonia to Alaska, the first on the Isthmus5 which remains6 to the present day. And there was much about it which the befogged but in many respects far-seeing adventurers of the time could foretell7. There was wealth on this shore, but to what extent they knew not, as Peru stood yet unrevealed. Unless some strait should be found, or some narrower thread of Tierra Firme offering superior advantages, Panamá would become the great entrep?t of South Sea traffic; but wild as were their speculations8 in some respects, in others the imagination was as far behind the facts. Even in their wildest dreams they had not seen resting on their broad-stretching beach ships from the north and the south, and the far western east, laden9 496 with the wealth of half a world, and in the streets of their sun-beaten city gold and silver stacked in bricks; and spices, and precious merchandise waiting transportation over the cordillera to Nombre de Dios, where cargoes10 of European goods in like manner waited carriage southward.
THE SOUTH SEA METROPOLIS11.
To the importance of this city, even at this early day, the Council of the Indies was by no means blind; and beside the regulations[XV-1] of a general nature regarding 497 settlement and city-building which began now to be enacted12, Panamá was the recipient13 of special royal favors.
498
We have seen how Pedrarias, by fair means and foul14, labored15 to depopulate Antigua; and it was a good work, though at the time he was not fully16 aware 499 of it. Fortune had favored him in many ways of late, and the rewards of his rascalities were truly gratifying. Not to mention the deaths of Vasco Nu?ez and Lope de Sosa, the successes of Espinosa and other gold-hunting captains, or the discomfiture17 of Gil Gonzalez, it was a fine stroke of policy making the licenciado Alarconcillo his lieutenant18 at Antigua; for the fraudulent residencias taken by him, under the artful management of the governor's wife in Spain, did Pedrarias and Espinosa good service at court. Nor was there any practical inconvenience to the governor in the royal orders prohibiting complex legal proceedings19, that the truth might be simply and inexpensively arrived at in cases of dispute, and permitting appeals from Castilla del Oro to the audiencia of Santo Domingo; for the one gave his power a wider range, while the other could be easily regulated so as to work him no prejudice. Las Casas likewise had failed in his effort to displace Pedrarias, the privileges granted in Tierra Firme limiting him to territory outside of the jurisdiction20 of this governor.
ABANDONMENT OF ANTIGUA.
The abandonment of Antigua began in 1521, and was consummated21 in September, 1524, Diego Ribero, the last survivor22, being massacred with his entire family by his own Indians, who afterward23 burned the town. Thus the streets wherein had been acted so many stirring scenes were vacant, and the country, after a struggle of fifteen years and the loss of thousands of lives, lapsed24 into its original savagism. By royal decree issued at Búrgos September 15, 1521, Panamá was made a city, and received royal privileges 500 and a coat of arms, in further ennoblement.[XV-2] The regidores should enjoy the title of veinticuatros, as in Seville and Córdova. For the first ten years the city had to pay only a tithe25 on gold; the eleventh year, one ninth; the twelfth, one eighth, and so on to the fifteenth when the usual fifth would be due. Hitherto the currency consisted of pieces of gold cut into various weights; now silver and copper26 money were employed.
GOVERNMENT.
The first regidores of Panamá were Gonzalo de Badajoz, Rodrigo Enriquez de Colmenares, Rogel de Loris, Pascual de Andagoya, Martin Estete, Benito Hurtado, Luis de la Rocha, and Francisco Gonzalez. The alcalde mayor, Hernando de Salaya, was made lieutenant of Pedrarias in Panamá, with a salary of 150,000 maravedís, Espinosa having turned his attention almost exclusively to military matters. The royal officers formerly27 at Antigua as a rule held their places in Panamá. These were Alonso de la Puente, the treasurer28; Diego Marquez, the contador; Miguel Juan de Ribas, factor. To some of these Pedrarias was obliged to give repartimientos as an inducement to move.
More difficulty was experienced in having the episcopal see transferred to Panamá, but it was 501 finally accomplished30; the royal order to move it, with the clergy31 and paraphernalia32 of the church as well as the vecinos and the hospital, bearing date the same as the order making Panamá a city, namely, September 15, 1521. On the death of the first bishop33 of Darien, Juan de Quevedo, a successor was appointed in the person of Fray35 Vicente de Peraza. Salaya and the Archdeacon Perez came out together in 1522; Peraza came later, Salaya being commissioned to superintend ecclesiastical affairs until the bishop's arrival. And when he did arrive he appeared in no haste to move, and was still at Antigua in 1524. There, finally, Pedrarias went and exercised upon him his softest blandishments. The governor could make himself quite pleasing to one who did not know him. The bishop had not been long in Panamá before his eyes were opened, and then, indeed, forever closed; for one day, while the bishop and the governor were at cards, they had a quarrel, during which the latter was treated badly with words, and soon after the bishop died. Then with Salaya the governor employed sharp words, saying, if he did not mind he would cut off his head. "More than one head you have wrongfully cut off," Salaya retorted, "but he who cuts off my head must have a better head than mine, and that you have not." Then they were friends again. Nevertheless Salaya died. Both these men were poisoned; suspicion pointed34 to Pedrarias, though he was never formally charged with the crime.
For the building of churches in Castilla del Oro, the king gave large alms; his annual donation to the hospital was three hundred pesos,[XV-3] while the royal 502 treasury36 covered the cost of an organ and a clock for the Panamá cathedral. About the time of the removal, Francisco de Lizaur, procurador of the new settlement for providing the Indians as well as the Spaniards with food, procured37 an order requiring the governor to attend to planting; likewise barter38 must be opened with the natives, and negro slaves were not allowed to accompany expeditions. The boundaries of the municipality extended about forty-five leagues in every direction from the three leagues of city lands in the centre.
The natives of the New World, and they alone, were expected to support the new city, and through Panamá to send great wealth to Spain. The object of the Spaniards was not agriculture, except to save themselves from hunger; nor even mining, except as they could force the natives to dig; it was unadulterated robbery, with only the lame39 excuses of civilization and Christianity, and Panamá was but a pirates' nest.
By no means the worst of the band was Pascual de Andagoya, who but for the bad company he kept might have been pronounced an honest man. He assisted Pedrarias, and acted as the forerunner40 of Pizarro, but when it came to wholesale41 infamies42 he had no zeal43 for them.
EXPEDITION OF ANDAGOYA.
A faithful retainer of the governor, he was in 1522 sent by him to explore the southern coast beyond the limits of the discovery of Vasco Nu?ez. Landing at the gulf44 of San Miguel, Andagoya visited a province called Chochama, where he was informed that during the periods of the full moon, a fierce people infested45 its shore, driving the inhabitants from their fisheries, slaying46 them if they resisted, and spreading terror 503 generally. This people came from a province called Birú, which name was corrupted47 by the Spaniards into Pirú, and finally into the Peru of Francisco Pizarro. Chochama begged Andagoya to protect his subjects from this scourge48, and having obtained reinforcements from Panamá, Andagoya set out in company with his host and his warriors49 for the dreaded50 region. Ascending51 a large river for twenty leagues, the Spaniards found a number of villages and caciques, and on the outskirts52 of the province, near the junction53 of two rivers, they discovered a strong native fortress54, well garrisoned55, which on being attacked was defended with skill and bravery. But superior tactics soon prevailed, and after a struggle the stronghold was reduced and the inmates56 were brought to terms.
The subjugation57 of Birú being thus effected, Andagoya continued his voyage, the ships keeping well off shore, while the commander reconnoitred the coast in canoes navigated58 by friendly Indians. It happened one day, while thus employed, that his boat was caught in the surf and overturned. He was saved by the brave efforts of one of the natives whose cause he had espoused59; but a rheumatic fever which followed determined60 him to abandon the discovery, and on the following day he turned his face toward Panamá, where he arrived in safety with a few captives.[XV-4] 504
Permission was then given to Juan Basurto to continue the discovery of Andagoya; but his sudden death cut short the preparations, and there the matter rested until taken up by Francisco Pizarro.
BRAVERY OF URRACá.
Leaving for the moment affairs to the southward, let us return to the western side of Panamá Bay. There was a cacique named Urracá, whom the Spaniards sought to kill, whose domain61 was the sierra of Veragua, and whose crime was the love of liberty. Indeed so villainously depraved was this savage62 that he would not accept Spanish salvation63 and domination when offered him in return for his gold; he even thought to kill the good men who invaded his territory to kill him. Urracá was fierce and strong; his mountains were rugged64, and his home almost inaccessible65 to the hostile invader66. Therefore he must be approached with caution, and his capture intrusted only to picked men. As he was reported rich, and worth the trouble, two companies were fitted out against him, one by water under Espinosa, and one by land under Francisco Pizarro. The former embarked67 at Panamá in two vessels68, and, after touching69 at the island of Cebaco, passed over to the mainland of Veragua and began his march on the redoubtable70 mountaineer. Urracá was not afraid of him, and after placing the women, the children, and the aged71 of his people in safety, with his warriors he marched boldly out against the enemy. He first encountered the Indian vanguard of Espinosa, and falling on them slew72 them to a man. Then he fiercely attacked the horsemen, of whom there were two or three, and the foot-soldiers, fighting with such determination that but for Hernando de Soto, who with thirty men had been sent forward by Pizarro to seek a pass, the licentiate would have been cut to pieces. Pizarro, 505 who was near at hand, had not reached the place without hard fighting. And now Urracá defied them all. With every advantage of a rugged and well-known country on his side, he rallied his men and attacked the combined force with such desperate energy that when night came the Spaniards endeavored to withdraw secretly to the open plain. To this Urracá objected. He permitted them to break up camp, it is true, and to begin their march; but, when within the darkest pass, he was on them again like a trap, and from the black craggy defile74 they could not move, except against the lances and war-clubs that hemmed75 them in. With morning the question faced them, whether they should die there or escape? And thus the captains placed the matter before the men. Summoning all their strength, they threw their united force against the living obstructions76 at the opening toward the sea, and, treading down the enemy, escaped to their ships, and spreading sail directed their course toward Panamá. But it would not do to return empty-handed. So landing at Borrica they plundered77 the town, and took the inhabitants captive, though the licentiate finally released the women. While Espinosa with the main body of his troops proceeded to Natá, Francisco Compa?on with fifty men surprised by night a peaceful village in the neighborhood. It was palisaded, and the Spaniards were repulsed78. Hiding themselves, they waited until the inhabitants had come forth79 in the morning, and had scattered81 themselves about the fields. At a signal they sprang upon them. The poor natives ran for shelter from the merciless steel, and arriving at the gateway82 in a body they so blocked it as to be easily butchered. Those not killed were carried captives to Natá.
NATá AND CHIRIQUí.
The native village of Natá was situated83 on an open plain, most beautiful, with a fertile soil and wholesome84 air. We have seen how on former occasions it had attracted the attention of the Spaniards. They 506 had long desired to found there a settlement, and, the present expedition having proved a failure, Espinosa sent messengers to Pedrarias asking permission to remain and form a colony. The governor acquiesced85, but ordered Espinosa with the ships to Panamá, leaving at Natá only fifty men under Compa?on.
The new seaport86 lay nearer to Urracá than the island of Cebaco, although Espinosa began his march against this province at a point on Azuero Peninsula, opposite the island, more than thirty leagues from Natá, by sea.
It was near enough, at all events, for the wary87 Urracá to follow the Spaniards with his vindictive88 eye. The chieftain, by his emissaries, knew when Espinosa landed there, what he and the others did, when they went away, and how many remained. Peeping in on Compa?on he thought he could manage fifty men. He would try it. Collecting his forces he made preparations to attack the Spaniards by night. On approaching their quarters he came to a house at some distance from the others, in which three men were sleeping. One of them the savages89 killed with a spear; one they captured; the third eluded90 them until he had secured his arms, when he sprang up and shouted as if to some companions near. Single-handed he then attacked them and put them to flight; after which he released his captive comrade, and the two sought their commander. Compa?on immediately sent messengers to Pedrarias, informing him of the attack.
It was not praiseworthy on the part of Urracá to allow his multitude of brave warriors to be defeated by a single Spaniard; probably he never knew how easily he was beaten; and now confederating with his neighbors he confined the Spaniards so closely in their quarters that they began to suffer for food. The opportune91 arrival of Hernando Ponce de Leon with forty men, and shortly afterward of the governor himself with one hundred and fifty men, placed Compa?on at ease again. 507
It is true; the old governor is in the field again! War, at home or abroad, is his natural element. This bold mountain chieftain must be put down; and who so fitting to do it, who so capable, as the governor? Appointing Francisco Pizarro as second in command, with his entire available force, among which are some horses and small cannon92, Pedrarias sallies forth.
Urracá is ready to receive him. He has joined forces with a neighbor named Exquegua, and awaits the Spanish governor just beyond the strongest pass. He hopes a second time to entangle93 the enemy amongst the craggy steeps to him so familiar. The fox enters the trap. The governor must choose either to fight at great disadvantage, or retire and leave the country to its aboriginal lord. Urracá is powerful, sagacious, and brave. Occupying in his retreat the most elevated part of the cordillera where it cuts Veragua, and being about midway between the two oceans, he can draw supplies and reinforcements from either side. So pernicious is the influence he exerts that he can prevent the pacification94 of western Castilla del Oro: hence the importance of his extermination95.
The old governor harangues96 his army. After the stale fashion of Xerxes and the Scipios he sneers97 at the enemy, and praises his own men. It is not common to hear Pedrarias praise any one. "You see the necessity of this chieftain's death," he concludes; "let it never be said of Spaniards that they left alive a rich heathen." A charge is then ordered. The battle lasts till nightfall. It is renewed the next day and the day following. Before such unparalleled obstinacy98 the Spaniards grow faint. Even the fire-belching cannon, with its reverberating99 roar and its balls sweeping100 down men, splitting rocks and trees, and tearing up the earth, confounds them but for a moment. For five days the engagement continues, much of the time in a desultory101 manner, the Spaniards fighting from under cover like the Indians. 508
Urracá at length resorts to stratagem102. Withdrawing his forces as if in abandonment of the fight, he retires toward the river Atra, the rendezvous103 of the confederates from both sides of the cordillera. Pedrarias follows, thinking in some open spot to scatter80 the foe104 and kill them. Seeing which, Urracá calls to him several wise warriors, and instructs them to play the part of men of the country, and when captured by the Spaniards to direct them to their ruin. Through this ruse105 Diego de Albites falls into ambush106, at one time with forty men, at another with sixty, narrowly escaping destruction.
Determined never to abandon the country until his purpose is accomplished, Pedrarias sends out parties against the villages of the confederates individually. Two caciques, Bulaba and Musa, are captured, but on accepting terms of peace are set at liberty. Urracá avoids another general engagement, and Pedrarias returns to Natá. The lands and captives are divided among such soldiers as are willing to remain as colonists107 under Diego de Albites, who is left there as the governor's lieutenant. Sixty elect to remain, who begin to build and plant. Thus is established the town and settlement suggested by Espinosa, which is called Natá after the cacique, and which name it still retains, and next after Panamá on the Pacific seaboard, Natá assumes importance as a Spanish settlement.
All the same it is exceedingly hard on the poor aboriginal, drudgery108 or death. Those enslaved under the fatherly-protection system endeavor by every means to escape; failing in which, if they do not kill themselves, they soon die from hard treatment. Urracá never ceases narrowly to watch the Spaniards, attacking them as opportunity offers. Albites retaliates110 with frequent incursions; but unable to overthrow Urracá he finally makes peace with him. This displeases111 Pedrarias, who thereupon recalls Albites and appoints Francisco Compa?on governor of Natá. Under the 509 new regime hostilities112 are yet more vigorously pressed, but in almost every instance to the discomfiture of the Spaniards.
Beyond the domain of Urracá, toward the west, in Veragua, was the province of Chiriquí. Thither113 Pedrarias sent Benito Hurtado to establish a colony. The country being thinly populated was easily taken and held. Indeed, the caciques of Chiriquí, Vareclas, and Burica, the chief rulers within an area of one hundred leagues, obeyed without resistance, and for two years the colony of Chiriquí was unmolested. But the more submissive the people, the more exacting114 the conquering race. The crushing weight of servitude becoming unbearable115, the men of Chiriquí at length rose to arms. They were joined in a general revolt by Urracá. Unable to vanquish116 this chieftain, Compa?on determined to capture him by fair means or foul. Overtures117 were begun by presents and fair promises, and at length, under the most solemn assurances of liberty and safety, Urracá was induced to visit the governor at Natá. No sooner had he entered the town than he was seized and ironed. I am disposed to praise the perfidious118 Compa?on for not burning his captive, or giving him to the dogs; he only sent him, in violation119 of his sacred pledge, a prisoner to Nombre de Dios, with the intention of shipping120 him off to Spain. Before the sailing of a ship, however, the brave cacique managed to burst his fetters121 and escape. Breathing vengeance122 he roused the mountains, organized a yet more powerful confederation, and marched against Natá. Long and bloody123 warfare124 ensued, with alternate success. One of the most disastrous125 conflicts occurred early in 1527, in an expedition against a rebel chief named Trota, under Captain Alonso de Vargas, with forty soldiers, principally men newly arrived from Spain. The protestations of some of Trota's adherents126, who entered the camp with humble127 mien29 but active eyes, induced 510 the captain, at the recommendation of a veteran comrade, to send Pocoa, an allied73 chief and guide, with offers of peace. The fellow was no sooner out of sight than he cast the olive branch to the winds, and joining cause with Trota, advised him to seize so advantageous128 an opportunity for glory and revenge, when the force before him was weak and inexperienced and the commander ailing109. Four days later five hundred warriors fell upon the camp, led by Pocoa in a glittering breastplate of gold. Although taken by surprise, the soldiers fought desperately129, but the numbers were overwhelming, and Vargas succumbed130 with half his men. This blow was one more incentive131 for the Spaniards to exert themselves in retaliation132 and conquest. The country adjacent to the settlement being open and level, horses and cannon could be used with advantage; while on the other hand, to make up for lack of skill, were numbers, drawn133 from a great distance around, with the protecting mountains in which to nurse declining energies. Thus for nine years the war continued, until the chieftain Urracá, yielded up his life, though not, after all, to arquebuse or bloodhound: he died in bed, among his own people, but lamenting134, with the last breath, his inability to drive out the detested135 Christians136.
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1
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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colonizes
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| 开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的名词复数 ) | |
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aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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foretell
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| v.预言，预告，预示 | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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consummated
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| v.使结束( consummate的过去式和过去分词 )；使完美；完婚；（婚礼后的）圆房 | |
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survivor
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| n.生存者，残存者，幸存者 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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lapsed
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| adj.流失的，堕落的v.退步( lapse的过去式和过去分词 )；陷入；倒退；丧失 | |
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tithe
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| n.十分之一税；v.课什一税，缴什一税 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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paraphernalia
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| n.装备；随身用品 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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forerunner
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| n.前身，先驱（者），预兆，祖先 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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infamies
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| n.声名狼藉( infamy的名词复数 )；臭名；丑恶；恶行 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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46
slaying
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| 杀戮。 | |
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47
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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48
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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49
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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50
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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51
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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52
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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53
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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54
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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55
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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56
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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57
subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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58
navigated
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的过去式和过去分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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59
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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61
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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62
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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63
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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64
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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65
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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66
invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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67
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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68
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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69
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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70
redoubtable
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| adj.可敬的；可怕的 | |
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71
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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72
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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73
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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74
defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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75
hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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76
obstructions
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| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 )；阻碍物；阻碍；阻挠 | |
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77
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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79
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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80
scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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81
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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82
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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83
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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84
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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85
acquiesced
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| v.默认，默许( acquiesce的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
seaport
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| n.海港，港口，港市 | |
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87
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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88
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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89
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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90
eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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91
opportune
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| adj.合适的，适当的 | |
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92
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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93
entangle
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| vt.缠住，套住；卷入，连累 | |
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94
pacification
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| n. 讲和，绥靖，平定 | |
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95
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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96
harangues
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| n.高谈阔论的长篇演讲( harangue的名词复数 )v.高谈阔论( harangue的第三人称单数 ) | |
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97
sneers
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| 讥笑的表情（言语）( sneer的名词复数 ) | |
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98
obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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99
reverberating
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的现在分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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100
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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101
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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102
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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103
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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104
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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105
ruse
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| n.诡计，计策；诡计 | |
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106
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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107
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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108
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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109
ailing
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| v.生病 | |
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110
retaliates
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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111
displeases
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| 冒犯，使生气，使不愉快( displease的第三人称单数 ) | |
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112
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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113
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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114
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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115
unbearable
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| adj.不能容忍的；忍受不住的 | |
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116
vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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117
overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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118
perfidious
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| adj.不忠的，背信弃义的 | |
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119
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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120
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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121
fetters
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| n.脚镣( fetter的名词复数 )；束缚v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的第三人称单数 ) | |
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122
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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123
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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124
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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125
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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126
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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127
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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128
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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129
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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130
succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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131
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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132
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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133
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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134
lamenting
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| adj.悲伤的，悲哀的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的现在分词 ) | |
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135
detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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136
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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