Often Jack4 Chase, an enthusiastic admirer of sea-scenery, would direct our attention to the moonlight on the waves, by fine snatches from his catalogue of poets. I shall never forget the lyric5 air with which, one morning, at dawn of day, when all the East was flushed with red and gold, he stood leaning against the top-mast shrouds6, and stretching his bold hand over the sea, exclaimed, "Here comes Aurora7: top-mates, see!" And, in a liquid, long-lingering tone, he recited the lines,
"With gentle hand, as seeming oft to pause,
The purple curtains of the morn she draws."
"Commodore Camoens, White-Jacket.—But bear a hand there; we must rig out that stun'-sail boom—the wind is shifting."
From our lofty perch8, of a moonlight night, the frigate9 itself was a glorious sight. She was going large before the wind, her stun'-sails set on both sides, so that the canvas on the main-mast and fore10-mast presented the appearance of majestic11, tapering12 pyramids, more than a hundred feet broad at the base, and terminating in the clouds with the light copestone of the royals. That immense area of snow-white canvas sliding along the sea was indeed a magnificent spectacle. The three shrouded13 masts looked like the apparitions14 of three gigantic Turkish Emirs striding over the ocean.
Nor, at times, was the sound of music wanting, to augment15 the poetry of the scene. The whole band would be assembled on the poop, regaling the officers, and incidentally ourselves, with their fine old airs. To these, some of us would occasionally dance in the top, which was almost as large as an ordinary sized parlour. When the instrumental melody of the band was not to be had, our nightingales mustered16 their voices, and gave us a song.
Upon these occasions Jack Chase was often called out, and regaled us, in his own free and noble style, with the "Spanish Ladies"—a favourite thing with British man-of-war's-men—and many other salt-sea ballads17 and ditties, including,
"Sir Patrick Spens was the best sailor
That ever sailed the sea."
also,
Three times around spun she;
Three times around spun our gallant ship,
And she went to the bottom of the sea—
The sea, the sea, the sea,
And she went to the bottom of the sea!"
These songs would be varied20 by sundry21 yarns22 and twisters of the top-men. And it was at these times that I always endeavoured to draw out the oldest Tritons into narratives23 of the war-service they had seen. There were but few of them, it is true, who had been in action; but that only made their narratives the more valuable.
There was an old negro, who went by the name of Tawney, a sheet-anchor-man, whom we often invited into our top of tranquil24 nights, to hear him discourse25. He was a staid and sober seaman26, very intelligent, with a fine, frank bearing, one of the best men in the ship, and held in high estimation by every one.
It seems that, during the last war between England and America, he had, with several others, been "impressed" upon the high seas, out of a New England merchantman. The ship that impressed him was an English frigate, the Macedonian, afterward27 taken by the Neversink, the ship in which we were sailing.
It was the holy Sabbath, according to Tawney, and, as the Briton bore down on the American—her men at their quarters—Tawney and his countrymen, who happened to be stationed at the quarter-deck battery, respectfully accosted28 the captain—an old man by the name of Cardan—as he passed them, in his rapid promenade29, his spy-glass under his arm. Again they assured him that they were not Englishmen, and that it was a most bitter thing to lift their hands against the flag of that country which harboured the mothers that bore them. They conjured30 him to release them from their guns, and allow them to remain neutral during the conflict. But when a ship of any nation is running into action, it is no time for argument, small time for justice, and not much time for humanity. Snatching a pistol from the belt of a boarder standing31 by, the Captain levelled it at the heads of the three sailors, and commanded them instantly to their quarters, under penalty of being shot on the spot. So, side by side with his country's foes32, Tawney and his companions toiled34 at the guns, and fought out the fight to the last; with the exception of one of them, who was killed at his post by one of his own country's balls.
At length, having lost her fore and main-top-masts, and her mizzen-mast having been shot away to the deck, and her fore-yard lying in two pieces on her shattered forecastle, and in a hundred places having been hulled35 with round shot, the English frigate was reduced to the last extremity36. Captain Cardan ordered his signal quarter-master to strike the flag.
Tawney was one of those who, at last, helped pull him on board the Neversink. As he touched the deck, Cardan saluted37 Decatur, the hostile commander, and offered his sword; but it was courteously38 declined. Perhaps the victor remembered the dinner parties that he and the Englishman had enjoyed together in Norfolk, just previous to the breaking out of hostilities—and while both were in command of the very frigates39 now crippled on the sea. The Macedonian, it seems, had gone into Norfolk with dispatches. Then they had laughed and joked over their wine, and a wager40 of a beaver41 hat was said to have been made between them upon the event of the hostile meeting of their ships.
Gazing upon the heavy batteries before him, Cardan said to Decatur, "This is a seventy-four, not a frigate; no wonder the day is yours!"
This remark was founded upon the Neversink's superiority in guns. The Neversink's main-deck-batteries then consisted, as now, of twenty-four-pounders; the Macedonian's of only eighteens. In all, the Neversink numbered fifty-four guns and four hundred and fifty men; the Macedonian, forty-nine guns and three hundred men; a very great disparity, which, united to the other circumstances of this action, deprives the victory of all claims to glory beyond those that might be set up by a river-horse getting the better of a seal.
But if Tawney spoke42 truth—and he was a truth-telling man this fact seemed counterbalanced by a circumstance he related. When the guns of the Englishman were examined, after the engagement, in more than one instance the wad was found rammed43 against the cartridge44, without intercepting45 the ball. And though, in a frantic46 sea-fight, such a thing might be imputed47 to hurry and remissness48, yet Tawney, a stickler49 for his tribe, always ascribed it to quite a different and less honourable50 cause. But, even granting the cause he assigned to have been the true one, it does not involve anything inimical to the general valour displayed by the British crew. Yet, from all that may be learned from candid51 persons who have been in sea-fights, there can be but little doubt that on board of all ships, of whatever nation, in time of action, no very small number of the men are exceedingly nervous, to say the least, at the guns; ramming52 and sponging at a venture. And what special patriotic53 interest could an impressed man, for instance, take in a fight, into which he had been dragged from the arms of his wife? Or is it to be wondered at that impressed English seamen54 have not scrupled55, in time of war, to cripple the arm that has enslaved them?
During the same general war which prevailed at and previous to the period of the frigate-action here spoken of, a British flag-officer, in writing to the Admiralty, said, "Everything appears to be quiet in the fleet; but, in preparing for battle last week, several of the guns in the after part of the ship were found to be spiked56;" that is to say, rendered useless. Who had spiked them? The dissatisfied seamen. Is it altogether improbable, then, that the guns to which Tawney referred were manned by men who purposely refrained from making them tell on the foe33; that, in this one action, the victory America gained was partly won for her by the sulky insubordination of the enemy himself?
During this same period of general war, it was frequently the case that the guns of English armed ships were found in the mornings with their breechings cut over night. This maiming of the guns, and for the time incapacitating them, was only to be imputed to that secret spirit of hatred57 to the service which induced the spiking58 above referred to. But even in cases where no deep-seated dissatisfaction was presumed to prevail among the crew, and where a seaman, in time of action, impelled59 by pure fear, "shirked from his gun;" it seems but flying in the face of Him who made such a seaman what he constitutionally was, to sew coward upon his back, and degrade and agonise the already trembling wretch60 in numberless other ways. Nor seems it a practice warranted by the Sermon on the Mount, for the officer of a battery, in time of battle, to stand over the men with his drawn61 sword (as was done in the Macedonian), and run through on the spot the first seaman who showed a semblance62 of fear. Tawney told me that he distinctly heard this order given by the English Captain to his officers of divisions. Were the secret history of all sea-fights written, the laurels63 of sea-heroes would turn to ashes on their brows.
And how nationally disgraceful, in every conceivable point of view, is the IV. of our American Articles of War: "If any person in the Navy shall pusillanimously64 cry for quarter, he shall suffer death." Thus, with death before his face from the foe, and death behind his back from his countrymen, the best valour of a man-of-war's-man can never assume the merit of a noble spontaneousness. In this, as in every other case, the Articles of War hold out no reward for good conduct, but only compel the sailor to fight, like a hired murderer, for his pay, by digging his grave before his eyes if he hesitates.
But this Article IV. is open to still graver objections. Courage is the most common and vulgar of the virtues65; the only one shared with us by the beasts of the field; the one most apt, by excess, to run into viciousness. And since Nature generally takes away with one hand to counter-balance her gifts with the other, excessive animal courage, in many cases, only finds room in a character vacated of loftier things. But in a naval66 officer, animal courage is exalted67 to the loftiest merit, and often procures68 him a distinguished69 command.
Hence, if some brainless bravo be Captain of a frigate in action, he may fight her against invincible70 odds71, and seek to crown himself with the glory of the shambles72, by permitting his hopeless crew to be butchered before his eyes, while at the same time that crew must consent to be slaughtered73 by the foe, under penalty of being murdered by the law. Look at the engagement between the American frigate Essex with the two English cruisers, the Phoebe and Cherub74, off the Bay of Valparaiso, during the late war. It is admitted on all hands that the American Captain continued to fight his crippled ship against a greatly superior force; and when, at last, it became physically75 impossible that he could ever be otherwise than vanquished76 in the end; and when, from peculiarly unfortunate circumstances, his men merely stood up to their nearly useless batteries to be dismembered and blown to pieces by the incessant77 fire of the enemy's long guns. Nor, by thus continuing to fight, did this American frigate, one iota78, promote the true interests of her country. I seek not to underrate any reputation which the American Captain may have gained by this battle. He was a brave man; that no sailor will deny. But the whole world is made up of brave men. Yet I would not be at all understood as impugning79 his special good name. Nevertheless, it is not to be doubted, that if there were any common-sense sailors at the guns of the Essex, however valiant80 they may have been, those common-sense sailors must have greatly preferred to strike their flag, when they saw the day was fairly lost, than postpone81 that inevitable82 act till there were few American arms left to assist in hauling it down. Yet had these men, under these circumstances, "pusillanimously cried for quarter," by the IV. Article of War they might have been legally hung.
According to the negro, Tawney, when the Captain of the Macedonian—seeing that the Neversink had his vessel83 completely in her power—gave the word to strike the flag, one of his officers, a man hated by the seamen for his tyranny, howled out the most terrific remonstrances84, swearing that, for his part, he would not give up, but was for sinking the Macedonian alongside the enemy. Had he been Captain, doubtless he would have done so; thereby85 gaining the name of a hero in this world;—but what would they have called him in the next?
But as the whole matter of war is a thing that smites86 common-sense and Christianity in the face; so everything connected with it is utterly87 foolish, unchristian, barbarous, brutal88, and savouring of the Feejee Islands, cannibalism89, saltpetre, and the devil.
It is generally the case in a man-of-war when she strikes her flag that all discipline is at an end, and the men for a time are ungovernable. This was so on board of the English frigate. The spirit-room was broken open, and buckets of grog were passed along the decks, where many of the wounded were lying between the guns. These mariners90 seized the buckets, and, spite of all remonstrances, gulped91 down the burning spirits, till, as Tawney said, the blood suddenly spirted out of their wounds, and they fell dead to the deck.
The negro had many more stories to tell of this fight; and frequently he would escort me along our main-deck batteries—still mounting the same guns used in the battle—pointing out their ineffaceable indentations and scars. Coated over with the accumulated paint of more than thirty years, they were almost invisible to a casual eye; but Tawney knew them all by heart; for he had returned home in the Neversink, and had beheld92 these scars shortly after the engagement.
One afternoon, I was walking with him along the gun-deck, when he paused abreast93 of the main-mast. "This part of the ship," said he, "we called the slaughter-house on board the Macedonian. Here the men fell, five and six at a time. An enemy always directs its shot here, in order to hurl94 over the mast, if possible. The beams and carlines overhead in the Macedonian slaughter-house were spattered with blood and brains. About the hatchways it looked like a butcher's stall; bits of human flesh sticking in the ring-bolts. A pig that ran about the decks escaped unharmed, but his hide was so clotted95 with blood, from rooting among the pools of gore96, that when the ship struck the sailors hove the animal overboard, swearing that it would be rank cannibalism to eat him."
Another quadruped, a goat, lost its fore legs in this fight.
The sailors who were killed—according to the usual custom—were ordered to be thrown overboard as soon as they fell; no doubt, as the negro said, that the sight of so many corpses98 lying around might not appall99 the survivors100 at the guns. Among other instances, he related the following. A shot entering one of the port-holes, dashed dead two thirds of a gun's crew. The captain of the next gun, dropping his lock-string, which he had just pulled, turned over the heap of bodies to see who they were; when, perceiving an old messmate, who had sailed with him in many cruises, he burst into tears, and, taking the corpse97 up in his arms, and going with it to the side, held it over the water a moment, and eying it, cried, "Oh God! Tom!"—"D——n your prayers over that thing! overboard with it, and down to your gun!" roared a wounded Lieutenant101. The order was obeyed, and the heart-stricken sailor returned to his post.
Tawney's recitals102 were enough to snap this man-of-war world's sword in its scabbard. And thinking of all the cruel carnal glory wrought103 out by naval heroes in scenes like these, I asked myself whether, indeed, that was a glorious coffin104 in which Lord Nelson was entombed—a coffin presented to him, during life, by Captain Hallowell; it had been dug out of the main-most of the French line-of-battle ship L'Orient, which, burning up with British fire, destroyed hundreds of Frenchmen at the battle of the Nile.
Peace to Lord Nelson where he sleeps in his mouldering105 mast! but rather would I be urned in the trunk of some green tree, and even in death have the vital sap circulating round me, giving of my dead body to the living foliage106 that shaded my peaceful tomb.
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1
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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3
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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4
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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5
lyric
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| n.抒情诗，歌词；adj.抒情的 | |
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6
shrouds
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| n.裹尸布( shroud的名词复数 )；寿衣；遮蔽物；覆盖物v.隐瞒( shroud的第三人称单数 )；保密 | |
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aurora
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| n.极光 | |
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8
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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9
frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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11
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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tapering
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| adj.尖端细的 | |
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shrouded
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| v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密 | |
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14
apparitions
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| n.特异景象( apparition的名词复数 )；幽灵；鬼；（特异景象等的）出现 | |
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15
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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ballads
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| 民歌，民谣，特别指叙述故事的歌( ballad的名词复数 )； 讴 | |
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18
spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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yarns
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| n.纱( yarn的名词复数 )；纱线；奇闻漫谈；旅行轶事 | |
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narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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accosted
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| v.走过去跟…讲话( accost的过去式和过去分词 )；跟…搭讪；（乞丐等）上前向…乞讨；（妓女等）勾搭 | |
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promenade
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| n./v.散步 | |
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conjured
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| 用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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hulled
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| 有壳的，有船身的 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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38
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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wager
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| n.赌注；vt.押注，打赌 | |
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beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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43
rammed
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| v.夯实（土等）( ram的过去式和过去分词 )；猛撞；猛压；反复灌输 | |
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44
cartridge
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| n.弹壳，弹药筒；(装磁带等的)盒子 | |
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45
intercepting
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| 截取（技术），截接 | |
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46
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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47
imputed
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| v.把（错误等）归咎于( impute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
remissness
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| n.玩忽职守；马虎；怠慢；不小心 | |
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49
stickler
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| n.坚持细节之人 | |
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50
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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51
candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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52
ramming
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| n.打结炉底v.夯实（土等）( ram的现在分词 )；猛撞；猛压；反复灌输 | |
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53
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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54
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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55
scrupled
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| v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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56
spiked
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| adj.有穗的；成锥形的；有尖顶的 | |
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57
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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58
spiking
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| n.尖峰形成v.加烈酒于( spike的现在分词 )；偷偷地给某人的饮料加入（更多）酒精（ 或药物）；把尖状物钉入；打乱某人的计划 | |
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59
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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61
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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62
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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63
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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pusillanimously
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| adv.胆怯地，优柔寡断地 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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procures
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的第三人称单数 )；拉皮条 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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shambles
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| n.混乱之处；废墟 | |
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slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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cherub
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| n.小天使，胖娃娃 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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iota
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| n.些微，一点儿 | |
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impugning
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| v.非难，指谪( impugn的现在分词 )；对…有怀疑 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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postpone
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| v.延期，推迟 | |
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82
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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smites
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的第三人称单数 ) | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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gulped
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| v.狼吞虎咽地吃，吞咽( gulp的过去式和过去分词 )；大口地吸（气）；哽住 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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clotted
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| adj.凝结的v.凝固( clot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gore
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| n.凝血，血污；v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破；缝以补裆；顶 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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appall
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| vt.使惊骇，使大吃一惊 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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102
recitals
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| n.独唱会( recital的名词复数 )；独奏会；小型音乐会、舞蹈表演会等；一系列事件等的详述 | |
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103
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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104
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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105
mouldering
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| v.腐朽( moulder的现在分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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106
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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