Barnstaple is heralded2 by its suburb, Pilton, on a creek3 (or “pill” as the word is here) of the river Yeo. The people of Pilton, who were among the earliest to manufacture cotton fabrics4 in a district that made only woollens, were in the early part of the seventeenth century looked upon in much the same way as the makers5 of base coin are regarded. “Woe unto ye, Piltonians,” exclaimed Westcote (1620), “who make cloth without wool!”
The churchyard of Pilton is entered in a singular manner, under an archway between almshouses. Here stood Pilton Priory, said to have been founded by Athelstan so early as the tenth century. Of that, however, there are no traces. The church, a very fine and interesting building, is largely Perpendicular6. A curious and well-preserved grinning head with jester’s cap forms a stop to one of the window hood7-mouldings, and a tablet over the south porch, now somewhat156 illegible8, refers to “... late unhappy wars. Anno Dom. 1646,” and proceeds to record that it, or the tower, was rebuilt in 1696. The church, in fact, was injured during the operations attending the various takings and retakings of Barnstaple by Roundheads and Royalists. A long metrical epitaph will be observed in the churchyard, to John Hayne, d. 1797, aged9 forty, huntsman and servant for twenty-five years to William Barber, of Fremington.
THE JESTER’S HEAD.
The interior of the church is very beautiful. A fine fourteenth-century oak screen divides nave10 and chancel, and the font is surmounted11 by a sixteenth-century canopy12, said to have formerly13 been the canopy of the Prior of Pilton’s chair. On one side is the staple1 to which the Bible was once chained. Among the relics14 in the church is an old pitch-pipe for the choir15. But the most singular thing is the Jacobean hour-glass for the pulpit, held out by a projecting arm fashioned in sheet-iron and painted white. This fantastic object has acquired a very considerable celebrity16 in these days when every other tourist carries a photographic camera and hunts diligently17 for pictorial18 curiosities. The vicar and churchwardens of Pilton are also up-to-date, for they charge sixpence for the privilege of photographing the hour-glass and Pulpit: and see they get it.
Barnstaple is built along the north bank of the Taw estuary19, at a point where it suddenly157 contracts, and where the river Yeo falls into it. In the tremendous language of the briefs sent out broadcast in the reign20 of Henry the Eighth, soliciting21 alms for the repair of Barnstaple bridge, crossing the estuary, the river is described as a “great, hugy, mighty22 perylous and dreadfull water, whereas salte water doth ebbe and flow foure tymes in the day and night.” This was “piling on the agony” with a vengeance23: a prodigious24 swashing about with sounding adjectives that seems to the modern traveller singularly overdone25.
Barnstaple, it is quite evident by this appeal for aid, had not yet arrived upon the threshold of that era of abounding26 prosperity which was so soon to come. In a few years more the town was well able to maintain its bridge, but in the meanwhile had to beg through the land! It was a very old bridge, even then, and incorporated portions built so early as the thirteenth century. There were then thirteen arches, three being added158 later; but even so late as 1796 it remained so narrow that the roadway was scarcely practicable for wheeled traffic. It was, in short, little other than a pack-horse bridge in all those centuries. There was then no space left for foot-passengers when the pack-horses were crossing, and all such were fain to take refuge in the V-shaped sanctuaries27 that opened out on either side on the piers28 of the arches, and to wait there until the long, laden29 pack-horse trains had passed. But it must be recollected30 that the roads leading up to the bridge were of the like complexion31 and were roads only by courtesy. Wheels were out of place on them, too; and pack-horses and that peculiar32 old Devonshire contrivance known as a “truckamuck” were almost the only ways of conveying goods. The truckamuck was just a rough cart without wheels, dragged by a horse along those uneven33 ways—a kind of larger and clumsier sleigh-like affair, combining the maximum of weight and friction34 with a minimum of convenience.
PULPIT AND HOUR-GLASS, PILTON.
In 1796 the bridge was widened, and again in 1832, and it still remains35 a very composite structure. It is associated in old country lore36 with the exploit of Tom Faggus and his “strawberry horse.”
Blackmore, in “Lorna Doone,” laid hands upon the old Faggus legends, as upon many others, and worked them into his story; but the redoubtable37 Tom was a real person, although more than a mere38 touch of the marvellous has been given159 in folk-lore to his career; so that he seems a creature compact of Dick Turpin and Robin39 Hood, in equal parts. He was a native of North Molton, and a blacksmith by trade. Ruined in a vindictive40 lawsuit41 brought against him by Sir Richard Bampfylde, he was obliged to leave his home, and then turned “gentleman robber.” That odd description would appear in his case both to mean that he robbed gentlemen only and that his own status was that of a gentleman. It is a quaint42 rustic43 valuation, and seems to have been based upon the belief that he was a champion of the poor against the rich; that he doubled, as it were, the parts of highwayman and relieving officer. His exploits long ago became, by dint44 of much oral repetition around the old cottage inglenooks, quite Homeric, and his enchanted45 “strawberry horse” figures as fiendishly intelligent, trampling46 the enemies of Faggus with hoofs47 and savaging48 them with teeth, like a devil incarnate49. On one occasion Faggus was recognised in Barnstaple and pursued to the bridge, whereon he and his strawberry horse were cleverly caught by the watch posted at either end. But the highwayman was still more clever. He put his steed to the parapet, cleared it and swam off safely downstream.
Faggus was at last captured at Porlock and his famous horse shot; himself finally being hanged at Taunton.
There will be no more Fagguses in North Devon and no more Doones; for the conditions160 that produced them are dead, and legends such as those that were told and retold of them around the farmhouse50 inglenooks on winter evenings—and that with every re-telling gained some fresh marvel—no longer form the entertainment of the farmers’ men. All the rustics51 can read now: the maids burning the midnight candle over novelettes, the men addling52 their brains over the rag-bag weeklies, whose success with the million you perceive exemplified in the pioneer instance writ53 large at Lynton. So the old stories that were handed down from one generation to another have come to an end with the last surviving of the illiterates54, and the only people who remember the simple folk songs are the occasional old men who may now and then be induced to sing them, in a quavering voice, for collectors of such things to write down before their final disappearance55. Such a song was the following record of some feckless person, whose every bargain was a bad one, finally bringing disaster. Where and when it originated, who shall say? With slight variations, and with different choruses, the identical song is found in all parts of rustic England; a kind of rural classic:
161
“My grandfather died, I can’t tell ye how,
An’ lef’ me six oxen and likewise a plough;
I zold aff my oxen, and bought myzelf a cow.
Thinks I to myzelf, I shall have a dairy now.
I zold aff my cow, and bought myzelf a caaf.
Thinks I to myzelf, I have lost myzelf haaf.
I zold aff my caaf, an’ bought myzelf a cat,
I zold aff my cat, an’ bought myzelf a rat;
With vire tu his taal, he barnt my old hat.
I zold aff my rat, an’ bought myzelf a mouse,
An’ with vire tu his taal, he barnt down my house.”
Chorus:
“Whim-wham-jam-stram stram along, boys, down along the room.”
Barnstaple is in local speech, “Barum,” after that fashion which makes Salisbury and Shrewsbury figure on the milestones57 round about as “Sarum” and “Salop.” The name thus locally current has given a chance to those modern rhymesters whose activity bids fair to presently fit every place in the gazetteer58 with its more or less appropriate verse:
“There was a young lady of Barum,
Who said ‘Oh! bother skirts, I don’t wear ’em.
In knickers it’s easier
To walk in the breeze here
And, in climbing the cliffs, you don’t tear ’em’.”
It matters little, or nothing, that there are not any cliffs at Barnstaple, and that you would not seek at this precise spot for the most boisterous59 breezes.
The town is alike the oldest and the most important on this coast. Long before that usual starting point, the coming of the Normans, it figured prominently as Beardanstapol. Although it was once the site of a castle, and was for many centuries a walled town with defensible gates, its162 inhabitants were essentially60, from the beginning, a trading community, as the “staple” in the place name indicates. It was also one of the oldest Parliamentary boroughs61, having sent representatives from 1295 until 1885, when ruthless redistribution, utterly63 without sentiment, merged64 it in a county division. Then the ancient local passion for bribery65 and corruption66 ceased automatically to be satisfied at intervals67 by competitive candidates for the honour of representing the “free and independent” burgesses, who greatly liked the free-handed and rejected with scant68 ceremony those who were not prepared to dive deeply into their pockets. Thus, when in 1865 Mr. Henry Hawkins, afterwards Lord Brampton, was invited to stand in the Liberal interest, the invitation was issued quite as much in the local interest and in the expectation that he would be as liberal with his money as in his political opinions. But the eagerly expectant people of Barnstaple received a nasty shock, for the rising barrister refused to spend a penny in bribery. The indignant electors, mindful of the glorious election of 1841, when ￡80 was paid for one vote, had their feelings outraged69 in the tenderest place, and rejected him with remarkable70 completeness.
From A.D. 928, when Athelstan is said to have conferred a charter upon the town, and 938, when he is supposed to have repaired the walls, already old and decayed, Barnstaple fully71 took advantage of its favourable72 situation in a sheltered estuary, and the port was large enough to be represented163 by ships at the siege of Calais in 1346. In 1588 it sent five ships to Liverpool’s one, in the levy73 raised to combat the Spanish Armada; among them vessels74 with the proud, high-sounding names, Tiger, God Save Her, and Galleon75 Dudley. After thus serving their country, the Barnstaple merchants served themselves well, by equipping numerous privateers that successfully preyed76 upon the Spanish mercantile marine77, and brought home to the old port on the Taw great store of treasure in gold, silver, and goods brought by Spanish sail from the Spanish main, and intended for Cadiz rather than for North Devon.
It was the Golden Age of Barnstaple. The burgesses manufactured woollen goods and baize and sold them in good markets, and the bold seamen78 sallied forth79 and patriotically80 scoured82 the ocean, and took by force of arms anything they liked. Sometimes they ran up against what a modern American would style a “tough proposition,” in the form of an innocent-looking Spanish merchantman better armed and more courageously83 manned than they suspected, and the results were not so fortunate: but, naturally enough, records of these misfortunes are not given so prominent a place in the history of these things; and you are invited rather to picture the returned sea-captains, bursting with riches, carousing84 in the taverns85 of Boutport Street, and paying for their entertainment with moidores, doubloons, “pieces of eight” (whatever they were), and other outlandish coin. Coin of foreign mintage was more common than164 the pieces of Queen Elizabeth (“God Save Her”), and passed current as readily.
To those times of unparalleled prosperity, which continued until well into the third quarter of the eighteenth century, belong many of those existing architectural remains of old Barnstaple that are becoming increasingly difficult to find in the rebuildings and other changes of our own times. Out of the abundance of his riches old Penrose in 1627 founded the almshouses that still remain very much as he left them; and in that era the quays86 and Castle Street were occupied, not only with the warehouses88, but the residences also, of the merchants who traded with distant countries or levied89 private war upon the foreigner, with equal readiness. A complete change has, indeed, come upon that quarter, for the Barnstaple Town railway station, a brewery90, and some entirely91 modern houses stand upon the spot where the merchants did not disdain92 to live over their counting-houses, looking upon the river, where the weather-beaten vessels, at last come home from alien seas, were warped93 to shore. Of that old time there is a very fine old doorway94 left in Castle Street; and in Cross Street, near by, over a tailor’s shop, there is the first-floor front room of a late sixteenth-century house with a most elaborate Renaissance95 plaster ceiling and frieze96, probably executed for some enriched merchant, fully conscious of what was due, in the way of display, to his wealth. The design is curious, the workmanship rough, the feeling of it imbued97 with a religious cast; characteristics,165 all of them, common to much work of the kind executed at that period in North Somerset and North Devon, from Minehead to Bideford. The Renaissance had come very slowly down this way, on its long journey from Italy, and had lost on the way the fine touch of its native land. It had lost also much of the somewhat pagan character it exhibited there, and became greatly concerned in the more prominent narratives98 of the Old Testament99. Vague legends tell of wandering166 Italian craftsmen100 executing the plaster ceilings and elaborate chimney-piece designs often found in old houses of the better class in these districts, but they were probably Englishmen, who had picked up something of the trick of the new style, without very much of foreign dexterity101, but had imported their own thought into the work. At any rate the numerous examples met with have so striking a general likeness102 of treatment that the conclusion of their being the work of a distinct school becomes inevitable103.
AN OLD DOOR, BARNSTAPLE.
Here, in this Cross Street example, the subject is Adam and Eve; Eve (with her arms ending in a trefoil instead of hands) about to pluck a very large apple off a very small tree, and Adam looking greatly alarmed. The Trevelyan Hotel has several decorated ceilings and a dark little back room—now merely a receptacle for lumber104, and sadly injured—with a very elaborate chimney-piece in high relief, bearing a central medallion representing the Nativity, bordered by typical Renaissance scroll-work and flanked with two armour-clad figures, minus a limb or two each. The “Golden Lion” inn, however, has the finest display, to which, indeed, it has every right, the building having formerly been the town-house of the Bourchiers, Earls of Bath.
It is a fine old house, dating from early in the seventeenth century, with many oak-panelled rooms and passages, and several with ceilings intricately decorated in plaster reliefs. The large upstairs sitting-room105 is the gem106 of the house, displaying,167 as it does, a coved107 ceiling dated 1625, with pendants and the arms of the Bourchiers, together with scenes representing Adam and Eve, the Annunciation, the Nativity, and the Sacrifice of Esau, disposed at intervals amid a large mixed assemblage of horses, pheasants, and storks108.
OLD ROOM IN THE “TREVELYAN ARMS.”
But most significant of all amid these signs of Barnstaple’s prosperous old days, when all goods were sea-borne, and when its importance as capital of North Devon was impossible to be questioned by undue109 ease of communication with distant cities, is the curious old loggia, or covered way, known as “Queen Anne’s Walk.” Not Queen Anne, but the Barnstaple merchants, walked here, and it was really built in the reign of Charles the168 Second. It was the merchants’ Exchange, their Rialto, where all news was discussed, bargains made, and debts paid. All those uses are past and done with, but the curious flat-topped pedestal remains in front, on which those old traders paid their debts. Exactly such things are still to be seen, for example, outside the Exchange at Bristol. There they are called “nails”; and from them and this own brother to them derived110 the expression of paying for anything “on the nail.” Nowadays the saying is a synonym111 for paying ready money, but it would no doubt be incorrect to deduce from it the lack of long credit in times of old. The only association this building has with Queen Anne is found in the statue of her, surmounting112 it, dated 1708, the gift of Robert Rolle of Stevenstone.
“QUEEN ANNE’S WALK.”
Barnstaple Friday market, held every week, is to this day an astonishing revelation to the stranger of the amount of business done in the great market buildings. On any other day he will find the town so quiet that the excellent shops and the many169 strikingly expensive new buildings seem to require some explanation. Friday, however, when every street is thronged113, removes any such necessity. And the annual occasion of Barnstaple Fair, opened with some ceremony on September 19th by the Mayor, is still a great event in North Devon. On that momentous114 day the Mayor and Corporation regale115 a select company at lunch, after an old custom, with spiced ale and toast; and still the stuffed white glove, old-time symbol to debtors116 that they may adventure into the town during the continuance of the fair without fear of arrest, is displayed outside the Town Hall, although its significance is not now of much moment to either debtor117 or creditor118.
BARNSTAPLE CHURCH AND GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
In 1642 there burst upon the quiet Barnstaple folk, only too anxious to be let alone to manufacture woollens, and to import foreign wines, and so grow rich in trade, the great Civil War. The town was very comfortable then; still rich with the privateering of years before, but by force of circumstances, more respectable, for England had been for awhile at peace with Spain, and throat-cutting, treasure-grabbing expeditions, once patriotic81, would then have been sheer piracy119 on the high seas. In this highly proper mood, and with their commercial instincts outraged by King Charles’ illegal demands for Ship Money, and the like exactions, it is not surprising that Barnstaple people declared for the Parliament. But the vindictiveness120 with which they took that side is surprising. Not content to remain splendidly170 defensive121 of their rights and their money-bags, they detailed122 a force to go and attack the small Royalist force holding Torrington. They were successful, and drove out 500 men, killed 10, took 40 prisoners and 200 stand of arms. The Royalists were further worsted at Sourton Down, on the borders of Dartmoor, but regained123 their position in the West at the battle of Stratton, where Sir Bevil Grenville most severely124 defeated the Roundheads, and subsequently demonstrating against Bideford, planted a Royalist garrison125 in a fort at Appledore commanding the sea approaches to Bideford and Barnstaple; with the looked-for result attending that last strategical disposition126. Barnstaple surrendered, September 2nd, 1643, and the Royalists took possession. And here they remained, in fancied security, until the townsfolk revolted and retook possession. Appledore fort,171 however, held out, and within the month another force of King’s men, marching upon Barum, again reduced it. The Royalist position here then became so secure, that the Prince of Wales (afterwards Charles the Second) was sent here for safety, with his tutor, and remained until July 1645, when it was thought safer, in the waning127 fortunes of the Royalists, to remove him further West. Meanwhile, the Parliamentary forces under Fairfax were coming, beating down Royalist resistance as they came. At length, in April 1646, they besieged128 Barum, and, nearly all else being lost to them in the West, the Royalists in five weeks finally laid down their arms.
Barnstaple old parish church is a great roomy building, its walls plentifully129 furnished with monuments of the old merchants. It stands in an alley130 known as Paternoster Row; its wooden, lead-sheathed spire131, like that of Braunton, warped on one side, and in like manner. A plain white tablet on the exterior132 wall reads:
Beneath
lie the Remains of John Wheatly
a Native of Salisbury who died
an unprofitable Servant the
21 Day of September 1774 aged
82 Years
This hints mysteriously of a misspent life, but no one knows anything of the circumstances.
172 Almost adjoining the church stands what was formerly St. Anne’s Chapel133. At the Reformation, it became the Grammar School, and so remains. Between 1686 and 1761 it was also used, by permission of the Corporation, as a chapel, by the French Protestant refugees who had fled from the persecution134 of the Huguenots. A tablet facing Paternoster Row is to the memory of Thomas Lee, architect, drowned at Morthoe, 1834.
The River Taw is now bordered up-stream with leafy promenades135, and by the Rock Park, another of the modern innovations upon the old order of things. To those who—seeing no rocks, but only smooth lawns and much landscape-gardening in the park—object that this pleasance belies136 its name, it is a sufficient reply to state that it was the gift of Mr. W. F. Rock, a native of Barum, and a member of the London firm of wholesale137 stationers, Rock Brothers.
And the river Taw runs past, over its broad bed of sand, or swirls138 fiercely up at the flood tide from the sea, bringing up seaweed and driftwood, and sometimes a fragment of wreck139 from the channel.
The wisdom of not retrieving140 all and every description of “wreck of the sea” seems to be pointed141 out by the sad seventeenth-century story of the four (not seven) brother fishermen who, fishing, after their daily custom, in the estuary of the Taw long ago, hauled ashore142 a bundle of rugs and bedding, floating up on the tide. It would appear that these articles had173 been flung overboard from some ship afflicted143 with the plague, for the fishermen themselves died of it and were buried up river, off Tawstock, at a point still known, by an odd confusion of ideas, as “Seven Brethren Bank”; the spot having originally been marked by seven elms. A tombstone, long since vanished, was erected144 by Thomas and Agnes Ley, parents of the unhappy fishermen, with the inscription145:
“To the memory of our four sweet sons, John, Joseph, Thomas, and Richard, who, immaturely146 taken from us altogether by Divine Providence147, are Hear inter’d, the 17 August, Anno 1646.
“Good and great God, to Thee we do resigne
Our four dear sons, for they were duly Thine,
To be the sonnes of faithful Abrahame,
Had we not learnt for Thy just pleasure’ sake
To yield our all, as he his Isaack.
Reader, perhaps thou knewest this field, but ah!
’Tis now become another Macpelah.
What then? This honour, it doth boast the more,
Never such seeds were sowne therein before,
Wch shall revive, and Christ His angells warne
To beare with triumphe to the heavenly Barne.”
It was in the same year of this tragical149 trover that Barnstaple was stricken with the plague, probably by the agency of the same ship: a cargo150 of wool having then been landed at Bideford quays from the Levant. Bideford suffered first, and then Barnstaple.
A hilly road takes you up, out of Barnstaple, on the way to Bideford, out of sight of the river.174 Past Bickington it goes, and Fremington—Fremington that was once a borough62 town and port, returning two members to Parliament in the reign of Edward the Third. Fremington finds mention in Blackmore’s “Maid of Sker,” where its creek is styled “Deadman’s Pill”; but there is little, otherwise, to remark about it. Pretty, and overhung with trees where the road runs past the old church; but otherwise, no place to demand much attention. It is different with Instow, down the road, where the rivers Taw and Torridge join forces with the sea.
Instow is in two parts; the somewhat inland village and the waterside fringe of houses known as Instow Quay87. The first of these two is old enough to find mention in Domesday Book, where it is called Johannestow; and from that to “Johnstow” and the present form was only the inevitable action of the centuries. The church gave it that name, having been dedicated151 to St. John Baptist.
The Quay, looking straight across to Appledore and out to the west, commands magnificent sunsets over the sea, with lovely views up the river Torridge and its heavily-wooded banks; the famous bridge of Bideford and the white houses of that town clearly to be seen, three miles away; or, lovelier still, and mysterious in the twilight—“the dimpsey,” as they call it in North Devon.
The river Taw is fine, but the lovely Torridge is its much more beautiful sister. Those familiar with South Devon will readily find a remarkable175 resemblance between the estuaries152 of the Exe and the Torridge, and in the upper reaches will not fail to note an equal likeness to the Teign, just below Newton Abbot. And, to clinch153 the resemblance, Instow Quay is not unlike Starcross, with the further similarity of a railway running by. Here is the same waterside line of houses, chiefly of the Regency and Early Victorian white-faced sort, just on the verge154 of becoming romantic, by mere effluxion of time. Little plaster-faced villas155 with green-painted verandahs and hairpin156 railings enclosing close-cropped hedges of privet or euonymus, approached by neat pebble-pitched pathways, sometimes, for greater effect of decoration, done in white pebbles157, with a pattern of brown. I can imagine our great-grandmothers, as pretty girls of sweet seventeen, in book-muslin, taking holiday here and reading Jane Austen and Mrs. Gaskell.
Opposite lies Appledore, with the tall tower of what looks like a church on its scarred hillside, and is really a look-out tower known as “Chanter’s Folly”; and sometimes you may see the grey mass of Lundy, on the horizon. Lonely Lundy, to which His Majesty’s mails go only once weekly from Instow Quay, per sailing-skiff Gannet. For those who like tumbling on the ocean wave, the cruise there and back in the day on those weekly sailings is enjoyable; but for those who do not happen to be good sailors, the return fare of five shillings only admits to five shillings’ worth of sheer misery158. So Lundy generally remains to unseaworthy176 visitors to Instow a great unknown quantity.
The road runs close beside the estuary, all the way from Instow to Bideford, passing the nobly wooded hillsides of Tapeley Park, with its tall obelisk159 to the memory of one of the Cleveland family who fell at Inkerman. Bideford, on the opposite shore, becomes revealed, not only as a waterside town, but as very much of a hillside town as well, and with a not inconsiderable suburb on the hither side of the river: a suburb known as “East-the-Water.” Here we come to the heart of that district of North Devon so intimately associated with Kingsley and his “Westward Ho!” that it is very generally known as the “Kingsley Country.”
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1
staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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2
heralded
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| v.预示( herald的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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3
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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4
fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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5
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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6
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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7
hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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8
illegible
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| adj.难以辨认的，字迹模糊的 | |
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9
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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10
nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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11
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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12
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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13
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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14
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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16
celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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17
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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18
pictorial
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| adj.绘画的；图片的；n．画报 | |
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estuary
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| n.河口，江口 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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soliciting
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| v.恳求( solicit的现在分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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22
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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overdone
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| v.做得过分( overdo的过去分词 )；太夸张；把…煮得太久；（工作等）过度 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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sanctuaries
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| n.避难所( sanctuary的名词复数 )；庇护；圣所；庇护所 | |
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piers
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| n.水上平台( pier的名词复数 )；（常设有娱乐场所的）突堤；柱子；墙墩 | |
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29
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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recollected
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| adj.冷静的；镇定的；被回忆起的；沉思默想的v.记起，想起( recollect的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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31
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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32
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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33
uneven
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| adj.不平坦的，不规则的，不均匀的 | |
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34
friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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35
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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36
lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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37
redoubtable
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| adj.可敬的；可怕的 | |
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38
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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39
robin
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| n.知更鸟，红襟鸟 | |
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40
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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41
lawsuit
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| n.诉讼，控诉 | |
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42
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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43
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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44
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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45
enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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46
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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47
hoofs
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| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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48
savaging
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| （动物）凶狠地攻击（或伤害）( savage的现在分词 )； 残害； 猛烈批评； 激烈抨击 | |
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49
incarnate
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| adj.化身的，人体化的，肉色的 | |
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50
farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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51
rustics
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| n.有农村或村民特色的( rustic的名词复数 )；粗野的；不雅的；用粗糙的木材或树枝制作的 | |
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52
addling
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| v.使糊涂( addle的现在分词 )；使混乱；使腐臭；使变质 | |
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53
writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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54
illiterates
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| 目不识丁者( illiterate的名词复数 )； 无知 | |
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55
disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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56
squat
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| v.蹲坐，蹲下；n.蹲下；adj.矮胖的，粗矮的 | |
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57
milestones
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| n.重要事件( milestone的名词复数 )；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑 | |
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58
gazetteer
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| n.地名索引 | |
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59
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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60
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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61
boroughs
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| （尤指大伦敦的）行政区( borough的名词复数 )； 议会中有代表的市镇 | |
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62
borough
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| n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇 | |
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63
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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64
merged
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| （使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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65
bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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66
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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67
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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68
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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69
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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70
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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71
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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72
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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73
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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74
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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75
galleon
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| n.大帆船 | |
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76
preyed
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| v.掠食( prey的过去式和过去分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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77
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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78
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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79
forth
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|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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80
patriotically
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| 爱国地；忧国地 | |
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81
patriotic
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|
| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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82
scoured
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| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
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83
courageously
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| ad.勇敢地，无畏地 | |
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84
carousing
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| v.痛饮，闹饮欢宴( carouse的现在分词 ) | |
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85
taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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86
quays
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| 码头( quay的名词复数 ) | |
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87
quay
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| n.码头，靠岸处 | |
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88
warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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89
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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90
brewery
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| n.啤酒厂 | |
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91
entirely
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|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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92
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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93
warped
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| adj.反常的；乖戾的；（变）弯曲的；变形的v.弄弯，变歪( warp的过去式和过去分词 )；使（行为等）不合情理，使乖戾， | |
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94
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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95
renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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96
frieze
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| n.(墙上的)横饰带，雕带 | |
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97
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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98
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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99
testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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100
craftsmen
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| n. 技工 | |
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101
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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102
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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103
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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104
lumber
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| n.木材，木料；v.以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动 | |
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105
sitting-room
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| n.（BrE）客厅，起居室 | |
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106
gem
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| n.宝石，珠宝；受爱戴的人 [同]jewel | |
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107
coved
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| v.小海湾( cove的过去分词 )；家伙 | |
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108
storks
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| n.鹳( stork的名词复数 ) | |
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109
undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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110
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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111
synonym
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| n.同义词，换喻词 | |
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112
surmounting
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| 战胜( surmount的现在分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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113
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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115
regale
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| v.取悦，款待 | |
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116
debtors
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| n.债务人，借方( debtor的名词复数 ) | |
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117
debtor
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| n.借方，债务人 | |
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118
creditor
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| n.债仅人，债主，贷方 | |
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119
piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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120
vindictiveness
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| 恶毒；怀恨在心 | |
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121
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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122
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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123
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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124
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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125
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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126
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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127
waning
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| adj.（月亮）渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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128
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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130
alley
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| n.小巷，胡同；小径，小路 | |
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131
spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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132
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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133
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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134
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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135
promenades
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| n.人行道( promenade的名词复数 )；散步场所；闲逛v.兜风( promenade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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136
belies
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| v.掩饰( belie的第三人称单数 )；证明（或显示）…为虚假；辜负；就…扯谎 | |
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137
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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138
swirls
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| n.旋转( swirl的名词复数 )；卷状物；漩涡；尘旋v.旋转，打旋( swirl的第三人称单数 ) | |
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139
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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140
retrieving
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| n.检索（过程），取还v.取回( retrieve的现在分词 )；恢复；寻回；检索（储存的信息） | |
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141
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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142
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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143
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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144
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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145
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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146
immaturely
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| adv.不成熟地 | |
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147
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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148
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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149
tragical
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| adj. 悲剧的, 悲剧性的 | |
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150
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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151
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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152
estuaries
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| （江河入海的）河口，河口湾( estuary的名词复数 ) | |
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153
clinch
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| v.敲弯，钉牢；确定；扭住对方 [参]clench | |
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154
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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155
villas
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| 别墅，公馆( villa的名词复数 )； （城郊）住宅 | |
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156
hairpin
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| n.簪,束发夹，夹发针 | |
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157
pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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158
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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159
obelisk
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| n.方尖塔 | |
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