In the previous spring, 1845, Colonel Kearny left Fort Leavenworth with several companies of dragoons, and marching with extraordinary celerity reached Fort Laramie, whence he passed along the foot of the mountains to Bent’s Fort and then, turning eastward8 again, returned to the point from whence he set out. While at Fort Larantie, he sent a part of his command as far westward as Sweetwater, while he himself remained at the fort, and dispatched messages to the surrounding Indians to meet him there in council. Then for the first time the tribes of that vicinity saw the white warriors10, and, as might have been expected, they were lost in astonishment11 at their regular order, their gay attire12, the completeness of their martial13 equipment, and the great size and power of their horses. Among the rest, the Arapahoes came in considerable numbers to the fort. They had lately committed numerous acts of outrage14, and Colonel Kearny threatened that if they killed any more white men he would turn loose his dragoons upon them, and annihilate15 their whole nation. In the evening, to add effect to his speech, he ordered a howitzer to be fired and a rocket to be thrown up. Many of the Arapahoes fell prostrate16 on the ground, while others ran screaming with amazement17 and terror. On the following day they withdrew to their mountains, confounded with awe18 at the appearance of the dragoons, at their big gun which went off twice at one shot, and the fiery19 messenger which they had sent up to the Great Spirit. For many months they remained quiet, and did no further mischief20. At length, just before we came into the country, one of them, by an act of the basest treachery, killed two white men, Boot and May, who were trapping among the mountains. For this act it was impossible to discover a motive21. It seemed to spring from one of those inexplicable22 impulses which often actuate Indians and appear no better than the mere23 outbreaks of native ferocity. No sooner was the murder committed than the whole tribe were in extreme consternation24. They expected every day that the avenging25 dragoons would arrive, little thinking that a desert of nine hundred miles in extent lay between the latter and their mountain fastnesses. A large deputation of them came to Fort Laramie, bringing a valuable present of horses, in compensation for the lives of the murdered men. These Bordeaux refused to accept. They then asked him if he would be satisfied with their delivering up the murderer himself; but he declined this offer also. The Arapahoes went back more terrified than ever. Weeks passed away, and still no dragoons appeared. A result followed which all those best acquainted with Indians had predicted. They conceived that fear had prevented Bordeaux from accepting their gifts, and that they had nothing to apprehend26 from the vengeance27 of the whites. From terror they rose to the height of insolence28 and presumption29. They called the white men cowards and old women; and a friendly Dakota came to Fort Laramie and reported that they were determined30 to kill the first of the white dogs whom they could lay hands on.
Had a military officer, intrusted with suitable powers, been stationed at Fort Laramie, and having accepted the offer of the Arapahoes to deliver up the murderer, had ordered him to be immediately led out and shot, in presence of his tribe, they would have been awed32 into tranquillity33, and much danger and calamity34 averted35; but now the neighborhood of the Medicine-Bow Mountain and the region beyond it was a scene of extreme peril36. Old Mene-Seela, a true friend of the whites, and many other of the Indians gathered about the two trappers, and vainly endeavored to turn them from their purpose; but Rouleau and Saraphin only laughed at the danger. On the morning preceding that on which they were to leave the camp, we could all discern faint white columns of smoke rising against the dark base of the Medicine-Bow. Scouts37 were out immediately, and reported that these proceeded from an Arapahoe camp, abandoned only a few hours before. Still the two trappers continued their preparations for departure.
Saraphin was a tall, powerful fellow, with a sullen38 and sinister39 countenance40. His rifle had very probably drawn41 other blood than that of buffalo42 or even Indians. Rouleau had a broad ruddy face marked with as few traces of thought or care as a child’s. His figure was remarkably43 square and strong, but the first joints44 of both his feet were frozen off, and his horse had lately thrown and trampled45 upon him, by which he had been severely46 injured in the chest. But nothing could check his inveterate47 propensity48 for laughter and gayety. He went all day rolling about the camp on his stumps49 of feet, talking and singing and frolicking with the Indian women, as they were engaged at their work. In fact Rouleau had an unlucky partiality for squaws. He always had one whom he must needs bedizen with beads51, ribbons, and all the finery of an Indian wardrobe; and though he was of course obliged to leave her behind him during his expeditions, yet this hazardous necessity did not at all trouble him, for his disposition52 was the very reverse of jealous. If at any time he had not lavished53 the whole of the precarious54 profits of his vocation55 upon his dark favorite, he always devoted56 the rest to feasting his comrades. If liquor was not to be had—and this was usually the case—strong coffee was substituted. As the men of that region are by no means remarkable57 for providence58 or self-restraint, whatever was set before them on these occasions, however extravagant59 in price, or enormous in quantity, was sure to be disposed of at one sitting. Like other trappers, Rouleau’s life was one of contrast and variety. It was only at certain seasons, and for a limited time, that he was absent on his expeditions. For the rest of the year he would be lounging about the fort, or encamped with his friends in its vicinity, lazily hunting or enjoying all the luxury of inaction; but when once in pursuit of beaver60, he was involved in extreme privations and desperate perils61. When in the midst of his game and his enemies, hand and foot, eye and ear, are incessantly62 active. Frequently he must content himself with devouring63 his evening meal uncooked, lest the light of his fire should attract the eyes of some wandering Indian; and sometimes having made his rude repast, he must leave his fire still blazing, and withdraw to a distance under cover of the darkness, that his disappointed enemy, drawn thither64 by the light, may find his victim gone, and be unable to trace his footsteps in the gloom. This is the life led by scores of men in the Rocky Mountains and their vicinity. I once met a trapper whose breast was marked with the scars of six bullets and arrows, one of his arms broken by a shot and one of his knees shattered; yet still, with the undaunted mettle65 of New England, from which part of the country he had come, he continued to follow his perilous66 occupation. To some of the children of cities it may seem strange that men with no object in view should continue to follow a life of such hardship and desperate adventure; yet there is a mysterious, restless charm in the basilisk eye of danger, and few men perhaps remain long in that wild region without learning to love peril for its own sake, and to laugh carelessly in the face of death.
On the last day of our stay in this camp, the trappers were ready for departure. When in the Black Hills they had caught seven beaver, and they now left their skins in charge of Reynal, to be kept until their return. Their strong, gaunt horses were equipped with rusty67 Spanish bits and rude Mexican saddles, to which wooden stirrups were attached, while a buffalo robe was rolled up behind them, and a bundle of beaver traps slung68 at the pommel. These, together with their rifles, their knives, their powder-horns and bullet-pouches, flint and steel and a tincup, composed their whole traveling equipment. They shook hands with us and rode away; Saraphin with his grim countenance, like a surly bulldog’s, was in advance; but Rouleau, clambering gayly into his seat, kicked his horse’s sides, flourished his whip in the air, and trotted69 briskly over the prairie, trolling forth70 a Canadian song at the top of his lungs. Reynal looked after them with his face of brutal selfishness.
“Well,” he said, “if they are killed, I shall have the beaver. They’ll fetch me fifty dollars at the fort, anyhow.”
This was the last I saw of them.
We had been for five days in the hunting camp, and the meat, which all this time had hung drying in the sun, was now fit for transportation. Buffalo hides also had been procured71 in sufficient quantities for making the next season’s lodges72; but it remained to provide the long slender poles on which they were to be supported. These were only to be had among the tall pine woods of the Black Hills, and in that direction therefore our next move was to be made. It is worthy74 of notice that amid the general abundance which during this time had prevailed in the camp there were no instances of individual privation; for although the hide and the tongue of the buffalo belong by exclusive right to the hunter who has killed it, yet anyone else is equally entitled to help himself from the rest of the carcass. Thus, the weak, the aged50, and even the indolent come in for a share of the spoils, and many a helpless old woman, who would otherwise perish from starvation, is sustained in profuse75 abundance.
On the 25th of July, late in the afternoon, the camp broke up, with the usual tumult76 and confusion, and we were all moving once more, on horseback and on foot, over the plains. We advanced, however, but a few miles. The old men, who during the whole march had been stoutly77 striding along on foot in front of the people, now seated themselves in a circle on the ground, while all the families, erecting78 their lodges in the prescribed order around them, formed the usual great circle of the camp; meanwhile these village patriarchs sat smoking and talking. I threw my bridle79 to Raymond, and sat down as usual along with them. There was none of that reserve and apparent dignity which an Indian always assumes when in council, or in the presence of white men whom he distrusts. The party, on the contrary, was an extremely merry one; and as in a social circle of a quite different character, “if there was not much wit, there was at least a great deal of laughter.”
When the first pipe was smoked out, I rose and withdrew to the lodge73 of my host. Here I was stooping, in the act of taking off my powder-horn and bullet-pouch, when suddenly, and close at hand, pealing80 loud and shrill81, and in right good earnest, came the terrific yell of the war-whoop. Kongra-Tonga’s squaw snatched up her youngest child, and ran out of the lodge. I followed, and found the whole village in confusion, resounding82 with cries and yells. The circle of old men in the center had vanished. The warriors with glittering eyes came darting83, their weapons in their hands, out of the low opening of the lodges, and running with wild yells toward the farther end of the village. Advancing a few rods in that direction, I saw a crowd in furious agitation84, while others ran up on every side to add to the confusion. Just then I distinguished85 the voices of Raymond and Reynal, shouting to me from a distance, and looking back, I saw the latter with his rifle in his hand, standing86 on the farther bank of a little stream that ran along the outskirts87 of the camp. He was calling to Raymond and myself to come over and join him, and Raymond, with his usual deliberate gait and stolid88 countenance, was already moving in that direction.
This was clearly the wisest course, unless we wished to involve ourselves in the fray89; so I turned to go, but just then a pair of eyes, gleaming like a snake’s, and an aged familiar countenance was thrust from the opening of a neighboring lodge, and out bolted old Mene-Seela, full of fight, clutching his bow and arrows in one hand and his knife in the other. At that instant he tripped and fell sprawling90 on his face, while his weapons flew scattering91 away in every direction. The women with loud screams were hurrying with their children in their arms to place them out of danger, and I observed some hastening to prevent mischief, by carrying away all the weapons they could lay hands on. On a rising ground close to the camp stood a line of old women singing a medicine song to allay92 the tumult. As I approached the side of the brook93 I heard gun-shots behind me, and turning back, I saw that the crowd had separated into two lines of naked warriors confronting each other at a respectful distance, and yelling and jumping about to dodge94 the shot of their adversaries95, while they discharged bullets and arrows against each other. At the same time certain sharp, humming sounds in the air over my head, like the flight of beetles96 on a summer evening, warned me that the danger was not wholly confined to the immediate31 scene of the fray. So wading97 through the brook, I joined Reynal and Raymond, and we sat down on the grass, in the posture98 of an armed neutrality, to watch the result.
Happily it may be for ourselves, though quite contrary to our expectation, the disturbance99 was quelled100 almost as soon as it had commenced. When I looked again, the combatants were once more mingled101 together in a mass. Though yells sounded, occasionally from the throng102, the firing had entirely103 ceased, and I observed five or six persons moving busily about, as if acting104 the part of peacemakers. One of the village heralds105 or criers proclaimed in a loud voice something which my two companions were too much engrossed106 in their own observations to translate for me. The crowd began to disperse107, though many a deep-set black eye still glittered with an unnatural108 luster109, as the warriors slowly withdrew to their lodges. This fortunate suppression of the disturbance was owing to a few of the old men, less pugnacious110 than Mene-Seela, who boldly ran in between the combatants and aided by some of the “soldiers,” or Indian police, succeeded in effecting their object.
It seemed very strange to me that although many arrows and bullets were discharged, no one was mortally hurt, and I could only account for this by the fact that both the marksman and the object of his aim were leaping about incessantly during the whole time. By far the greater part of the villagers had joined in the fray, for although there were not more than a dozen guns in the whole camp, I heard at least eight or ten shots fired.
In a quarter of an hour all was comparatively quiet. A large circle of warriors were again seated in the center of the village, but this time I did not venture to join them, because I could see that the pipe, contrary to the usual order, was passing from the left hand to the right around the circle, a sure sign that a “medicine-smoke” of reconciliation111 was going forward, and that a white man would be an unwelcome intruder. When I again entered the still agitated112 camp it was nearly dark, and mournful cries, howls and wailings resounded113 from many female voices. Whether these had any connection with the late disturbance, or were merely lamentations for relatives slain114 in some former war expeditions, I could not distinctly ascertain115.
To inquire too closely into the cause of the quarrel was by no means prudent116, and it was not until some time after that I discovered what had given rise to it. Among the Dakota there are many associations, or fraternities, connected with the purposes of their superstitions117, their warfare118, or their social life. There was one called “The Arrow-Breakers,” now in a great measure disbanded and dispersed119. In the village there were, however, four men belonging to it, distinguished by the peculiar120 arrangement of their hair, which rose in a high bristling121 mass above their foreheads, adding greatly to their apparent height, and giving them a most ferocious appearance. The principal among them was the Mad Wolf, a warrior9 of remarkable size and strength, great courage, and the fierceness of a demon122. I had always looked upon him as the most dangerous man in the village; and though he often invited me to feasts, I never entered his lodge unarmed. The Mad Wolf had taken a fancy to a fine horse belonging to another Indian, who was called the Tall Bear; and anxious to get the animal into his possession, he made the owner a present of another horse nearly equal in value. According to the customs of the Dakota, the acceptance of this gift involved a sort of obligation to make an equitable123 return; and the Tall Bear well understood that the other had in view the obtaining of his favorite buffalo horse. He however accepted the present without a word of thanks, and having picketed124 the horse before his lodge, he suffered day after day to pass without making the expected return. The Mad Wolf grew impatient and angry; and at last, seeing that his bounty125 was not likely to produce the desired return, he resolved to reclaim126 it. So this evening, as soon as the village was encamped, he went to the lodge of the Tall Bear, seized upon the horse that he had given him, and led him away. At this the Tall Bear broke into one of those fits of sullen rage not uncommon127 among the Indians. He ran up to the unfortunate horse, and gave him three mortals stabs with his knife. Quick as lightning the Mad Wolf drew his bow to its utmost tension, and held the arrow quivering close to the breast of his adversary128. The Tall Bear, as the Indians who were near him said, stood with his bloody129 knife in his hand, facing the assailant with the utmost calmness. Some of his friends and relatives, seeing his danger, ran hastily to his assistance. The remaining three Arrow-Breakers, on the other hand, came to the aid of their associate. Many of their friends joined them, the war-cry was raised on a sudden, and the tumult became general.
The “soldiers,” who lent their timely aid in putting it down, are by far the most important executive functionaries130 in an Indian village. The office is one of considerable honor, being confided131 only to men of courage and repute. They derive132 their authority from the old men and chief warriors of the village, who elect them in councils occasionally convened133 for the purpose, and thus can exercise a degree of authority which no one else in the village would dare to assume. While very few Ogallalla chiefs could venture without instant jeopardy134 of their lives to strike or lay hands upon the meanest of their people, the “soldiers” in the discharge of their appropriate functions, have full license135 to make use of these and similar acts of coercion136.
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1
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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4
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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6
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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7
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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8
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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10
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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13
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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14
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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15
annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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inexplicable
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| adj.无法解释的，难理解的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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awed
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| adj.充满敬畏的，表示敬畏的v.使敬畏，使惊惧( awe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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40
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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41
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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42
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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43
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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44
joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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45
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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46
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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47
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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48
propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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49
stumps
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| （被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分 | |
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50
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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51
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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52
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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53
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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55
vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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56
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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57
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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58
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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59
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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60
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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62
incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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63
devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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64
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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65
mettle
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| n.勇气，精神 | |
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66
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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67
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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68
slung
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| 抛( sling的过去式和过去分词 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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69
trotted
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| 小跑，急走( trot的过去分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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70
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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71
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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72
lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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73
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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74
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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75
profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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76
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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77
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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78
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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79
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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80
pealing
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| v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的现在分词 ) | |
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81
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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82
resounding
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| adj. 响亮的 | |
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83
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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84
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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85
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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86
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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87
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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88
stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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89
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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90
sprawling
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| adj.蔓生的，不规则地伸展的v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的现在分词 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着） | |
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91
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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92
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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93
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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94
dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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95
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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96
beetles
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| n.甲虫( beetle的名词复数 ) | |
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97
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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98
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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99
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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100
quelled
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| v.（用武力）制止，结束，镇压( quell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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102
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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103
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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104
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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105
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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106
engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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107
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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108
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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109
luster
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| n.光辉；光泽，光亮；荣誉 | |
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110
pugnacious
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| adj.好斗的 | |
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111
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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112
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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113
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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114
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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115
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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116
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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117
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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118
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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119
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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120
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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121
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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122
demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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123
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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124
picketed
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| 用尖桩围住（picket的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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125
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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126
reclaim
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| v.要求归还，收回；开垦 | |
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127
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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128
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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129
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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130
functionaries
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| n.公职人员，官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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131
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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132
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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133
convened
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| 召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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134
jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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135
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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136
coercion
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| n.强制，高压统治 | |
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