The brigadiers met in consultation18, rejected the three plans proposed in the letter, and advised that an attempt should be made to gain a footing on the north shore above the town, place the army between Montcalm and his base of supply, and so force him to fight or surrender. The scheme was similar to that of the heights of St. Michel. It seemed desperate, but so did all the rest; and if by chance it should succeed, the gain was far greater than could follow any success below the town. Wolfe embraced it at once.
Not that he saw much hope in it. He knew that every chance was against him. Disappointment in the past and gloom in the future, the pain and exhaustion19 of disease, toils20, and anxieties "too great," in the words of Burke, "to be supported by a delicate constitution, and a body unequal to the vigorous and enterprising soul that it lodged21," threw him at times into deep dejection. By those intimate with him he was heard to say that he would not go back defeated, "to be exposed to the censure22 and reproach of an ignorant populace." In other moods he felt that he ought not to sacrifice what was left of his diminished army in vain conflict with hopeless obstacles. But his final resolve once taken, he would not swerve23 from it. His fear was that he might not be able to lead his troops in person. "I know perfectly24 well you cannot cure me," he said to his physician; "but pray make me up so that I may be without pain for a few days, and able to do my duty: that is all I want."
In the last of August, he was able for the first time to leave the house. It was on this same day that he wrote his last letter to his mother: "My writing to you will convince you that no personal evils worse than defeats and disappointments have fallen upon me. The enemy puts nothing to risk, and I can't in conscience put the whole army to risk. My antagonist25 has wisely shut himself up in inaccessible intrenchments, so that I can't get at him without spilling a torrent26 of blood, and that perhaps to little purpose. The Marquis de Montcalm is at the head of a great number of bad soldiers, and I am at the head of a small number of good ones, that wish for nothing so much as to fight him; but the wary27 old fellow avoids an action, doubtful of the behavior of his army. People must be of the profession to understand the disadvantages and difficulties we labor28 under, arising from the uncommon29 natural strength of the country."
On the second of September a vessel30 was sent to England with his last despatch31 to Pitt. It begins thus: "The obstacles we have met with in the operations of the campaign are much greater than we had reason to expect or could foresee; not so much from the number of the enemy (though superior to us) as from the natural strength of the country, which the Marquis of Montcalm seems wisely to depend upon. When I learned that succors32 of all kinds had been thrown into Quebec; that five battalions33 of regular troops, completed from the best inhabitants of the country, some of the troops of the colony, and every Canadian that was able to bear arms, besides several nations of savages36, had taken the field in a very advantageous37 situation,—I could not flatter myself that I should be able to reduce the place. I sought, however, an occasion to attack their army, knowing well that with these troops I was able to fight, and hoping that a victory might disperse38 them." Then, after recounting the events of the campaign with admirable clearness, he continues: "I found myself so ill, and am still so weak, that I begged the general officers to consult together for the general utility. They are all of opinion that, as more ships and provisions are now got above the town, they should try, by conveying up a corps39 of four or five thousand men (which is nearly the whole strength of the army after the Points of Levi and Orleans are left in a proper state of defence), to draw the enemy from their present situation and bring them to an action. I have acquiesced40 in the proposal, and we are preparing to put it into execution." The letter ends thus: "By the list of disabled officers, many of whom are of rank, you may perceive that the army is much weakened. By the nature of the river, the most formidable part of this armament is deprived of the power of acting41; yet we have almost the whole force of Canada to oppose. In this situation there is such a choice of difficulties that I own myself at a loss how to determine. The affairs of Great Britain, I know, require the most vigorous measures; but the courage of a handful of brave troops should be exerted only when there is some hope of a favorable event; however, you may be assured that the small part of the campaign which remains42 shall be employed, as far as I am able, for the honor of His Majesty43 and the interest of the nation, in which I am sure of being well seconded by the Admiral and by the generals; happy if our efforts here can contribute to the success of His Majesty's arms in any other parts of America."
Perhaps he was as near despair as his undaunted nature was capable of being. In his present state of body and mind he was a hero without the light and cheer of heroism44. He flattered himself with no illusions, but saw the worst and faced it all. He seems to have been entirely45 without excitement. The languor of disease, the desperation of the chances, and the greatness of the stake may have wrought46 to tranquillize him. His energy was doubly tasked: to bear up his own sinking frame, and to achieve an almost hopeless feat7 of arms.
Audacious as it was, his plan cannot be called rash if we may accept the statement of two well-informed writers on the French side. They say that on the tenth of September the English naval48 commanders held a council on board the flagship, in which it was resolved that the lateness of the season required the fleet to leave Quebec without delay. They say further that Wolfe then went to the Admiral, told him that he had found a place where the heights could be scaled, that he would send up a hundred and fifty picked men to feel the way, and that if they gained a lodgment at the top, the other troops should follow; if, on the other hand, the French were there in force to oppose them, he would not sacrifice the army in a hopeless attempt, but embark49 them for home, consoled by the thought that all had been done that man could do. On this, concludes the story, the Admiral and his officers consented to wait the result.
As Wolfe had informed Pitt, his army was greatly weakened. Since the end of June his loss in killed and wounded was more than eight hundred and fifty, including two colonels, two majors, nineteen captains, and thirty-four subalterns; and to these were to be added a greater number disabled by disease.
The squadron of Admiral Holmes above Quebec had now increased to twenty-two vessels50, great and small. One of the last that went up was a diminutive51 schooner52, armed with a few swivels, and jocosely53 named the "Terror of France." She sailed by the town in broad daylight, the French, incensed54 at her impudence55, blazing at her from all their batteries; but she passed unharmed, anchored by the Admiral's ship, and saluted56 him triumphantly57 with her swivels.
Wolfe's first move towards executing his plan was the critical one of evacuating58 the camp at Montmorenci. This was accomplished59 on the third of September. Montcalm sent a strong force to fall on the rear of the retiring English. Monckton saw the movement from Point Levi, embarked60 two battalions in the boats of the fleet, and made a feint of landing at Beauport. Montcalm recalled his troops to repulse61 the threatened attack; and the English withdrew from Montmorenci unmolested, some to the Point of Orleans, others to Point Levi. On the night of the fourth a fleet of flat boats passed above the town with the baggage and stores. On the fifth, Murray, with four battalions, marched up to the River Etechemin, and forded it under a hot fire from the French batteries at Sillery. Monckton and Townshend followed with three more battalions, and the united force, of about thirty-six hundred men, was embarked on board the ships of Holmes, where Wolfe joined them on the same evening.
These movements of the English filled the French commanders with mingled62 perplexity, anxiety, and hope. A deserter told them that Admiral Saunders was impatient to be gone. Vaudreuil grew confident. "The breaking up of the camp at Montmorenci," he says, "and the abandonment of the intrenchments there, the re-embarkation63 on board the vessels above Quebec of the troops who had encamped on the south bank, the movements of these vessels, the removal of the heaviest pieces of artillery64 from the batteries of Point Levi,—these and the lateness of the season all combined to announce the speedy departure of the fleet, several vessels of which had even sailed down the river already. The prisoners and the deserters who daily came in told us that this was the common report in their army." He wrote to Bourlamaque on the first of September: "Everything proves that the grand design of the English has failed."
Yet he was ceaselessly watchful65. So was Montcalm; and he, too, on the night of the second, snatched a moment to write to Bourlamaque from his headquarters in the stone house, by the river of Beauport: "The night is dark; it rains; our troops are in their tents, with clothes on, ready for an alarm; I in my boots; my horses saddled. In fact, this is my usual way. I wish you were here; for I cannot be everywhere, though I multiply myself, and have not taken off my clothes since the twenty-third of June." On the eleventh of September he wrote his last letter to Bourlamaque, and probably the last that his pen ever traced. "I am overwhelmed with work, and should often lose temper, like you, if I did not remember that I am paid by Europe for not losing it. Nothing new since my last. I give the enemy another month, or something less, to stay here." The more sanguine66 Vaudreuil would hardly give them a week.
Meanwhile, no precaution was spared. The force under Bougainville above Quebec was raised to three thousand men. He was ordered to watch the shore as far as Jacques-Cartier, and follow with his main body every movement of Holmes's squadron. There was little fear for the heights near the town; they were thought inaccessible. Even Montcalm believed them safe, and had expressed himself to that effect some time before. "We need not suppose," he wrote to Vaudreuil, "that the enemy have wings;" and again, speaking of the very place where Wolfe afterwards landed, "I swear to you that a hundred men posted there would stop their whole army." He was right. A hundred watchful and determined67 men could have held the position long enough for reinforcements to come up.
The hundred men were there. Captain de Vergor, of the colony troops, commanded them, and reinforcements were within his call; for the battalion34 of Guienne had been ordered to encamp close at hand on the Plains of Abraham. Vergor's post, called Anse du Foulon, was a mile and a half from Quebec. A little beyond it, by the brink68 of the cliffs, was another post, called Samos, held by seventy men with four cannon69; and, beyond this again, the heights of Sillery were guarded by a hundred and thirty men, also with cannon. These were outposts of Bougainville, whose headquarters were at Cap-Rouge, six miles above Sillery, and whose troops were in continual movement along the intervening shore. Thus all was vigilance; for while the French were strong in the hope of speedy delivery, they felt that there was no safety till the tents of the invader70 had vanished from their shores and his ships from their river. "What we knew," says one of them, "of the character of M. Wolfe, that impetuous, bold, and intrepid71 warrior72, prepared us for a last attack before he left us."
Wolfe had been very ill on the evening of the fourth. The troops knew it, and their spirits sank; but, after a night of torment, he grew better, and was soon among them again, rekindling73 their ardor74, and imparting a cheer that he could not share. For himself he had no pity; but when he heard of the illness of two officers in one of the ships, he sent them a message of warm sympathy, advised them to return to Point Levi, and offered them his own barge75 and an escort. They thanked him, but replied that, come what might, they would see the enterprise to an end. Another officer remarked in his hearing that one of the invalids77 had a very delicate constitution. "Don't tell me of constitution," said Wolfe; "he has good spirit, and good spirit will carry a man through everything." An immense moral force bore up his own frail body and forced it to its work.
Major Robert Stobo, who, five years before, had been given as a hostage to the French at the capture of Fort Necessity, arrived about this time in a vessel from Halifax. He had long been a prisoner at Quebec, not always in close custody78, and had used his opportunities to acquaint himself with the neighborhood. In the spring of this year he and an officer of rangers80 named Stevens had made their escape with extraordinary skill and daring; and he now returned to give his countrymen the benefit of his local knowledge. His biographer says that it was he who directed Wolfe in the choice of a landing-place. Be this as it may, Wolfe in person examined the river and the shores as far as Pointe-aux-Trembles; till at length, landing on the south side a little above Quebec, and looking across the water with a telescope, he descried81 a path that ran with a long slope up the face of the woody precipice82, and saw at the top a cluster of tents. They were those of Vergor's guard at the Anse du Foulon, now called Wolfe's Cove12. As he could see but ten or twelve of them, he thought that the guard could not be numerous, and might be overpowered. His hope would have been stronger if he had known that Vergor had once been tried for misconduct and cowardice83 in the surrender of Beauséjour, and saved from merited disgrace by the friendship of the intendant Bigot and the protection of Vaudreuil.
The morning of the seventh was fair and warm, and the vessels of Holmes, their crowded decks gay with scarlet84 uniforms, sailed up the river to Cap-Rouge. A lively scene awaited them; for here were the headquarters of Bougainville, and here lay his principal force, while the rest watched the banks above and below. The cove into which the little river runs was guarded by floating batteries; the surrounding shore was defended by breastworks; and a large body of regulars, militia85, and mounted Canadians in blue uniforms moved to and fro, with restless activity, on the hills behind. When the vessels came to anchor, the horsemen dismounted and formed in line with the infantry86; then, with loud shouts, the whole rushed down the heights to man their works at the shore. That true Briton, Captain Knox, looked on with a critical eye from the gangway of his ship, and wrote that night in his Diary that they had made a ridiculous noise. "How different!" he exclaims, "how nobly awful and expressive87 of true valor88 is the customary silence of the British troops!"
In the afternoon the ships opened fire, while the troops entered the boats and rowed up and down as if looking for a landing-place. It was but a feint of Wolfe to deceive Bougainville as to his real design. A heavy easterly rain set in on the next morning, and lasted two days without respite89. All operations were suspended, and the men suffered greatly in the crowded transports. Half of them were therefore landed on the south shore, where they made their quarters in the village of St. Nicolas, refreshed themselves, and dried their wet clothing, knapsacks, and blankets.
For several successive days the squadron of Holmes was allowed to drift up the river with the flood tide and down with the ebb90, thus passing and repassing incessantly91 between the neighborhood of Quebec on one hand, and a point high above Cap-Rouge on the other; while Bougainville, perplexed92, and always expecting an attack, followed the ships to and fro along the shore, by day and by night, till his men were exhausted93 with ceaseless forced marches.
At last the time for action came. On Wednesday, the twelfth, the troops at St. Nicolas were embarked again, and all were told to hold themselves in readiness. Wolfe, from the flagship "Sutherland," issued his last general orders. "The enemy's force is now divided, great scarcity94 of provisions in their camp, and universal discontent among the Canadians. Our troops below are in readiness to join us; all the light artillery and tools are embarked at the Point of Levi; and the troops will land where the French seem least to expect it. The first body that gets on shore is to march directly to the enemy and drive them from any little post they may occupy; the officers must be careful that the succeeding bodies do not by any mistake fire on those who go before them. The battalions must form on the upper ground with expedition, and be ready to charge whatever presents itself. When the artillery and troops are landed, a corps will be left to secure the landing-place, while the rest march on and endeavor to bring the Canadians and French to a battle. The officers and men will remember what their country expects from them, and what a determined body of soldiers inured95 to war is capable of doing against five weak French battalions mingled with a disorderly peasantry."
The spirit of the army answered to that of its chief. The troops loved and admired their general, trusted their officers, and were ready for any attempt. "Nay96, how could it be otherwise," quaintly97 asks honest Sergeant98 John Johnson, of the fifty-eighth regiment99, "being at the heels of gentlemen whose whole thirst, equal with their general, was for glory? We had seen them tried, and always found them sterling100. We knew that they would stand by us to the last extremity101."
Wolfe had thirty-six hundred men and officers with him on board the vessels of Holmes; and he now sent orders to Colonel Burton at Point Levi to bring to his aid all who could be spared from that place and the Point of Orleans. They were to march along the south bank, after nightfall, and wait further orders at a designated spot convenient for embarkation. Their number was about twelve hundred, so that the entire force destined102 for the enterprise was at the utmost forty-eight hundred. With these, Wolfe meant to climb the heights of Abraham in the teeth of an enemy who, though much reduced, were still twice as numerous as their assailants.
Admiral Saunders lay with the main fleet in the Basin of Quebec. This excellent officer, whatever may have been his views as to the necessity of a speedy departure, aided Wolfe to the last with unfailing energy and zeal103. It was agreed between them that while the General made the real attack, the Admiral should engage Montcalm's attention by a pretended one. As night approached, the fleet ranged itself along the Beauport shore; the boats were lowered and filled with sailors, marines, and the few troops that had been left behind; while ship signalled to ship, cannon flashed and thundered, and shot ploughed the beach, as if to clear a way for assailants to land. In the gloom of the evening the effect was imposing104. Montcalm, who thought that the movements of the English above the town were only a feint, that their main force was still below it, and that their real attack would be made there, was completely deceived, and massed his troops in front of Beauport to repel105 the expected landing. But while in the fleet of Saunders all was uproar106 and ostentatious menace, the danger was ten miles away, where the squadron of Holmes lay tranquil47 and silent at its anchorage off Cap-Rouge.
It was less tranquil than it seemed. All on board knew that a blow would be struck that night, though only a few high officers knew where. Colonel Howe, of the light infantry, called for volunteers to lead the unknown and desperate venture, promising107, in the words of one of them, "that if any of us survived we might depend on being recommended to the General." As many as were wanted—twenty-four in all—soon came forward. Thirty large bateaux and some boats belonging to the squadron lay moored108 alongside the vessels; and late in the evening the troops were ordered into them, the twenty-four volunteers taking their place in the foremost. They held in all about seventeen hundred men. The rest remained on board.
Bougainville could discern the movement, and misjudged it, thinking that he himself was to be attacked. The tide was still flowing; and, the better to deceive him, the vessels and boats were allowed to drift upward with it for a little distance, as if to land above Cap-Rouge.
The day had been fortunate for Wolfe. Two deserters came from the camp of Bougainville with intelligence that, at ebb tide on the next night, he was to send down a convoy109 of provisions to Montcalm. The necessities of the camp at Beauport, and the difficulties of transportation by land, had before compelled the French to resort to this perilous110 means of conveying supplies; and their boats, drifting in darkness under the shadows of the northern shore, had commonly passed in safety. Wolfe saw at once that, if his own boats went down in advance of the convoy, he could turn the intelligence of the deserters to good account.
He was still on board the "Sutherland." Every preparation was made, and every order given; it only remained to wait the turning of the tide. Seated with him in the cabin was the commander of the sloop-of-war "Porcupine," his former school-fellow John Jervis, afterwards Earl St. Vincent. Wolfe told him that he expected to die in the battle of the next day; and taking from his bosom111 a miniature of Miss Lowther, his betrothed112, he gave it to him with a request that he would return it to her if the presentiment113 should prove true.
Towards two o'clock the tide began to ebb, and a fresh wind blew down the river. Two lanterns were raised into the maintop shrouds114 of the "Sutherland." It was the appointed signal; the boats cast off and fell down with the current, those of the light infantry leading the way. The vessels with the rest of the troops had orders to follow a little later.
To look for a moment at the chances on which this bold adventure hung. First, the deserters told Wolfe that provision-boats were ordered to go down to Quebec that night; secondly115, Bougainville countermanded116 them; thirdly, the sentries118 posted along the heights were told of the order, but not of the countermand117; fourthly, Vergor at the Anse du Foulon had permitted most of his men, chiefly Canadians from Lorette, to go home for a time and work at their harvesting, on condition, it is said, that they should afterwards work in a neighboring field of his own; fifthly, he kept careless watch, and went quietly to bed; sixthly, the battalion of Guienne, ordered to take post on the Plains of Abraham, had, for reasons unexplained, remained encamped by the St. Charles; and lastly, when Bougainville saw Holmes's vessels drift down the stream, he did not tax his weary troops to follow them, thinking that they would return as usual with the flood tide. But for these conspiring119 circumstances New France might have lived a little longer, and the fruitless heroism of Wolfe would have passed, with countless120 other heroisms, into oblivion.
For full two hours the procession of boats, borne on the current, steered121 silently down the St. Lawrence. The stars were visible, but the night was moonless and sufficiently122 dark. The General was in one of the foremost boats, and near him was a young midshipman, John Robison, afterwards professor of natural philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. He used to tell in his later life how Wolfe, with a low voice, repeated Gray's Elegy123 in a Country Churchyard to the officers about him. Probably it was to relieve the intense strain of his thoughts. Among the rest was the verse which his own fate was soon to illustrate,—
"The paths of glory lead but to the grave."
"Gentlemen," he said, as his recital124 ended, "I would rather have written those lines than take Quebec." None were there to tell him that the hero is greater than the poet.
As they neared their destination, the tide bore them in towards the shore, and the mighty125 wall of rock and forest towered in darkness on their left. The dead stillness was suddenly broken by the sharp Qui vive! of a French sentry126, invisible in the thick gloom. France! answered a Highland127 officer of Fraser's regiment from one of the boats of the light infantry. He had served in Holland, and spoke128 French fluently.
à quel régiment?
De la Reine, replied the Highlander129. He knew that a part of that corps was with Bougainville. The sentry, expecting the convoy of provisions, was satisfied, and did not ask for the password.
Soon after, the foremost boats were passing the heights of Samos, when another sentry challenged them, and they could see him through the darkness running down to the edge of the water, within range of a pistol-shot. In answer to his questions, the same officer replied, in French: "Provision-boats. Don't make a noise; the English will hear us." In fact, the sloop-of-war "Hunter" was anchored in the stream not far off. This time, again, the sentry let them pass. In a few moments they rounded the headland above the Anse du Foulon. There was no sentry there. The strong current swept the boats of the light infantry a little below the intended landing-place. They disembarked on a narrow strand at the foot of heights as steep as a hill covered with trees can be. The twenty-four volunteers led the way, climbing with what silence they might, closely followed by a much larger body. When they reached the top they saw in the dim light a cluster of tents at a short distance, and immediately made a dash at them. Vergor leaped from bed and tried to run off, but was shot in the heel and captured. His men, taken by surprise, made little resistance. One or two were caught, and the rest fled.
The main body of troops waited in their boats by the edge of the strand. The heights near by were cleft131 by a great ravine choked with forest trees; and in its depths ran a little brook132 called Ruisseau St.-Denis, which, swollen133 by the late rains, fell plashing in the stillness over a rock. Other than this no sound could reach the strained ear of Wolfe but the gurgle of the tide and the cautious climbing of his advance-parties as they mounted the steeps at some little distance from where he sat listening. At length from the top came a sound of musket-shots, followed by loud huzzas, and he knew that his men were masters of the position. The word was given; the troops leaped from the boats and scaled the heights, some here, some there, clutching at trees and bushes, their muskets134 slung135 at their backs. Tradition still points out the place, near the mouth of the ravine, where the foremost reached the top. Wolfe said to an officer near him: "You can try it, but I don't think you'll get up." He himself, however, found strength to drag himself up with the rest. The narrow slanting136 path on the face of the heights had been made impassable by trenches137 and abatis; but all obstructions138 were soon cleared away, and then the ascent139 was easy. In the gray of the morning the long file of red-coated soldiers moved quickly upward, and formed in order on the plateau above.
Before many of them had reached the top, cannon were heard close on the left. It was the battery at Samos firing on the boats in the rear and the vessels descending140 from Cap-Rouge. A party was sent to silence it; this was soon effected, and the more distant battery at Sillery was next attacked and taken. As fast as the boats were emptied they returned for the troops left on board the vessels and for those waiting on the southern shore under Colonel Burton.
The day broke in clouds and threatening rain. Wolfe's battalions were drawn up along the crest141 of the heights. No enemy was in sight, though a body of Canadians had sallied from the town and moved along the strand towards the landing-place, whence they were quickly driven back. He had achieved the most critical part of his enterprise; yet the success that he coveted142 placed him in imminent143 danger. On one side was the garrison144 of Quebec and the army of Beauport, and Bougainville was on the other. Wolfe's alternative was victory or ruin; for if he should be overwhelmed by a combined attack, retreat would be hopeless. His feelings no man can know; but it would be safe to say that hesitation145 or doubt had no part in them.
He went to reconnoitre the ground, and soon came to the Plains of Abraham, so called from Abraham Martin, a pilot known as Ma?tre Abraham, who had owned a piece of land here in the early times of the colony. The Plains were a tract146 of grass, tolerably level in most parts, patched here and there with cornfields, studded with clumps147 of bushes, and forming a part of the high plateau at the eastern end of which Quebec stood. On the south it was bounded by the declivities along the St. Lawrence; on the north, by those along the St. Charles, or rather along the meadows through which that lazy stream crawled like a writhing148 snake. At the place that Wolfe chose for his battle-field the plateau was less than a mile wide.
Thither149 the troops advanced, marched by files till they reached the ground, and then wheeled to form their line of battle, which stretched across the plateau and faced the city. It consisted of six battalions and the detached grenadiers from Louisbourg, all drawn up in ranks three deep. Its right wing was near the brink of the heights along the St. Lawrence; but the left could not reach those along the St. Charles. On this side a wide space was perforce left open, and there was danger of being outflanked. To prevent this, Brigadier Townshend was stationed here with two battalions, drawn up at right angles with the rest, and fronting the St. Charles. The battalion of Webb's regiment, under Colonel Burton, formed the reserve; the third battalion of Royal Americans was left to guard the landing; and Howe's light infantry occupied a wood far in the rear. Wolfe, with Monckton and Murray, commanded the front line, on which the heavy fighting was to fall, and which, when all the troops had arrived, numbered less than thirty-five hundred men.
Quebec was not a mile distant, but they could not see it; for a ridge150 of broken ground intervened, called Buttes-à-Neveu, about six hundred paces off. The first division of troops had scarcely come up when, about six o'clock, this ridge was suddenly thronged151 with white uniforms. It was the battalion of Guienne, arrived at the eleventh hour from its camp by the St. Charles. Some time after there was hot firing in the rear. It came from a detachment of Bougainville's command attacking a house where some of the light infantry were posted. The assailants were repulsed152, and the firing ceased. Light showers fell at intervals153, besprinkling the troops as they stood patiently waiting the event.
Montcalm had passed a troubled night. Through all the evening the cannon bellowed154 from the ships of Saunders, and the boats of the fleet hovered155 in the dusk off the Beauport shore, threatening every moment to land. Troops lined the intrenchments till day, while the General walked the field that adjoined his headquarters till one in the morning, accompanied by the Chevalier Johnstone and Colonel Poulariez. Johnstone says that he was in great agitation156, and took no rest all night. At daybreak he heard the sound of cannon above the town. It was the battery at Samos firing on the English ships. He had sent an officer to the quarters of Vaudreuil, which were much nearer Quebec, with orders to bring him word at once should anything unusual happen. But no word came, and about six o'clock he mounted and rode thither with Johnstone. As they advanced, the country behind the town opened more and more upon their sight; till at length, when opposite Vaudreuil's house, they saw across the St. Charles, some two miles away, the red ranks of British soldiers on the heights beyond.
"This is a serious business," Montcalm said; and sent off Johnstone at full gallop157 to bring up the troops from the centre and left of the camp. Those of the right were in motion already, doubtless by the Governor's order. Vaudreuil came out of the house. Montcalm stopped for a few words with him; then set spurs to his horse, and rode over the bridge of the St. Charles to the scene of danger. He rode with a fixed158 look, uttering not a word.
The army followed in such order as it might, crossed the bridge in hot haste, passed under the northern rampart of Quebec, entered at the Palace Gate, and pressed on in headlong march along the quaint79 narrow streets of the warlike town: troops of Indians in scalplocks and war-paint, a savage35 glitter in their deep-set eyes; bands of Canadians whose all was at stake,—faith, country, and home; the colony regulars; the battalions of Old France, a torrent of white uniforms and gleaming bayonets, La Sarre, Languedoc, Roussillon, Béarn,—victors of Oswego, William Henry, and Ticonderoga. So they swept on poured out upon the plain, some by the gate of St. Louis, and some by that of St. John, and hurried, breathless, to where the banners of Guienne still fluttered on the ridge.
Montcalm was amazed at what he saw. He had expected a detachment, and he found an army. Full in sight before him stretched the lines of Wolfe: the close ranks of the English infantry, a silent wall of red, and the wild array of the Highlanders, with their waving tartans, and bagpipes159 screaming defiance160. Vaudreuil had not come; but not the less was felt the evil of a divided authority and the jealousy161 of the rival chiefs. Montcalm waited long for the forces he had ordered to join him from the left wing of the army. He waited in vain. It is said that the Governor had detained them, lest the English should attack the Beauport shore. Even if they did so, and succeeded, the French might defy them, could they but put Wolfe to rout162 on the Plains of Abraham. Neither did the garrison of Quebec come to the aid of Montcalm. He sent to Ramesay, its commander, for twenty-five field-pieces which were on the Palace battery. Ramesay would give him only three, saying that he wanted them for his own defence. There were orders and counter-orders; misunderstanding, haste, delay, perplexity.
Montcalm and his chief officers held a council of war. It is said that he and they alike were for immediate130 attack. His enemies declare that he was afraid lest Vaudreuil should arrive and take command; but the Governor was not a man to assume responsibility at such a crisis. Others say that his impetuosity overcame his better judgment164; and of this charge it is hard to acquit165 him. Bougainville was but a few miles distant, and some of his troops were much nearer; a messenger sent by way of Old Lorette could have reached him in an hour and a half at most, and a combined attack in front and rear might have been concerted with him. If, moreover, Montcalm could have come to an understanding with Vaudreuil, his own force might have been strengthened by two or three thousand additional men from the town and the camp of Beauport; but he felt that there was no time to lose, for he imagined that Wolfe would soon be reinforced, which was impossible, and he believed that the English were fortifying166 themselves, which was no less an error. He has been blamed not only for fighting too soon, but for fighting at all. In this he could not choose. Fight he must, for Wolfe was now in a position to cut off all his supplies. His men were full of ardor, and he resolved to attack before their ardor cooled. He spoke a few words to them in his keen, vehement167 way. "I remember very well how he looked," one of the Canadians, then a boy of eighteen, used to say in his old age; "he rode a black or dark bay horse along the front of our lines, brandishing168 his sword, as if to excite us to do our duty. He wore a coat with wide sleeves, which fell back as he raised his arm, and showed the white linen169 of the wristband."
The English waited the result with a composure which, if not quite real, was at least well feigned170. The three field-pieces sent by Ramesay plied76 them with canister-shot, and fifteen hundred Canadians and Indians fusilladed them in front and flank. Over all the plain, from behind bushes and knolls171 and the edge of cornfields, puffs172 of smoke sprang incessantly from the guns of these hidden marksmen. Skirmishers were thrown out before the lines to hold them in check, and the soldiers were ordered to lie on the grass to avoid the shot. The firing was liveliest on the English left, where bands of sharpshooters got under the edge of the declivity173, among thickets174, and behind scattered175 houses, whence they killed and wounded a considerable number of Townshend's men. The light infantry were called up from the rear. The houses were taken and retaken, and one or more of them was burned.
Wolfe was everywhere. How cool he was, and why his followers176 loved him, is shown by an incident that happened in the course of the morning. One of his captains was shot through the lungs; and on recovering consciousness he saw the General standing163 at his side. Wolfe pressed his hand, told him not to despair, praised his services, promised him early promotion177, and sent an aide-de-camp to Monckton to beg that officer to keep the promise if he himself should fall.
It was towards ten o'clock when, from the high ground on the right of the line, Wolfe saw that the crisis was near. The French on the ridge had formed themselves into three bodies, regulars in the centre, regulars and Canadians on right and left. Two field-pieces, which had been dragged up the heights at Anse du Foulon, fired on them with grape-shot, and the troops, rising from the ground, prepared to receive them. In a few moments more they were in motion. They came on rapidly, uttering loud shouts, and firing as soon as they were within range. Their ranks, ill ordered at the best, were further confused by a number of Canadians who had been mixed among the regulars, and who, after hastily firing, threw themselves on the ground to reload. The British advanced a few rods; then baited and stood still. When the French were within forty paces the word of command rang out, and a crash of musketry answered all along the line. The volley was delivered with remarkable178 precision. In the battalions of the centre, which had suffered least from the enemy's bullets, the simultaneous explosion was afterwards said by French officers to have sounded like a cannon-shot. Another volley followed, and then a furious clattering179 fire that lasted but a minute or two. When the smoke rose, a miserable180 sight was revealed: the ground cumbered with dead and wounded, the advancing masses stopped short and turned into a frantic181 mob, shouting, cursing, gesticulating. The order was given to charge. Then over the field rose the British cheer, mixed with the fierce yell of the Highland slogan. Some of the corps pushed forward with the bayonet; some advanced firing. The clansmen drew their broadswords and dashed on, keen and swift as bloodhounds. At the English right, though the attacking column was broken to pieces, a fire was still kept up, chiefly, it seems, by sharpshooters from the bushes and cornfields, where they had lain for an hour or more. Here Wolfe himself led the charge, at the head of the Louisbourg grenadiers. A shot shattered his wrist. He wrapped his handkerchief about it and kept on. Another shot struck him, and he still advanced, when a third lodged in his breast. He staggered, and sat on the ground. Lieutenant182 Brown, of the grenadiers, one Henderson, a volunteer in the same company, and a private soldier, aided by an officer of artillery who ran to join them, carried him in their arms to the rear. He begged them to lay him down. They did so, and asked if he would have a surgeon. "There's no need," he answered; "it's all over with me." A moment after, one of them cried out: "They run; see how they run!" "Who run?" Wolfe demanded, like a man roused from sleep. "The enemy, sir. Egad, they give way everywhere!" "Go, one of you, to Colonel Burton," returned the dying man; "tell him to march Webb's regiment down to Charles River, to cut off their retreat from the bridge." Then, turning on his side, he murmured, "Now, God be praised, I will die in peace!" and in a few moments his gallant183 soul had fled.
Montcalm, still on horseback, was borne with the tide of fugitives184 towards the town. As he approached the walls a shot passed through his body. He kept his seat; two soldiers supported him, one on each side, and led his horse through the St. Louis Gate. On the open space within, among the excited crowd, were several women, drawn, no doubt, by eagerness to know the result of the fight. One of them recognized him, saw the streaming blood, and shrieked185, "O mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis est tué!" "It's nothing, it's nothing," replied the death-stricken man; "don't be troubled for me, my good friends." ("Ce n'est rien, ce n'est rien; ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes amies.")
Some of the fugitives took refuge in the city and others escaped across the St. Charles. In the next night the French army abandoned Quebec to its fate and fled up the St. Lawrence. The city soon surrendered to Wolfe's successor, Brigadier Townshend, and the English held it during the winter. In April, the French under the Chevalier de Lévis made a bold but unsuccessful attempt to retake it. In the following summer, General Amherst advanced on Montreal, till in September all Canada was forced to surrender, and the power of France was extinguished on the North American continent.
The End
The End
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1
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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3
animating
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| v.使有生气( animate的现在分词 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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5
farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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6
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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torment
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| n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠 | |
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10
languor
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| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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cove
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| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
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13
dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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15
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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18
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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19
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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toils
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| 网 | |
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21
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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22
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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23
swerve
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| v.突然转向，背离；n．转向，弯曲，背离 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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25
antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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27
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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28
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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29
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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30
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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31
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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32
succors
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| n.救助，帮助（尤指需要时）( succor的名词复数 )v.给予帮助( succor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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33
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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35
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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37
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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38
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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40
acquiesced
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| v.默认，默许( acquiesce的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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42
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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43
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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44
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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45
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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46
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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47
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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48
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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49
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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50
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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51
diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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52
schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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53
jocosely
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| adv.说玩笑地，诙谐地 | |
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54
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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55
impudence
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| n.厚颜无耻；冒失；无礼 | |
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56
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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57
triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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58
evacuating
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| 撤离，疏散( evacuate的现在分词 )； 排空（胃肠），排泄（粪便）； （从危险的地方）撤出，搬出，撤空 | |
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59
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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60
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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61
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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62
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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63
embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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64
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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65
watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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66
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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68
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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69
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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70
invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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71
intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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72
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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73
rekindling
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| v.使再燃( rekindle的现在分词 ) | |
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74
ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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75
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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76
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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77
invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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80
rangers
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| 护林者( ranger的名词复数 )； 突击队员 | |
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81
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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82
precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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83
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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84
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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86
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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87
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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89
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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90
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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91
incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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92
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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93
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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94
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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95
inured
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| adj.坚强的，习惯的 | |
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96
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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97
quaintly
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| adv.古怪离奇地 | |
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98
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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99
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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100
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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101
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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102
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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103
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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104
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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105
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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106
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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107
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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108
moored
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| adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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109
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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110
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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111
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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112
betrothed
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| n. 已订婚者 动词betroth的过去式和过去分词 | |
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113
presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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114
shrouds
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| n.裹尸布( shroud的名词复数 )；寿衣；遮蔽物；覆盖物v.隐瞒( shroud的第三人称单数 )；保密 | |
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115
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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116
countermanded
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| v.取消（命令），撤回( countermand的过去分词 ) | |
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117
countermand
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| v.撤回(命令)，取消(订货) | |
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118
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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119
conspiring
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| 密谋( conspire的现在分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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120
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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121
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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122
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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123
elegy
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| n.哀歌，挽歌 | |
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124
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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125
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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126
sentry
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| n.哨兵，警卫 | |
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127
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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128
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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129
highlander
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| n.高地的人，苏格兰高地地区的人 | |
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130
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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131
cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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132
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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133
swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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134
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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135
slung
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| 抛( sling的过去式和过去分词 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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136
slanting
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| 倾斜的，歪斜的 | |
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137
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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138
obstructions
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| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 )；阻碍物；阻碍；阻挠 | |
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139
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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140
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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141
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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142
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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143
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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144
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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145
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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146
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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147
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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148
writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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149
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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150
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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151
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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152
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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153
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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154
bellowed
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的过去式和过去分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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155
hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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156
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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157
gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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158
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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159
bagpipes
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| n.风笛；风笛( bagpipe的名词复数 ) | |
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160
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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161
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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162
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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163
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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164
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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165
acquit
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| vt.宣判无罪；(oneself)使(自己)表现出 | |
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166
fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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167
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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168
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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169
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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170
feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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171
knolls
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| n.小圆丘，小土墩( knoll的名词复数 ) | |
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172
puffs
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| n.吸( puff的名词复数 )；（烟斗或香烟的）一吸；一缕（烟、蒸汽等）；（呼吸或风的）呼v.使喷出( puff的第三人称单数 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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173
declivity
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| n.下坡，倾斜面 | |
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174
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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175
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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176
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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177
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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178
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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179
clattering
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| 发出咔哒声（clatter的现在分词形式） | |
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180
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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181
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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182
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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183
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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184
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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185
shrieked
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| v.尖叫( shriek的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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