We have already seen how, after the defeat of Braddock, the western tribes rose with one accord against the English. Then, for the first time, Pennsylvania felt the scourge3 of Indian war; and her neighbors, Maryland and Virginia, shared her misery4. Through the autumn of 1755, the storm raged with devastating5 fury; but the following year brought some abatement6 of its violence. This may be ascribed partly to the interference of the Iroquois, who, at the instances of Sir William Johnson, urged the Delawares to lay down the hatchet7, and partly to the persuasions8 of several prominent men among the Quakers, who, by kind and friendly treatment, had gained the confidence of the Indians.[136] By these means, that portion of the Delawares and their kindred tribes who dwelt upon the Susquehanna, were induced to send a deputation of chiefs to Easton, in the summer of 1757, to meet the provincial9 delegates; and here, after much delay and difficulty, a treaty of peace was concluded.
This treaty, however, did not embrace the Indians of the Ohio, who comprised the most formidable part of the Delawares and Shawanoes, and who still continued their murderous attacks. It was not till the summer of 1758, when General Forbes, with a considerable army, was advancing against Fort du Quesne, that these exasperated10 savages12 could be brought to reason. Well knowing that, should Forbes prove successful, they might expect a summary chastisement13 for their misdeeds, they began to waver in their attachment14 to the French; and the latter, in the hour of peril15, found themselves threatened with desertion by allies who had shown an ample alacrity16 in the season of prosperity. This new tendency of the Ohio Indians was fostered by a wise step on the part of112 the English. A man was found bold and hardy17 enough to venture into the midst of their villages, bearing the news of the treaty at Easton, and the approach of Forbes, coupled with proposals of peace from the governor of Pennsylvania.
This stout-hearted emissary was Christian18 Frederic Post, a Moravian missionary19, who had long lived with the Indians, had twice married among them, and, by his upright dealings and plain good sense, had gained their confidence and esteem20. His devout21 and conscientious22 spirit, his fidelity23 to what he deemed his duty, his imperturbable24 courage, his prudence25 and his address, well fitted him for the critical mission. His journals, written in a style of quaint26 simplicity27, are full of lively details, and afford a curious picture of forest life and character. He left Philadelphia in July, attended by a party of friendly Indians, on whom he relied for protection. Reaching the Ohio, he found himself beset28 with perils29 from the jealousy30 and malevolence31 of the savage11 warriors33, and the machinations of the French, who would gladly have destroyed him.[137] Yet he113 found friends wherever he went, and finally succeeded in convincing the Indians that their true interest lay in a strict neutrality. When, therefore, Forbes appeared before Fort du Quesne, the French found themselves abandoned to their own resources; and, unable to hold their ground, they retreated down the Ohio, leaving the fort an easy conquest to the invaders34. During the autumn, the Ohio Indians sent their deputies to Easton, where a great council was held, and a formal peace concluded with the provinces.[138]
While the friendship of these tribes was thus lost and regained35, their ancient tyrants36, the Iroquois, remained in a state of very doubtful attachment. At the outbreak of the war, they had shown, it is true, many signs of friendship;[139] but the disasters of the first campaign had given them a contemptible37 idea of British prowess. This impression was deepened, when, in the following year, they saw Oswego taken by the French, and the British general, Webb, retreat with dastardly haste from an enemy who did not dream of pursuing him. At this time, some of the confederates actually took up the hatchet on114 the side of France, and there was danger that the rest might follow their example.[140] But now a new element was infused into the British counsels. The fortunes of the conflict began to change. Du Quesne and Louisburg were taken, and the Iroquois conceived a better opinion of the British arms. Their friendship was no longer a matter of doubt; and in 1760, when Amherst was preparing to advance on Montreal, the warriors flocked to his camp like vultures to the carcass. Yet there is little doubt, that, had their sachems and orators38 followed the dictates39 of their cooler judgment40, they would not have aided in destroying Canada; for they could see that in the colonies of France lay the only barrier against the growing power and ambition of the English provinces.
The Hurons of Lorette, the Abenakis, and other domiciliated tribes of Canada, ranged themselves on the side of France throughout the war; and at its conclusion, they, in common with the Canadians, may be regarded in the light of a conquered people.
The numerous tribes of the remote west had, with few exceptions, played the part of active allies of the French; and warriors might be found on the farthest shores of Lake Superior who garnished42 their war-dress with the scalp-locks of murdered Englishmen. With the conquest of Canada, these tribes subsided43 into a state of inaction, which was not long to continue.
And now, before launching into the story of the sanguinary war which forms our proper and immediate44 theme, it will be well to survey the grand arena45 of the strife46, the goodly heritage which the wretched tribes of the forest struggled to retrieve47 from the hands of the spoiler.
One vast, continuous forest shadowed the fertile soil, covering the land as the grass covers a garden lawn, sweeping48 over hill and hollow in endless undulation, burying mountains in verdure, and mantling49 brooks50 and rivers from the light of day. Green intervals51 dotted with browsing52 deer, and broad plains alive with buffalo53, broke the sameness of the woodland scenery. Unnumbered rivers seamed the forest with their devious54 windings55. Vast lakes washed its boundaries, where the Indian115 voyager, in his birch canoe, could descry56 no land beyond the world of waters. Yet this prolific57 wilderness, teeming58 with waste fertility, was but a hunting-ground and a battle-field to a few fierce hordes59 of savages. Here and there, in some rich meadow opened to the sun, the Indian squaws turned the black mould with their rude implements60 of bone or iron, and sowed their scanty61 stores of maize62 and beans. Human labor63 drew no other tribute from that exhaustless soil.
So thin and scattered64 was the native population, that, even in those parts which were thought well peopled, one might sometimes journey for days together through the twilight65 forest, and meet no human form. Broad tracts66 were left in solitude67. All Kentucky was a vacant waste, a mere68 skirmishing ground for the hostile war-parties of the north and south. A great part of Upper Canada, of Michigan, and of Illinois, besides other portions of the west, were tenanted by wild beasts alone. To form a close estimate of the numbers of the erratic69 bands who roamed this wilderness would be impossible; but it may be affirmed that, between the Mississippi on the west and the ocean on the east, between the Ohio on the south and Lake Superior on the north, the whole Indian population, at the close of the French war, did not greatly exceed ten thousand fighting men. Of these, following the statement of Sir William Johnson, in 1763, the Iroquois had nineteen hundred and fifty, the Delawares about six hundred, the Shawanoes about three hundred, the Wyandots about four hundred and fifty, and the Miami tribes, with their neighbors the Kickapoos, eight hundred; while the Ottawas, the Ojibwas, and other wandering tribes of the north, defy all efforts at enumeration70.[141]
A close survey of the condition of the tribes at this period will detect some signs of improvement, but many more of degeneracy and decay. To commence with the Iroquois, for to them with justice the priority belongs: Onondaga, the ancient capital of their confederacy, where their council-fire had burned from immemorial time, was now no longer what it had been in the days of its greatness, when Count Frontenac116 had mustered71 all Canada to assail72 it. The thickly clustered dwellings73, with their triple rows of palisades, had vanished. A little stream, twisting along the valley, choked up with logs and driftwood, and half hidden by woods and thickets74, some forty houses of bark, scattered along its banks, amid rank grass, neglected clumps75 of bushes, and ragged76 patches of corn and peas,—such was Onondaga when Bartram saw it, and such, no doubt, it remained at the time of which I write.[142] Conspicuous77 among the other structures, and distinguished78 only by its superior size, stood the great council-house, whose bark walls had often sheltered the congregated79 wisdom of the confederacy, and heard the highest efforts of forest eloquence80. The other villages of the Iroquois resembled Onondaga; for though several were of larger size, yet none retained those defensive81 stockades82 which had once protected them.[143] From their European neighbors the Iroquois had borrowed many appliances of comfort and subsistence. Horses, swine, and in some instances cattle, were to be found among them. Guns and gunpowder83 aided them in the chase. Knives, hatchets84, kettles, and hoes of iron, had supplanted85 their rude household utensils86 and implements of tillage; but with all this, English whiskey had more than cancelled every benefit which English civilization had conferred.
High up the Susquehanna were seated the Nanticokes, Conoys, and Mohicans, with a portion of the Delawares. Detached bands of the western Iroquois dwelt upon the head waters of the Alleghany, mingled87 with their neighbors, the Delawares, who had several villages upon this stream. The great body of the latter nation, however, lived upon the Beaver88 Creeks89 and the Muskingum, in numerous scattered towns and hamlets, whose barbarous names it is useless to record. Squalid log cabins and conical wigwams of bark were clustered at random90, or ranged to form rude streets and squares. Starveling horses grazed on the neighboring meadows; girls and children bathed and laughed in the adjacent river;117 warriors smoked their pipes in haughty91 indolence; squaws labored92 in the cornfields, or brought fagots from the forest, and shrivelled hags screamed from lodge93 to lodge. In each village one large building stood prominent among the rest, devoted94 to purposes of public meeting, dances, festivals, and the entertainment of strangers. Thither95 the traveller would be conducted, seated on a bear-skin, and plentifully96 regaled with hominy and venison.
The Shawanoes had sixteen small villages upon the Scioto and its branches. Farther towards the west, on the waters of the Wabash and the Maumee, dwelt the Miamis, who, less exposed, from their position, to the poison of the whiskey-keg, and the example of debauched traders, retained their ancient character and customs in greater purity than their eastern neighbors. This cannot be said of the Illinois, who dwelt near the borders of the Mississippi, and who, having lived for more than half a century in close contact with the French, had become a corrupt97 and degenerate98 race. The Wyandots of Sandusky and Detroit far surpassed the surrounding tribes in energy of character and in social progress. Their log dwellings were strong and commodious99, their agriculture was very considerable, their name stood high in war and policy, and they were regarded with deference100 by all the adjacent Indians. It is needless to pursue farther this catalogue of tribes, since the position of each will appear hereafter as they advance in turn upon the stage of action.
The English settlements lay like a narrow strip between the wilderness and the sea, and, as the sea had its ports, so also the forest had its places of rendezvous101 and outfit102. Of these, by far the most important in the northern provinces was the frontier city of Albany. From thence it was that traders and soldiers, bound to the country of the Iroquois, or the more distant wilds of the interior, set out upon their arduous103 journey. Embarking104 in a bateau or a canoe, rowed by the hardy men who earned their livelihood105 in this service, the traveller would ascend106 the Mohawk, passing the old Dutch town of Schenectady, the two seats of Sir William Johnson, Fort Hunter at the mouth of the Scoharie, and Fort Herkimer at the German Flats, until he reached Fort Stanwix at the head of the river navigation. Then crossing over land to Wood Creek,118 he would follow its tortuous107 course, overshadowed by the dense108 forest on its banks, until he arrived at the little fortification called the Royal Blockhouse, and the waters of the Oneida Lake spread before him. Crossing to its western extremity109, and passing under the wooden ramparts of Fort Brewerton, he would descend110 the River Oswego to Oswego,[144] on the banks of Lake Ontario. Here the vast navigation of the Great Lakes would be open before him, interrupted only by the difficult portage at the Cataract111 of Niagara.
The chief thoroughfare from the middle colonies to the Indian country was from Philadelphia westward112, across the Alleghanies, to the valley of the Ohio. Peace was no sooner concluded with the hostile tribes, than the adventurous113 fur-traders, careless of risk to life and property, hastened over the mountains, each eager to be foremost in the wilderness market. Their merchandise was sometimes carried in wagons114 as far as the site of Fort du Quesne, which the English rebuilt after its capture, changing its name to Fort Pitt. From this point the goods were packed on the backs of horses, and thus distributed among the various Indian villages. More commonly,119 however, the whole journey was performed by means of trains, or, as they were called, brigades of pack-horses, which, leaving the frontier settlements, climbed the shadowy heights of the Alleghanies, and threaded the forests of the Ohio, diving through thickets, and wading115 over streams. The men employed in this perilous116 calling were a rough, bold, and intractable class, often as fierce and truculent117 as the Indians themselves. A blanket coat, or a frock of smoked deer-skin, a rifle on the shoulder, and a knife and tomahawk in the belt, formed their ordinary equipment. The principal trader, the owner of the merchandise, would fix his headquarters at some large Indian town, whence he would despatch118 his subordinates to the surrounding villages, with a suitable supply of blankets and red cloth, guns and hatchets, liquor, tobacco, paint, beads119, and hawks’ bells. This wild traffic was liable to every species of disorder120; and it is not to be wondered at that, in a region where law was unknown, the jealousies121 of rival traders should become a fruitful source of broils122, robberies, and murders.
In the backwoods, all land travelling was on foot, or on horseback. It was no easy matter for a novice123, embarrassed with his cumbrous gun, to urge his horse through the thick trunks and undergrowth, or even to ride at speed along the narrow Indian trails, where at every yard the impending124 branches switched him across the face. At night, the camp would be formed by the side of some rivulet125 or spring; and, if the traveller was skilful126 in the use of his rifle, a haunch of venison would often form his evening meal. If it rained, a shed of elm or basswood bark was the ready work of an hour, a pile of evergreen127 boughs128 formed a bed, and the saddle or the knapsack a pillow. A party of Indian wayfarers129 would often be met journeying through the forest, a chief, or a warrior32, perhaps, with his squaws and family. The Indians would usually make their camp in the neighborhood of the white men; and at meal-time the warrior would seldom fail to seat himself by the traveller’s fire, and gaze with solemn gravity at the viands130 before him. If, when the repast was over, a fragment of bread or a cup of coffee should be handed to him, he would receive these highly prized rarities with an ejaculation of gratitude131; for nothing is more remarkable132 in the character120 of this people than the union of inordinate133 pride and a generous love of glory with the mendicity of a beggar or a child.
He who wished to visit the remoter tribes of the Mississippi valley—an attempt, however, which, until several years after the conquest of Canada, no Englishman could have made without great risk of losing his scalp—would find no easier course than to descend the Ohio in a canoe or bateau. He might float for more than eleven hundred miles down this liquid highway of the wilderness, and, except the deserted134 cabins of Logstown, a little below Fort Pitt, the remnant of a Shawanoe village at the mouth of the Scioto, and an occasional hamlet or solitary135 wigwam along the deeply wooded banks, he would discern no trace of human habitation through all this vast extent. The body of the Indian population lay to the northward136, about the waters of the tributary137 streams. It behooved138 the voyager to observe a sleepless139 caution and a hawk-eyed vigilance. Sometimes his anxious scrutiny140 would detect a faint blue smoke stealing upward above the green bosom141 of the forest, and betraying the encamping place of some lurking142 war-party. Then the canoe would be drawn143 in haste beneath the overhanging bushes which skirted the shore; nor would the voyage be resumed until darkness closed, when the little vessel144 would drift swiftly and safely by the point of danger.[145]
Within the nominal145 limits of the Illinois Indians, and towards the southern extremity of the present state of Illinois, were those isolated146 Canadian settlements, which had subsisted147 here since the latter part of the preceding century. Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes were the centres of this scattered population. From Vincennes one might paddle his canoe northward up the Wabash, until he reached the little wooden fort of Ouatanon. Thence a path through the woods led to the banks of the Maumee. Two or three Canadians, or121 half-breeds, of whom there were numbers about the fort, would carry the canoe on their shoulders, or, for a bottle of whiskey, a few Miami Indians might be bribed148 to undertake the task. On the Maumee, at the end of the path, stood Fort Miami, near the spot where Fort Wayne was afterwards built. From this point one might descend the Maumee to Lake Erie, and visit the neighboring fort of Sandusky, or, if he chose, steer149 through the Strait of Detroit, and explore the watery150 wastes of the northern lakes, finding occasional harborage at the little military posts which commanded their important points. Most of these western posts were transferred to the English, during the autumn of 1760; but the settlements of the Illinois remained several years longer under French control.
Eastward151, on the waters of Lake Erie, and the Alleghany, stood three small forts, Presqu’ Isle152, Le B?uf, and Venango, which had passed into the hands of the English soon after the capture of Fort du Quesne. The feeble garrisons153 of all these western posts, exiled from civilization, lived in the solitude of military hermits154. Through the long, hot days of summer, and the protracted155 cold of winter, time hung heavy on their hands. Their resources of employment and recreation were few and meagre. They found partners in their loneliness among the young beauties of the Indian camps. They hunted and fished, shot at targets, and played at games of chance; and when, by good fortune, a traveller found his way among them, he was greeted with a hearty156 and open-handed welcome, and plied157 with eager questions touching158 the great world from which they were banished159 men. Yet, tedious as it was, their secluded160 life was seasoned with stirring danger. The surrounding forests were peopled with a race dark and subtle as their own sunless mazes161. At any hour, those jealous tribes might raise the war-cry. No human foresight162 could predict the sallies of their fierce caprice, and in ceaseless watching lay the only safety.
When the European and the savage are brought in contact, both are gainers, and both are losers. The former loses the refinements163 of civilization, but he gains, in the rough schooling164 of the wilderness, a rugged165 independence, a self-sustaining energy, and powers of action and perception before unthought122 of. The savage gains new means of comfort and support, cloth, iron, and gunpowder; yet these apparent benefits have often proved but instruments of ruin. They soon become necessities, and the unhappy hunter, forgetting the weapons of his fathers, must thenceforth depend on the white man for ease, happiness, and life itself.
Those rude and hardy men, hunters and traders, scouts166 and guides, who ranged the woods beyond the English borders, and formed a connecting link between barbarism and civilization, have been touched upon already. They were a distinct, peculiar167 class, marked with striking contrasts of good and evil. Many, though by no means all, were coarse, audacious, and unscrupulous; yet, even in the worst, one might often have found a vigorous growth of warlike virtues168, an iron endurance, an undespairing courage, a wondrous169 sagacity, and singular fertility of resource. In them was renewed, with all its ancient energy, that wild and daring spirit, that force and hardihood of mind, which marked our barbarous ancestors of Germany and Norway. These sons of the wilderness still survive. We may find them to this day, not in the valley of the Ohio, nor on the shores of the lakes, but far westward on the desert range of the buffalo, and among the solitudes170 of Oregon. Even now, while I write, some lonely trapper is climbing the perilous defiles171 of the Rocky Mountains, his strong frame cased in time-worn buck-skin, his rifle griped in his sinewy172 hand. Keenly he peers from side to side, lest Blackfoot or Arapahoe should ambuscade his path. The rough earth is his bed, a morsel173 of dried meat and a draught174 of water are his food and drink, and death and danger his companions. No anchorite could fare worse, no hero could dare more; yet his wild, hard life has resistless charms; and, while he can wield175 a rifle, he will never leave it. Go with him to the rendezvous, and he is a stoic176 no more. Here, rioting among his comrades, his native appetites break loose in mad excess, in deep carouse177, and desperate gaming. Then follow close the quarrel, the challenge, the fight,—two rusty178 rifles and fifty yards of prairie.
The nursling of civilization, placed in the midst of the forest, and abandoned to his own resources, is helpless as an infant. There is no clew to the labyrinth179. Bewildered and123 amazed, he circles round and round in hopeless wanderings. Despair and famine make him their prey180, and unless the birds of heaven minister to his wants, he dies in misery. Not so the practised woodsman. To him, the forest is a home. It yields him food, shelter, and raiment, and he threads its trackless depths with undeviating foot. To lure181 the game, to circumvent182 the lurking foe183, to guide his course by the stars, the wind, the streams, or the trees,—such are the arts which the white man has learned from the red. Often, indeed, the pupil has outstripped184 his master. He can hunt as well; he can fight better; and yet there are niceties of the woodsman’s craft in which the white man must yield the palm to his savage rival. Seldom can he boast, in equal measure, that subtlety185 of sense, more akin186 to the instinct of brutes187 than to human reason, which reads the signs of the forest as the scholar reads the printed page, to which the whistle of a bird can speak clearly as the tongue of man, and the rustle188 of a leaf give knowledge of life or death.[146] With us the name of the savage is a byword of reproach. The Indian would look with equal scorn on those who, buried in useless lore41, are blind and deaf to the great world of nature.
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1
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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abatement
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| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
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7
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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8
persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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imperturbable
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| adj.镇静的 | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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malevolence
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| n.恶意，狠毒 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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orators
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| n.演说者，演讲家( orator的名词复数 ) | |
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dictates
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| n.命令，规定，要求( dictate的名词复数 )v.大声讲或读( dictate的第三人称单数 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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garnished
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| v.给（上餐桌的食物）加装饰( garnish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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44
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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45
arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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46
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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47
retrieve
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| vt.重新得到，收回；挽回，补救；检索 | |
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48
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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49
mantling
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| 覆巾 | |
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50
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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51
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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52
browsing
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| v.吃草( browse的现在分词 )；随意翻阅；（在商店里）随便看看；（在计算机上）浏览信息 | |
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53
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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54
devious
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| adj.不坦率的，狡猾的；迂回的，曲折的 | |
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55
windings
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| （道路、河流等）蜿蜒的，弯曲的( winding的名词复数 )； 缠绕( wind的现在分词 )； 卷绕； 转动（把手） | |
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56
descry
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| v.远远看到；发现；责备 | |
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57
prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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58
teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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59
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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60
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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61
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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62
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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63
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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64
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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65
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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66
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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67
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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68
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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69
erratic
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| adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的 | |
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70
enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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71
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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72
assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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73
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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74
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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75
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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76
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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77
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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78
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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79
congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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80
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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81
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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82
stockades
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| n.（防御用的）栅栏，围桩( stockade的名词复数 ) | |
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83
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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84
hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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85
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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87
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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88
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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89
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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90
random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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91
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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92
labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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93
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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94
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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95
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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96
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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97
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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98
degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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99
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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100
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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101
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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102
outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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103
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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104
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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105
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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106
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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107
tortuous
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| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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108
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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109
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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110
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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111
cataract
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| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
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112
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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113
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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114
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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115
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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116
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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117
truculent
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| adj.野蛮的，粗野的 | |
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118
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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119
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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120
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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121
jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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122
broils
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| v.（用火）烤（焙、炙等）( broil的第三人称单数 )；使卷入争吵；使混乱；被烤（或炙） | |
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123
novice
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| adj.新手的，生手的 | |
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124
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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125
rivulet
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| n.小溪，小河 | |
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126
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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127
evergreen
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| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
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128
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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129
wayfarers
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| n.旅人，（尤指）徒步旅行者( wayfarer的名词复数 ) | |
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130
viands
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| n.食品，食物 | |
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131
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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132
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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133
inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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134
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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135
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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136
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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137
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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138
behooved
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| v.适宜( behoove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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140
scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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141
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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142
lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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143
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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144
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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145
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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146
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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147
subsisted
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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148
bribed
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| v.贿赂( bribe的过去式和过去分词 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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149
steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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150
watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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151
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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152
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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153
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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154
hermits
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| （尤指早期基督教的）隐居修道士，隐士，遁世者( hermit的名词复数 ) | |
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155
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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156
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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157
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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158
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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159
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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160
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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161
mazes
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| 迷宫( maze的名词复数 )； 纷繁复杂的规则； 复杂难懂的细节； 迷宫图 | |
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162
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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163
refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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164
schooling
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| n.教育；正规学校教育 | |
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165
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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166
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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167
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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168
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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169
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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170
solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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171
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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172
sinewy
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| adj.多腱的，强壮有力的 | |
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173
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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174
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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175
wield
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| vt.行使，运用，支配；挥，使用(武器等) | |
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176
stoic
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| n.坚忍克己之人，禁欲主义者 | |
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177
carouse
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| v.狂欢；痛饮；n.狂饮的宴会 | |
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178
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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179
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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180
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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181
lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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182
circumvent
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| vt.环绕，包围；对…用计取胜，智胜 | |
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183
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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184
outstripped
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| v.做得比…更好，（在赛跑等中）超过( outstrip的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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185
subtlety
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| n.微妙，敏锐，精巧；微妙之处，细微的区别 | |
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186
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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187
brutes
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| 兽( brute的名词复数 )； 畜生； 残酷无情的人； 兽性 | |
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188
rustle
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| v.沙沙作响；偷盗(牛、马等)；n.沙沙声声 | |
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