DESOLATION OF THE FRONTIERS.
The advancing frontiers of American civilization have always nurtured1 a class of men of striking and peculiar2 character. The best examples of this character have, perhaps, been found among the settlers of Western Virginia, and the hardy3 progeny4 who have sprung from that generous stock. The Virginian frontiersman was, as occasion called, a farmer, a hunter, and a warrior5, by turns. The well-beloved rifle was seldom out of his hand; and he never deigned6 to lay aside the fringed frock, moccasons, and Indian leggins, which formed the appropriate costume of the forest ranger7. Concerning the business, pleasures, and refinements8 of cultivated life, he knew little, and cared nothing; and his manners were usually rough and obtrusive9 to the last degree. Aloof10 from mankind, he lived in a world of his own, which, in his view, contained all that was deserving of admiration11 and praise. He looked upon himself and his compeers as models of prowess and manhood, nay12, of all that is elegant and polite; and the forest gallant13 regarded with peculiar complacency his own half-savage14 dress, his swaggering gait, and his backwoods jargon15. He was wilful16, headstrong, and quarrelsome; frank, straightforward17, and generous; brave as the bravest, and utterly18 intolerant of arbitrary control. His self-confidence mounted to audacity19. Eminently20 capable of heroism21, both in action and endurance, he viewed every species of effeminacy with supreme22 contempt; and, accustomed as he was to entire self-reliance, the mutual23 dependence24 of conventional life excited his especial scorn. With all his ignorance, he had a mind by nature quick, vigorous, and penetrating26; and his mode of life, while it developed the daring energy of his character, wrought27 some of his faculties28 to a high degree of acuteness. Many of his traits have been reproduced in his offspring. From him have sprung those hardy men whose struggles and sufferings on the bloody29 ground of Kentucky will always form a striking page in American history; and that band of334 adventurers before whose headlong charge, in the valley of Chihuahua, neither breastworks, nor batteries, nor fivefold odds30 could avail for a moment.
At the period of Pontiac’s war, the settlements of Virginia had extended as far as the Alleghanies, and several small towns had already sprung up beyond the Blue Ridge31. The population of these beautiful valleys was, for the most part, thin and scattered32; and the progress of settlement had been greatly retarded33 by Indian hostilities34, which, during the early years of the French war, had thrown these borders into total confusion. They had contributed, however, to enhance the martial35 temper of the people, and give a warlike aspect to the whole frontier. At intervals37, small stockade38 forts, containing houses and cabins, had been erected39 by the joint40 labor41 of the inhabitants; and hither, on occasion of alarm, the settlers of the neighborhood congregated42 for refuge, remaining in tolerable security till the danger was past. Many of the inhabitants were engaged for a great part of the year in hunting; an occupation upon which they entered with the keenest relish44.[327] Well versed45 in woodcraft, unsurpassed as marksmen, and practised in all the wiles46 of Indian war, they would have formed, under a more stringent47 organization, the best possible defence against a savage enemy; but each man came and went at his own sovereign will, and discipline and obedience48 were repugnant to all his habits.
The frontiers of Maryland and Virginia closely resembled each other; but those of Pennsylvania had peculiarities49 of their own. The population of this province was of a most motley complexion50, being made up of members of various nations, and numerous religious sects51: English, Irish, German, Swiss, Welsh, and Dutch; Quakers, Presbyterians, Lutherans,335 Dunkers, Mennonists, and Moravians. Nor is this catalogue by any means complete. The Quakers, to whose peaceful temper the rough frontier offered no attraction, were confined to the eastern parts of the province. Cumberland County, which lies west of the Susquehanna, and may be said to have formed the frontier, was then almost exclusively occupied by the Irish and their descendants; who, however, were neither of the Roman faith nor of Celtic origin, being emigrants52 from the colony of Scotch53 which forms a numerous and thrifty54 population in the north of Ireland. In religious faith, they were stanch55 and zealous57 Presbyterians. Long residence in the province had modified their national character, and imparted many of the peculiar traits of the American backwoodsman; yet the nature of their religious tenets produced a certain rigidity58 of temper and demeanor59, from which the Virginian was wholly free. They were, nevertheless, hot-headed and turbulent, often setting law and authority at defiance60. The counties east of the Susquehanna supported a mixed population, among which was conspicuous61 a swarm62 of German peasants; who had been inundating63 the country for many years past, and who for the most part were dull and ignorant boors64, like some of their descendants. The Swiss and German sectaries called Mennonists, who were numerous in Lancaster County, professed65, like the Quakers, principles of non-resistance, and refused to bear arms.[328]
It was upon this mingled66 population, that the storm of Indian war was now descending67 with appalling68 fury,—a fury unparalleled through all past and succeeding years. For hundreds of miles from north to south, the country was wasted with fire and steel. It would be a task alike useless and revolting to explore, through all its details, this horrible monotony of blood and havoc69.[329] The country was filled with the wildest336 dismay. The people of Virginia betook themselves to their forts for refuge. Those of Pennsylvania, ill supplied with such asylums70, fled by thousands, and crowded in upon the older settlements. The ranging parties who visited the scene of devastation71 beheld72, among the ruined farms and plantations73, sights of unspeakable horror; and discovered, in the depths of the forest, the half-consumed bodies of men and women, still bound fast to the trees, where they had perished in the fiery75 torture.[330]
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Among the numerous war-parties which were now ravaging76 the borders, none was more destructive than a band, about sixty in number, which ascended78 the Kenawha, and pursued its desolating79 course among the settlements about the sources of that river. They passed valley after valley, sometimes attacking the inhabitants by surprise, and sometimes murdering them under the mask of friendship, until they came to the little settlement of Greenbrier, where nearly a hundred of the people were assembled at the fortified80 house of Archibald Glendenning. Seeing two or three Indians approach, whom they recognized as former acquaintances, they suffered them to enter without distrust; but the new-comers were soon joined by others, until the entire party were gathered in and around the buildings. Some suspicion was now awakened81; and, in order to propitiate82 the dangerous guests, they were presented with the carcass of an elk83 lately brought in by the hunters. They immediately cut it up, and began to feast upon it. The backwoodsmen, with their families, were assembled in one large room; and finding themselves mingled among the Indians, and embarrassed by the presence of the women and children, they remained indecisive and irresolute84. Meanwhile, an old woman, who sat in a corner of the room, and who had lately received some slight accidental injury, asked one of the warriors86 if he could cure the wound. He replied that he thought he could, and, to make good his words, killed her with his tomahawk. This was the signal for a scene of general butchery. A few persons made their escape; the rest were killed or captured. Glendenning snatched up one of his children, and rushed from the house, but was shot dead as he leaped the fence. A negro woman gained a place of concealment87, whither she was followed by her screaming child; and, fearing lest the cries of the boy should betray her, she turned338 and killed him at a blow. Among the prisoners was the wife of Glendenning, a woman of a most masculine spirit, who, far from being overpowered by what she had seen, was excited to the extremity88 of rage, charged her captors with treachery, cowardice89, and ingratitude90, and assailed91 them with a tempest of abuse. Neither the tomahawk, which they brandished92 over her head, nor the scalp of her murdered husband, with which they struck her in the face, could silence the undaunted virago93. When the party began their retreat, bearing with them a great quantity of plunder94 packed on the horses they had stolen, Glendenning’s wife, with her infant child, was placed among a long train of captives guarded before and behind by the Indians. As they defiled95 along a narrow path which led through a gap in the mountains, she handed the child to the woman behind her, and, leaving it to its fate,[331] slipped into the bushes and escaped. Being well acquainted with the woods, she succeeded, before nightfall, in reaching the spot where the ruins of her dwelling96 had not yet ceased to burn. Here she sought out the body of her husband, and covered it with fence-rails, to protect it from the wolves. When her task was complete, and when night closed around her, the bold spirit which had hitherto borne her up suddenly gave way. The recollection of the horrors she had witnessed, the presence of the dead, the darkness, the solitude97, and the gloom of the surrounding forest, wrought upon her till her terror rose to ecstasy98; and she remained until daybreak, crouched99 among the bushes, haunted by the threatening apparition100 of an armed man, who, to her heated imagination, seemed constantly approaching to murder her.[332]
Some time after the butchery at Glendenning’s house, an outrage101 was perpetrated, unmatched, in its fiend-like atrocity102, through all the annals of the war. In a solitary103 place, deep within the settled limits of Pennsylvania, stood a small school-house,339 one of those rude structures of logs which, to this day, may be seen in some of the remote northern districts of New England. A man chancing to pass by was struck by the unwonted silence; and, pushing open the door, he looked in. In the centre lay the master, scalped and lifeless, with a Bible clasped in his hand; while around the room were strewn the bodies of his pupils, nine in number, miserably104 mangled105, though one of them still retained a spark of life. It was afterwards known that the deed was committed by three or four warriors from a village near the Ohio; and it is but just to observe that, when they returned home, their conduct was disapproved106 by some of the tribe.[333]
Page after page might be filled with records like these, for the letters and journals of the day are replete107 with narratives108 no less tragical109. Districts were depopulated, and the progress of the country put back for years. Those small and scattered settlements which formed the feeble van of advancing civilization were involved in general destruction, and the fate of one may stand for the fate of all. In many a woody valley of the Alleghanies, the axe110 and firebrand of the settlers had laid a wide space open to the sun. Here and there, about the clearing, stood rough dwellings111 of logs, surrounded by enclosures and cornfields; while, farther out towards the verge112 of the woods, the fallen trees still cumbered the ground. From the clay-built chimneys the smoke rose in steady columns against the dark verge of the forest; and the afternoon sun, which brightened the tops of the mountains, had already left the340 valley in shadow. Before many hours elapsed, the night was lighted up with the glare of blazing dwellings, and the forest rang with the shrieks113 of the murdered inmates114.[334]
Among the records of that day’s sufferings and disasters, none are more striking than the narratives of those whose lives were spared that they might be borne captive to the Indian villages. Exposed to the extremity of hardship, they were urged forward with the assurance of being tomahawked or burnt in case their strength should fail them. Some made their escape from the clutches of their tormentors; but of these not a few found reason to repent115 their success, lost in a trackless wilderness116, and perishing miserably from hunger and exposure. Such attempts could seldom be made in the neighborhood of the settlements. It was only when the party had penetrated117 deep into the forest that their vigilance began to relax, and their captives were bound and guarded with less rigorous severity. Then, perhaps, when encamped by the side of some mountain brook118, and when the warriors lay lost in sleep around their fire, the prisoner would cut or burn asunder341 the cords that bound his wrists and ankles, and glide119 stealthily into the woods. With noiseless celerity he pursues his flight over the fallen trunks, through the dense120 undergrowth, and the thousand pitfalls121 and impediments of the forest; now striking the rough, hard trunk of a tree, now tripping among the insidious122 network of vines and brambles. All is darkness around him, and through the black masses of foliage123 above he can catch but dubious124 and uncertain glimpses of the dull sky. At length, he can hear the gurgle of a neighboring brook; and, turning towards it, he wades125 along its pebbly126 channel, fearing lest the soft mould and rotten wood of the forest might retain traces enough to direct the bloodhound instinct of his pursuers. With the dawn of the misty127 and cloudy morning, he is still pushing on his way, when his attention is caught by the spectral128 figure of an ancient birch-tree, which, with its white bark hanging about it in tatters, seems wofully familiar to his eye. Among the neighboring bushes, a blue smoke curls faintly upward; and, to his horror and amazement129, he recognizes the very fire from which he had fled a few hours before, and the piles of spruce boughs130 upon which the warriors had slept. They have gone, however, and are ranging the forest, in keen pursuit of the fugitive131, who, in his blind flight amid the darkness, had circled round to the very point whence he set out; a mistake not uncommon132 with careless or inexperienced travellers in the woods. Almost in despair, he leaves the ill-omened spot, and directs his course eastward133 with greater care; the bark of the trees, rougher and thicker on the northern side, furnishing a precarious134 clew for his guidance. Around and above him nothing can be seen but the same endless monotony of brown trunks and green leaves, closing him in with an impervious135 screen. He reaches the foot of a mountain, and toils136 upwards137 against the rugged138 declivity139; but when he stands on the summit, the view is still shut out by impenetrable thickets140. High above them all shoots up the tall, gaunt stem of a blasted pine-tree; and, in his eager longing141 for a view of the surrounding objects, he strains every muscle to ascend77. Dark, wild, and lonely, the wilderness stretches around him, half hidden in clouds, half open to the sight, mountain and valley, crag and glistening142 stream; but nowhere can he discern the342 trace of human hand or any hope of rest and harborage. Before he can look for relief, league upon league must be passed, without food to sustain or weapon to defend him. He descends143 the mountain, forcing his way through the undergrowth of laurel-bushes; while the clouds sink lower, and a storm of sleet144 and rain descends upon the waste. Through such scenes, and under such exposures, he presses onward145, sustaining life with the aid of roots and berries or the flesh of reptiles146. Perhaps, in the last extremity, some party of Rangers147 find him, and bring him to a place of refuge; perhaps, by his own efforts, he reaches some frontier post, where rough lodging148 and rough fare seem to him unheard-of luxury; or perhaps, spent with fatigue149 and famine, he perishes in despair, a meagre banquet for the wolves.
Within two or three weeks after the war had broken out, the older towns and settlements of Pennsylvania were crowded with refugees from the deserted150 frontier, reduced, in many cases, to the extremity of destitution151.[335] Sermons were preached in their behalf at Philadelphia; the religious societies united for their relief, and liberal contributions were added by individuals. While private aid was thus generously bestowed152 upon the sufferers, the government showed no such promptness in arresting the public calamity153. Early in July, Governor Hamilton had convoked154 the Assembly, and, representing the distress155 of the borders, had urged them to take measures of defence.[336] But the provincial156 government of Pennsylvania was more conducive157 to prosperity in time of peace than to efficiency343 in time of war. The Quakers, who held a majority in the Assembly, were from principle and practice the reverse of warlike, and, regarding the Indians with a blind partiality, were reluctant to take measures against them. Proud, and with some reason, of the justice and humanity which had marked their conduct towards the Indian race, they had learned to regard themselves as its advocates and patrons, and their zeal56 was greatly sharpened by opposition158 and political prejudice. They now pretended that the accounts from the frontier were grossly exaggerated; and, finding this ground untenable, they alleged159, with better show of reason, that the Indians were driven into hostility160 by the ill-treatment of the proprietaries161 and their partisans163. They recognized, however, the necessity of defensive164 measures, and accordingly passed a bill for raising and equipping a force of seven hundred men, to be composed of frontier farmers, and to be kept in pay only during the time of harvest. They were not to leave the settled parts of the province to engage in offensive operations of any kind, nor even to perform garrison165 duty; their sole object being to enable the people to gather in their crops unmolested.
This force was divided into numerous small detached parties, who were stationed here and there at farm-houses and hamlets on both sides of the Susquehanna, with orders to range the woods daily from post to post, thus forming a feeble chain of defence across the whole frontier. The two companies assigned to Lancaster County were placed under the command of a clergyman, John Elder, pastor167 of the Presbyterian Church of Paxton; a man of worth and education, and held in great respect upon the borders. He discharged his military functions with address and judgment168, drawing a cordon169 of troops across the front of the county, and preserving the inhabitants free from attack for a considerable time.[337]
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The feeble measures adopted by the Pennsylvania Assembly highly excited the wrath170 of Sir Jeffrey Amherst, and he did not hesitate to give his feelings an emphatic171 expression. “The conduct of the Pennsylvania legislature,” he writes, “is altogether so infatuated and stupidly obstinate172, that I want words to express my indignation thereat; but the colony of Virginia, I hope, will have the honor of not only driving the enemy from its own settlements, but that of protecting those of its neighbors who have not spirit to defend themselves.”
Virginia did, in truth, exhibit a vigor25 and activity not unworthy of praise. Unlike Pennsylvania, she had the advantage of an existing militia173 law; and the House of Burgesses was neither embarrassed by scruples174 against the shedding of blood, nor by any peculiar tenderness towards the Indian race. The House, however, was not immediately summoned together; and the governor and council, without waiting to consult the Burgesses, called out a thousand of the militia, five hundred of whom were assigned to the command of Colonel Stephen, and an equal number to that of Major Lewis.[338] The presence of these men, most of whom were woodsmen and hunters, restored order and confidence to the distracted borders; and the inhabitants, before pent up in their forts, or flying before the enemy, now took the field, in conjunction with the militia. Many severe actions were fought, but it seldom happened that the Indians could stand their ground against the border riflemen. The latter were uniformly victorious175 until the end of the summer; when Captains Moffat and Phillips, with sixty men, were lured176 into an ambuscade, and routed, with the loss of half their number. A few weeks after, they took an ample revenge. Learning by their scouts177 that more than a hundred warriors were encamped near Jackson’s River, preparing to attack the settlements, they345 advanced secretly to the spot, and set upon them with such fury that the whole party broke away and fled; leaving weapons, provisions, articles of dress, and implements178 of magic, in the hands of the victors.
Meanwhile the frontier people of Pennsylvania, finding that they could hope for little aid from government, bestirred themselves with admirable spirit in their own defence. The march of Bouquet179, and the victory of Bushy Run, caused a temporary lull180 in the storm, thus enabling some of the bolder inhabitants, who had fled to Shippensburg, Carlisle, and other places of refuge, to return to their farms, where they determined181, if possible, to remain. With this resolution, the people of the Great Cove74, and the adjacent valleys beyond Shippensburg, raised among themselves a small body of riflemen, which they placed under the command of James Smith; a man whose resolute85 and daring character, no less than the native vigor of his intellect, gave him great popularity and influence with the borderers. Having been, for several years, a prisoner among the Indians, he was thoroughly182 acquainted with their mode of fighting. He trained his men in the Indian tactics and discipline, and directed them to assume the dress of warriors, and paint their faces red and black, so that, in appearance, they were hardly distinguishable from the enemy.[339] Thus equipped, they scoured183 the woods in front of the settlements, had various skirmishes with the enemy, and discharged their difficult task with such success that the inhabitants of the neighborhood were not again driven from their homes.
The attacks on the Pennsylvania frontier were known to proceed, in great measure, from several Indian villages, situated184 high up the west branch of the Susquehanna, and inhabited346 by a debauched rabble185 composed of various tribes, of whom the most conspicuous were Delawares. To root out this nest of banditti would be the most effectual means of protecting the settlements, and a hundred and ten men offered themselves for the enterprise. They marched about the end of August; but on their way along the banks of the Susquehanna, they encountered fifty warriors, advancing against the borders. The Indians had the first fire, and drove in the vanguard of the white men. A hot fight ensued. The warriors fought naked, painted black from head to foot; so that, as they leaped among the trees, they seemed to their opponents like demons186 of the forest. They were driven back with heavy loss; and the volunteers returned in triumph, though without accomplishing the object of the expedition; for which, indeed, their numbers were scarcely adequate.[340]
Within a few weeks after their return, Colonel Armstrong, a veteran partisan162 of the French war, raised three hundred men, the best in Cumberland County, with a view to the effectual destruction of the Susquehanna villages. Leaving their rendezvous187 at the crossings of the Juniata, about the first of October, they arrived on the sixth at the Great Island, high up the west branch. On or near this island were situated the principal villages of the enemy. But the Indians had vanished, abandoning their houses, their cornfields, their stolen horses and cattle, and the accumulated spoil of the settlements. Leaving a detachment to burn the towns and lay waste the fields, Armstrong, with the main body of his men, followed close on the trail of the fugitives188; and, pursuing them through a rugged and difficult country, soon arrived at another village, thirty miles above the former. His scouts informed him that the place was full of Indians; and his men, forming a circle around it, rushed in upon the cabins at a given signal. The Indians were gone, having stolen away in such haste that the hominy and bear’s meat, prepared for their meal, were found smoking upon their dishes of birch-bark. Having burned the place to the ground, the party returned to the Great Island; and, rejoining their companions, descended189 the Susquehanna,347 reaching Fort Augusta in a wretched condition, fatigued190, half famished191, and quarrelling among themselves.[341]
Scarcely were they returned, when another expedition was set on foot, in which a portion of them were persuaded to take part. During the previous year, a body of settlers from Connecticut had possessed192 themselves of the valley of Wyoming, on the east branch of the Susquehanna, in defiance of the government of Pennsylvania, and to the great displeasure of the Indians. The object of the expedition was to remove these settlers, and destroy their corn and provisions, which might otherwise fall into the hands of the enemy. The party, composed chiefly of volunteers from Lancaster County, set out from Harris’s Ferry, under the command of Major Clayton, and reached Wyoming on the seventeenth of October. They were too late. Two days before their arrival, a massacre193 had been perpetrated, the fitting precursor194 of that subsequent scene of blood which, embalmed195 in the poetic196 romance of Campbell, has made the name of Wyoming a household word. The settlement was a pile of ashes and cinders197, and the bodies of its miserable198 inhabitants offered frightful199 proof of the cruelties inflicted200 upon them.[342] A large war-party had fallen upon the place, killed and carried off more than twenty of the people, and driven the rest, men, women, and children, in terror to the mountains. Gaining a point which commanded the whole expanse of the valley below, the fugitives looked back, and saw the smoke rolling up in volumes from their burning homes; while the Indians could be discerned roaming about in quest of plunder, or feasting in groups upon the slaughtered201 cattle. One of the principal settlers, a man named Hopkins, was separated from the rest, and driven into the woods. Finding himself closely pursued, he crept into the hollow trunk of a fallen tree, while the Indians passed without observing him. They soon returned to the spot, and ranged the surrounding woods like hounds at fault; two of348 them approaching so near, that, as Hopkins declared, he could hear the bullets rattle202 in their pouches203. The search was unavailing; but the fugitive did not venture from his place of concealment until extreme hunger forced him to return to the ruined settlement in search of food. The Indians had abandoned it some time before; and, having found means to restore his exhausted204 strength, he directed his course towards the settlements of the Delaware, which he reached after many days of wandering.[343]
Having buried the dead bodies of those who had fallen in the massacre, Clayton and his party returned to the settlements. The Quakers, who seemed resolved that they would neither defend the people of the frontier nor allow them to defend themselves, vehemently205 inveighed206 against the several expeditions up the Susquehanna, and denounced them as seditious and murderous. Urged by their blind prejudice in favor of the Indians, they insisted that the bands of the Upper Susquehanna were friendly to the English; whereas, with the single exception of a few Moravian converts near Wyoming, who had not been molested166 by the whites, there could be no rational doubt that these savages207 nourished a rancorous and malignant208 hatred209 against the province. But the Quakers, removed by their situation from all fear of the tomahawk, securely vented210 their spite against the borderers, and doggedly211 closed their ears to the truth.[344] Meanwhile, the people of the frontier besieged212 the Assembly with petitions for relief; but little heed213 was given to their complaints.
Sir Jeffrey Amherst had recently resigned his office of commander-in-chief; and General Gage43, a man of less efficiency than his predecessor214, was appointed to succeed him. Immediately before his departure for England, Amherst had reluctantly condescended215 to ask the several provinces for349 troops to march against the Indians early in the spring, and the first act of Gage was to confirm this requisition. New York was called upon to furnish fourteen hundred men, and New Jersey216 six hundred.[345] The demand was granted, on condition that the New England provinces should also contribute a just proportion to the general defence. This condition was complied with, and the troops were raised.
Pennsylvania had been required to furnish a thousand men; but in this quarter many difficulties intervened. The Assembly of the province, never prompt to vote supplies for military purposes, was now embroiled217 in that obstinate quarrel with the proprietors218, which for years past had clogged219 all the wheels of government. The proprietors insisted on certain pretended rights, which the Assembly strenuously220 opposed; and the governors, who represented the proprietary221 interest, were bound by imperative222 instructions to assert these claims, in spite of all opposition. On the present occasion, the chief point of dispute related to the taxation223 of the proprietary estates; the governor, in conformity224 with his instructions, demanding that they should be assessed at a lower rate than other lands of equal value in the province. The Assembly stood their ground, and refused to remove the obnoxious225 clauses in the supply bill. Message after message passed between the House and the governor; mutual recrimination ensued, and ill blood was engendered226. The frontiers might have been left to their misery227 but for certain events which, during350 the winter, threw the whole province into disorder228, and acted like magic on the minds of the stubborn legislators.
These events may be ascribed, in some degree, to the renewed activity of the enemy; who, during a great part of the autumn, had left the borders in comparative quiet. As the winter closed in, their attacks became more frequent; and districts, repeopled during the interval36 of calm, were again made desolate229. Again the valleys were illumined by the flames of burning houses, and families fled shivering through the biting air of the winter night, while the fires behind them shed a ruddy glow upon the snow-covered mountains. The scouts, who on snowshoes explored the track of the marauders, found the bodies of their victims lying in the forest, stripped naked, and frozen to marble hardness. The distress, wrath, and terror of the borderers produced results sufficiently230 remarkable231 to deserve a separate examination.
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nurtured
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| 养育( nurture的过去式和过去分词 )； 培育； 滋长； 助长 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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progeny
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| n.后代，子孙；结果 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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deigned
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ranger
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| n.国家公园管理员，护林员；骑兵巡逻队员 | |
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refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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obtrusive
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| adj.显眼的；冒失的 | |
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aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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jargon
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| n.术语，行话 | |
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wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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straightforward
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| adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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23
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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24
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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25
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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26
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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28
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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29
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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30
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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31
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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32
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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33
retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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34
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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35
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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36
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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37
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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38
stockade
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| n.栅栏，围栏；v.用栅栏防护 | |
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39
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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40
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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41
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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42
congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
gage
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| n.标准尺寸，规格；量规，量表 [=gauge] | |
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44
relish
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|
| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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45
versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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46
wiles
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| n.（旨在欺骗或吸引人的）诡计，花招；欺骗，欺诈( wile的名词复数 ) | |
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47
stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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48
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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49
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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50
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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51
sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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52
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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53
scotch
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|
| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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54
thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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55
stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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56
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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57
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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58
rigidity
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| adj.钢性，坚硬 | |
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59
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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60
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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61
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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62
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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63
inundating
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| v.淹没( inundate的现在分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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64
boors
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| n.农民( boor的名词复数 )；乡下佬；没礼貌的人；粗野的人 | |
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65
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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66
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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67
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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68
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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69
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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70
asylums
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| n.避难所( asylum的名词复数 )；庇护；政治避难；精神病院 | |
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71
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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72
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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73
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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74
cove
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| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
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75
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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76
ravaging
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| 毁坏( ravage的现在分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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77
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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78
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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79
desolating
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| 毁坏( desolate的现在分词 )； 极大地破坏； 使沮丧； 使痛苦 | |
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80
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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81
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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82
propitiate
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| v.慰解，劝解 | |
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83
elk
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| n.麋鹿 | |
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84
irresolute
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| adj.无决断的，优柔寡断的，踌躇不定的 | |
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85
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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86
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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87
concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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88
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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89
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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90
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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91
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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92
brandished
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| v.挥舞( brandish的过去式和过去分词 )；炫耀 | |
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93
virago
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| n.悍妇 | |
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94
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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95
defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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96
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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97
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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98
ecstasy
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| n.狂喜，心醉神怡，入迷 | |
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99
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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101
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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102
atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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103
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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104
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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105
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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106
disapproved
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| v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
replete
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| adj.饱满的，塞满的；n.贮蜜蚁 | |
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108
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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109
tragical
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| adj. 悲剧的, 悲剧性的 | |
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110
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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111
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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112
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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113
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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114
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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115
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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116
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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117
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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118
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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119
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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120
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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121
pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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122
insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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123
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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124
dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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125
wades
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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126
pebbly
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| 多卵石的，有卵石花纹的 | |
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127
misty
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| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
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128
spectral
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| adj.幽灵的，鬼魂的 | |
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129
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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130
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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131
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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132
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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133
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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134
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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135
impervious
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| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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136
toils
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| 网 | |
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137
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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138
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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139
declivity
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| n.下坡，倾斜面 | |
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140
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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141
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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142
glistening
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|
| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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143
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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144
sleet
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| n.雨雪；v.下雨雪，下冰雹 | |
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145
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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146
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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147
rangers
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| 护林者( ranger的名词复数 )； 突击队员 | |
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148
lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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149
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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150
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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151
destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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152
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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153
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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154
convoked
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| v.召集，召开（会议）( convoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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156
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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157
conducive
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| adj.有益的，有助的 | |
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158
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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159
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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160
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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161
proprietaries
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| n.所有人( proprietary的名词复数 )；专卖药品；独家制造（及销售）的产品 | |
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162
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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163
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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164
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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165
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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166
molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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167
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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168
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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169
cordon
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| n.警戒线，哨兵线 | |
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170
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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171
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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172
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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173
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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174
scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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175
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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176
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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177
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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178
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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179
bouquet
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| n.花束，酒香 | |
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180
lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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181
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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182
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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183
scoured
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| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
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184
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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185
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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186
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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187
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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188
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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189
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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190
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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191
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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192
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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193
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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194
precursor
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| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
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195
embalmed
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| adj.用防腐药物保存（尸体）的v.保存（尸体）不腐( embalm的过去式和过去分词 )；使不被遗忘；使充满香气 | |
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196
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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197
cinders
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| n.煤渣( cinder的名词复数 )；炭渣；煤渣路；煤渣跑道 | |
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198
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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199
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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200
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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201
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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202
rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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203
pouches
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| n.（放在衣袋里或连在腰带上的）小袋( pouch的名词复数 )；（袋鼠等的）育儿袋；邮袋；（某些动物贮存食物的）颊袋 | |
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204
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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205
vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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206
inveighed
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| v.猛烈抨击，痛骂，谩骂( inveigh的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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207
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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208
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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209
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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210
vented
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| 表达，发泄（感情，尤指愤怒）( vent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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211
doggedly
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| adv.顽强地，固执地 | |
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212
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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213
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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214
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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215
condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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216
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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217
embroiled
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| adj.卷入的；纠缠不清的 | |
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218
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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219
clogged
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| （使）阻碍( clog的过去式和过去分词 )； 淤滞 | |
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220
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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221
proprietary
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| n.所有权，所有的；独占的；业主 | |
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222
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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223
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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224
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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225
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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226
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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227
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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228
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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229
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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230
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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231
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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