It was, as nearly as I can remember, midday when the train-load of prisoners reached Pretoria. We pulled up in a sort of siding with an earth platform on the right side which opened into the streets of the town. The day was fine, and the sun shone brightly. There was a considerable crowd of people to receive us; ugly women with bright parasols, loafers and ragamuffins, fat burghers too heavy to ride at the front, and a long line of untidy, white-helmeted policemen—'zarps' as they were called—who looked like broken-down constabulary. Someone opened—unlocked, that is, the point—the door of the railway carriage and told us to come out; and out we came—a very ragged1 and tattered2 group of officers—and waited under the sun blaze and the gloating of many eyes. About a dozen cameras were clicking busily, establishing an imperishable record of our shame. Then they loosed the men and bade them form in rank. The soldiers came out of the dark vans, in which they had been confined, with some eagerness, and began at once to chirp3 and joke, which seemed to me most ill-timed good humour. We waited altogether for about twenty minutes. Now for the first time since my capture I hated the enemy. The simple, valiant4 burghers at the front, fighting bravely as they had been told 'for their farms,' claimed respect, if not sympathy. But here in Pretoria all was petty and contemptible5. Slimy, sleek6 officials of all nationalities—the red-faced, snub-nosed Hollander, the oily Portuguese7 half-caste—thrust or wormed their way through the crowd to look. I seemed to smell corruption8 in the air. Here were the creatures who had fattened9 on the spoils. There in the field were the heroes who won them. Tammany Hall was defended by the Ironsides.
From these reflections I was recalled by a hand on my shoulder. A lanky10, unshaven police sergeant11 grasped my arm. 'You are not an officer,' he said; 'you go this way with the common soldiers,' and he led me across the open space to where the men were formed in a column of fours. The crowd grinned: the cameras clicked again. I fell in with the soldiers and seized the opportunity to tell them not to laugh or smile, but to appear serious men who cared for the cause they fought for; and when I saw how readily they took the hint, and what influence I possessed12 with them, it seemed to me that perhaps with two thousand prisoners something some day might be done. But presently a superior official—superior in rank alone, for in other respects he looked a miserable13 creature—came up and led me back to the officers. At last, when the crowd had thoroughly14 satisfied their patriotic15 curiosity, we were marched off; the soldiers to the enclosed camp on the racecourse, the officers to the States Model Schools prison.
The distance was short, so far as we were concerned, and surrounded by an escort of three armed policemen to each officer, we swiftly traversed two sandy avenues with detached houses on either hand, and reached our destination. We turned a corner; on the other side of the road stood a long, low, red brick building with a slated16 verandah and a row of iron railings before it. The verandah was crowded with bearded men in khaki uniforms or brown suits of flannel—smoking, reading, or talking. They looked up as we arrived. The iron gate was opened, and passing in we joined sixty British officers 'held by the enemy;' and the iron gate was then shut again.
'Hullo! How are you? Where did they catch you? What's the latest news of Buller's advance? Are we going to be exchanged?' and a dozen other questions were asked. It was the sort of reception accorded to a new boy at a private school, or, as it seemed to me, to a new arrival in hell. But after we had satisfied our friends in as much as we could, suggestions of baths, clothes, and luncheon17 were made which were very welcome. So we settled down to what promised to be a long and weary waiting.
The States Model Schools is a one-storied building of considerable size and solid structure, which occupies a corner formed by two roads through Pretoria. It consists of twelve large class-rooms, seven or eight of which were used by the British officers as dormitories and one as a dining-room; a large lecture-hall, which served as an improvised18 fives-court; and a well-fitted gymnasium. It stood in a quadrangular playground about one hundred and twenty yards square, in which were a dozen tents for the police guards, a cookhouse, two tents for the soldier servants, and a newly set-up bath-shed. I do not know how the arrival of other prisoners may have modified these arrangements, but at the time of my coming into the prison, there was room enough for everyone.
The Transvaal Government provided a daily ration19 of bully20 beef and groceries, and the prisoners were allowed to purchase from the local storekeeper, a Mr. Boshof, practically everything they cared to order, except alcoholic21 liquors. During the first week of my detention22 we requested that this last prohibition23 might be withdrawn24, and after profound reflection and much doubtings, the President consented to countenance26 the buying of bottled beer. Until this concession27 was obtained our liquid refreshment28 would have satisfied the most immoderate advocate of temperance, and the only relief was found when the Secretary of State for War, a kind-hearted Portuguese, would smuggle29 in a bottle of whiskey hidden in his tail-coat pocket or amid a basket of fruit. A very energetic and clever young officer of the Dublin Fusiliers, Lieutenant30 Grimshaw, undertook the task of managing the mess, and when he was assisted by another subaltern—Lieutenant Southey, of the Royal Irish Fusiliers—this became an exceedingly well-conducted concern. In spite of the high prices prevailing31 in Pretoria—prices which were certainly not lowered for our benefit—the somewhat meagre rations32 which the Government allowed were supplemented, until we lived, for three shillings a day, quite as well as any regiment33 on service.
On arrival, every officer was given a new suit of clothes, bedding, towels, and toilet necessaries, and the indispensable Mr, Boshof was prepared to add to this wardrobe whatever might be required on payment either in money or by a cheque on Messrs. Cox & Co., whose accommodating fame had spread even to this distant hostile town. I took an early opportunity to buy a suit of tweeds of a dark neutral colour, and as unlike the suits of clothes issued by the Government as possible. I would also have purchased a hat, but another officer told me that he had asked for one and had been refused. After all, what use could I find for a hat, when there were plenty of helmets to spare if I wanted to Walk in the courtyard? And yet my taste ran towards a slouch hat.
The case of the soldiers was less comfortable than ours. Their rations were very scanty34: only one pound of bully beef once a week and two pounds of bread; the rest was made up with mealies, potatoes, and such-like—and not very much of them. Moreover, since they had no money of their own, and since prisoners of war received no pay, they were unable to buy even so much as a pound of tobacco. In consequence they complained a good deal, and were, I think, sufficiently35 discontented to require nothing but leading to make them rise against their guards.
The custody36 and regulating of the officers were entrusted37 to a board of management, four of whose members visited us frequently and listened to any complaints or requests. M. de Souza, the Secretary of War, was perhaps the most friendly and obliging of these, and I think we owed most of the indulgences to his representations. He was a far-seeing little man who had travelled to Europe, and had a very clear conception of the relative strengths of Britain and the Transvaal. He enjoyed a lucrative38 and influential39 position under the Government, and was therefore devoted40 to its interests, but he was nevertheless suspected by the Inner Ring of Hollanders and the Relations of the President of having some sympathy for the British. He had therefore to be very careful. Commandant Opperman, who was directly responsible for our safe custody, was in times of peace a Landrost or Justice. He was too fat to go and fight, but he was an honest and patriotic Boer, who would have gladly taken an active part in the war. He firmly believed that the Republics would win, and when, as sometimes happened, bad news reached Pretoria, Opperman looked a picture of misery41, and would come to us and speak of his resolve to shoot his wife and children and perish in the defence of the capital. Dr. Gunning was an amiable42 little Hollander, fat, rubicund43, and well educated. He was a keen politician, and much attached to the Boer Government, which paid him an excellent salary for looking after the State Museum. He had a wonderful collection of postage stamps, and was also engaged in forming a Zoological Garden. This last ambition had just before the war led him into most serious trouble, for he was unable to resist the lion which Mr. Rhodes had offered him. He confided44 to me that the President had spoken 'most harshly' to him in consequence, and had peremptorily45 ordered the immediate46 return of the beast under threats of instant dismissal. Gunning said that he could not have borne such treatment, but that after all a man must live. My private impression is that he will acquiesce47 in any political settlement which leaves him to enlarge his museum undisturbed. But whether the Transvaal will be able to indulge in such luxuries, after blowing up many of other people's railway bridges, is a question which I cannot answer.
The fourth member of the Board, Mr. Malan, was a foul48 and objectionable brute49. His personal courage was better suited to insulting the prisoners in Pretoria than to fighting the enemy at the front. He was closely related to the President, but not even this advantage could altogether protect him from taunts50 of cowardice51, which were made even in the Executive Council, and somehow filtered down to us. On one occasion he favoured me with some of his impertinence; but I reminded him that in war either side may win, and asked whether he was wise to place himself in a separate category as regards behaviour to the prisoners. 'Because,' quoth I, 'it might be so convenient to the British Government to be able to make one or two examples.' He was a great gross man, and his colour came and went on a large over-fed face; so that his uneasiness was obvious. He never came near me again, but some days later the news of a Boer success arrived, and on the strength of this he came to the prison and abused a subaltern in the Dublin Fusiliers, telling him that he was no gentleman, and other things which it is not right to say to a prisoner. The subaltern happens to be exceedingly handy with his fists, so that after the war is over Mr. Malan is going to get his head punched quite independently of the general settlement.
Although, as I have frequently stated, there were no legitimate52 grounds of complaint against the treatment of British regular officers while prisoners of war, the days I passed at Pretoria were the most monotonous53 and among the most miserable of my life. Early in the sultry mornings, for the heat at this season of the year was great, the soldier servants—prisoners like ourselves—would bring us a cup of coffee, and sitting up in bed we began to smoke the cigarettes and cigars of another idle, aimless day. Breakfast was at nine: a nasty uncomfortable meal. The room was stuffy54, and there are more enlivening spectacles than seventy British officers caught by Dutch farmers and penned together in confinement55. Then came the long morning, to be killed somehow by reading, chess, or cards—and perpetual cigarettes. Luncheon at one: the same as breakfast, only more so; and then a longer afternoon to follow a long morning. Often some of the officers used to play rounders in the small yard which we had for exercise. But the rest walked moodily56 up and down, or lounged over the railings and returned the stares of the occasional passers-by. Later would come the 'Volksstem'—permitted by special indulgence—with its budget of lies.
Sometimes we get a little fillip of excitement. One evening, as I was leaning over the railings, more than forty yards from the nearest sentry57, a short man with a red moustache walked quickly down the street, followed by two colley dogs. As he passed, but without altering his pace in the slightest, or even looking towards me, he said quite distinctly 'Methuen beat the Boers to hell at Belmont.' That night the air seemed cooler and the courtyard larger. Already we imagined the Republics collapsing58 and the bayonets of the Queen's Guards in the streets of Pretoria. Next day I talked to the War Secretary. I had made a large map upon the wall and followed the course of the war as far as possible by making squares of red and green paper to represent the various columns. I said: 'What about Methuen? He has beaten you at Belmont. Now he should be across the Modder. In a few days he will relieve Kimberley.' De Souza shrugged59 his shoulders. 'Who can tell?' he replied; 'but,' he put his finger on the map, 'there stands old Piet Cronje in a position called Scholz Nek, and we don't think Methuen will ever get past him.' The event justified60 his words, and the battle which we call Magersfontein (and ought to call 'Maasfontayne') the Boers call Scholz Nek.
Long, dull, and profitless were the days. I could not write, for the ink seemed to dry upon the pen. I could not read with any perseverance61, and during the whole month I was locked up, I only completed Carlyle's 'History of Frederick the Great' and Mill's 'Essay on Liberty,' neither of which satisfied my peevish62 expectations. When at last the sun sank behind the fort upon the hill and twilight63 marked the end of another wretched day, I used to walk up and down the courtyard looking reflectively at the dirty, unkempt 'zarps' who stood on guard, racking my brains to find some way, by force or fraud, by steel or gold, of regaining64 my freedom. Little did these Transvaal Policemen think, as they leaned on their rifles, smoking and watching the 'tame officers,' of the dark schemes of which they were the object, or of the peril65 in which they would stand but for the difficulties that lay beyond the wall. For we would have made short work of them and their weapons any misty66 night could we but have seen our way clear after that.
As the darkness thickened, the electric lamps were switched on and the whole courtyard turned blue-white with black velvet67 shadows. Then the bell clanged, and we crowded again into the stifling68 dining hall for the last tasteless meal of the barren day. The same miserable stories were told again and again—Colonel Moller's surrender after Talana Hill, and the white flag at Nicholson's Nek—until I knew how the others came to Pretoria as well as I knew my own story.
'We never realised what had happened until we were actually prisoners,' said the officers of the Dublin Fusiliers Mounted Infantry69, who had been captured with Colonel Moller on October 20. 'The "cease fire" sounded: no one knew what had happened. Then we were ordered to form up at the farmhouse70, and there we found Boers, who told us to lay down our arms: we were delivered into their hands and never even allowed to have a gallop71 for freedom. But wait for the Court of Inquiry72.'
I used always to sit next to Colonel Carleton at dinner, and from him and from the others learned the story of Nicholson's Nek, which it is not necessary to repeat here, but which filled me with sympathy for the gallant73 commander and soldiers who were betrayed by the act of an irresponsible subordinate. The officers of the Irish Fusiliers told me of the amazement74 with which they had seen the white flag flying. 'We had still some ammunition75,' they said; 'it is true the position was indefensible—but we only wanted to fight it out.'
'My company was scarcely engaged,' said one poor captain, with tears of vexation in his eyes at the memory; and the Gloucesters told the same tale.
'We saw the hateful thing flying. The firing stopped. No one knew by whose orders the flag had been hoisted76. While we doubted the Boers were all among us disarming77 the men.'
I will write no more upon these painful subjects except to say this, that the hoisting78 of a white flag in token of surrender is an act which can be justified only by clear proof that there was no prospect79 of gaining the slightest military advantage by going on fighting; and that the raising of a white flag in any case by an unauthorised person—i.e. not the officer in chief command—in such a manner as to compromise the resistance of a force, deserves sentence of death, though in view of the high standard of discipline and honour prevailing in her Majesty's army, it might not be necessary to carry the sentence into effect. I earnestly trust that in justice to gallant officers and soldiers, who have languished80 these weary months in Pretoria, there will be a strict inquiry into the circumstances under which they became prisoners of war. I have no doubt we shall be told that it is a foolish thing to wash dirty linen81 in public; but much better wash it in public than wear it foul.
One day shortly after I had arrived I had an interesting visit, for de Souza, wishing to have an argument brought Mr. Grobelaar to see me. This gentleman was the Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and had just returned from Mafeking, whither he had been conducting a 6-inch gun. He was a very well-educated person, and so far as I could tell, honest and capable besides. With him came Reuter's Agent, Mr. Mackay, and the odious82 Malan. I received them sitting on my bed in the dormitory, and when they had lighted cigars, of which I always kept a stock, we had a regular durbar. I began:
'Well, Mr. Grobelaar, you see how your Government treats representatives of the Press.'
Grobelaar. 'I hope you have nothing to complain of
Self. 'Look at the sentries83 with loaded rifles on every side. I might be a wild beast instead of a special correspondent.'
Grobelaar. 'Ah, but putting aside the sentries with loaded rifles, you do not, I trust, Mr. Churchill, make any complaint.'
Self. 'My chief objection to this place is that I am in it.'
Grobelaar. 'That of course is your misfortune, and Mr. Chamberlain's fault.
Self. 'Not at all. We are a peace-loving people, but we had no choice but to fight or be—what was it your burghers told me in the camps?—"driven into the sea." The responsibility of the war is upon you and your President.'
Grobelaar. 'Don't you believe that. We did not want to fight. We only wanted to be left alone.'
Self. 'You never wanted war?'
de Souza. 'Ah, my God, no! Do you think we would fight Great Britain for amusement?'
Self. 'Then why did you make every preparation—turn the Republics into armed camps—prepare deep-laid plans for the invasion of our Colonies?'
Grobelaar. 'Why, what could we do after the Jameson Raid? We had to be ready to protect ourselves.'
Self. 'Surely less extensive armaments would have been sufficient to guard against another similar inroad.'
Grobelaar. 'But we knew your Government was behind the Raiders. Jameson was in front, but Rhodes and your Colonial Office were at his elbow.'
Self. 'As a matter of fact no two people were more disconcerted by the Raid than Chamberlain and Rhodes. Besides, the British Government disavowed the Raiders' action and punished the Raiders, who, I am quite prepared to admit, got no more than they deserved.'
de Souza. 'I don't complain about the British Government's action at the time of the Raid. Chamberlain behaved very honourably84 then. But it was afterwards, when Rhodes was not punished, that we knew it was all a farce85, and that the British Government was bent86 on our destruction. When the burghers knew that Rhodes was not punished they lost all trust in England.'
Malan. 'Ya, ya. That Rhodes, he is the ... at the bottom of it all. You wait and see what we will do to Rhodes when we take Kimberley.'
Self. 'Then you maintain, de Souza, that the distrust caused in this country by the fact that Rhodes was not punished—though how you can punish a man who breaks no law I cannot tell—was the sole cause of your Government making these gigantic military preparations, because it is certain that these preparations were the actual cause of war.'
Grobelaar. 'Why should they be a cause of war? We would never have attacked you.'
Self. 'But at this moment you are invading Cape87 Colony and Natal88, while no British soldier has set foot on Republican soil. Moreover, it was you who declared war upon us.'
Grobelaar. 'Naturally we were not such fools as to wait till your army was here. As soon as you began to send your army, we were bound to declare war. If you had sent it earlier we should have fought earlier. Really, Mr. Churchill, you must see that is only common sense.'
Self. 'I am not criticising your policy or tactics. You hated us bitterly—I dare say you had cause to. You made tremendous preparations—I don't say you were wrong—but look at it from our point of view. We saw a declared enemy armed and arming. Against us, and against us alone, could his preparations be directed. It was time we took some precautions: indeed, we were already too late. Surely what has happened at the front proves that we had no designs against you. You were ready. We were unready. It is the wolf and lamb if you like; but the wolf was asleep and never before was a lamb with such teeth and claws.'
Grobelaar. 'Do you really mean to say that we forced this war on you, that you did not want to fight us?'
Self. 'The country did not wish for war with the Boers. Personally, I have always done so. I saw that you had six rifles to every burgher in the Republic. I knew what that meant. It meant that you were going to raise a great Afrikander revolt against us. One does not set extra places at table unless one expects company to dinner. On the other hand, we have affairs all over the world, and at any moment may become embroiled90 with a European power. At this time things are very quiet. The board is clear in other directions. We can give you our undivided attention. Armed and ambitious as you were, the war had to come sooner or later. I have always said "sooner." Therefore, I rejoiced when you sent your ultimatum91 and roused the whole nation.'
Malan. 'You don't rejoice quite so much now.'
Self. 'My opinion is unaltered, except that the necessity for settling the matter has become more apparent. As for the result, that, as I think Mr. Grobelaar knows, is only a question of time and money expressed in terms of blood and tears.'
Grobelaar. 'No: our opinion is quite unchanged. We prepared for the war. We have always thought we could beat you. We do not doubt our calculations now. We have done better even than we expected. The President is extremely pleased.'
Self. 'There is no good arguing on that point. We shall have to fight it out. But if you had tried to keep on friendly terms with us, the war would not have come for a long time; and the delay was all on your side.'
Grobelaar. 'We have tried till we are sick of it. This Government was badgered out of its life with Chamberlain's despatches—such despatches. And then look how we have been lied about in your papers, and called barbarians92 and savages93.'
Self. 'I think you have certainly been abused unjustly. Indeed, when I was taken prisoner the other day, I thought it quite possible I should be put to death, although I was a correspondent' (great laughter, 'Fancy that!' etc.). 'At the best I expected to be held in prison as a kind of hostage. See how I have been mistaken.'
I pointed94 at the sentry who stood in the doorway95, for even members of the Government could not visit us alone. Grobelaar flushed. 'Oh, well, we will hope that the captivity96 will not impair97 your spirits. Besides, it will not last long. The President expects peace before the New Year.'
'I shall hope to be free by then.'
And with this the interview came to an end, and my visitors withdrew. The actual conversation had lasted more than an hour, but the dialogue above is not an inaccurate98 summary.
About ten days after my arrival at Pretoria I received a visit from the American Consul99, Mr. Macrum. It seems that some uncertainty100 prevailed at home as to whether I was alive, wounded or unwounded, and in what light I was regarded by the Transvaal authorities. Mr. Bourke Cockran, an American Senator who had long been a friend of mine, telegraphed from New York to the United States representative in Pretoria, hoping by this neutral channel to learn how the case stood. I had not, however, talked with Mr. Macrum for very long before I realised that neither I nor any other British prisoner was likely to be the better for any efforts which he might make on our behalf. His sympathies were plainly so much with the Transvaal Government that he even found it difficult to discharge his diplomatic duties. However, he so far sank his political opinions as to telegraph to Mr. Bourke Cockran, and the anxiety which my relations were suffering on my account was thereby101 terminated.
I had one other visitor in these dull days, whom I should like to notice. During the afternoon which I spent among the Boers in their camp behind Bulwana Hill I had exchanged a few words with an Englishman whose name is of no consequence, but who was the gunner entrusted with the aiming of the big 6-inch gun. He was a light-hearted jocular fellow outwardly, but I was not long in discovering that his anxieties among the Boers were grave and numerous. He had been drawn25 into the war, so far as I could make out, more by the desire of sticking to his own friends and neighbours than even of preserving his property. But besides this local spirit, which counterbalanced the racial and patriotic feelings, there was a very strong desire to be upon the winning side, and I think that he regarded the Boers with an aversion which increased in proportion as their successes fell short of their early anticipations102. One afternoon he called at the States Model Schools prison and, being duly authorised to visit the prisoners, asked to see me. In the presence of Dr. Gunning, I had an interesting interview. At first our conversation was confined to generalities, but gradually, as the other officers in the room, with ready tact89, drew the little Hollander Professor into an argument, my renegade and I were able to exchange confidences.
I was of course above all things anxious to get true news from the outer world, and whenever Dr. Gunning's attention was distracted by his discussion with the officers, I managed to get a little.
'Well, you know,' said the gunner, 'you English don't play fair at Ladysmith at all. We have allowed you to have a camp at Intombi Spruit for your wounded, and yet we see red cross flags flying in the town, and we have heard that in the Church there is a magazine of ammunition protected by the red cross flag. Major Erasmus, he says to me "John, you smash up that building," and so when I go back I am going to fire into the church.' Gunning broke out into panegyrics103 on the virtues104 of the Afrikanders: my companion dropped his voice. 'The Boers have had a terrible beating at Belmont; the Free Staters have lost more than 200 killed; much discouraged; if your people keep on like this the Free State will break up.' He raised his voice, 'Ladysmith hold out a month? Not possible; we shall give it a fortnight's more bombardment, and then you will just see how the burghers will scramble105 into their trenches106. Plenty of whisky then, ha, ha, ha!' Then lower, 'I wish to God I could get away from this, but I don't know what to do; they are always suspecting me and watching me, and I have to keep on pretending I want them to win. This is a terrible position for a man to be in: curse the filthy107 Dutchmen!'
I said, 'Will Methuen get to Kimberley?'
'I don't know, but he gave them hell at Belmont and at Graspan, and they say they are fighting again to-day at Modder River. Major Erasmus is very down-hearted about it. But the ordinary burghers hear nothing but lies; all lies, I tell you. (Crescendo) Look at the lies that have been told about us! Barbarians! savages! every name your papers have called us, but you know better than that now; you know how well we have treated you since you have been a prisoner; and look at the way your people have treated our prisoners—put them on board ship to make them sea-sick! Don't you call that cruel?' Here Gunning broke in that it was time for visitors to leave the prison. And so my strange guest, a feather blown along by the wind, without character or stability, a renegade, a traitor108 to his blood and birthplace, a time-server, had to hurry away. I took his measure; nor did his protestations of alarm excite my sympathy, and yet somehow I did not feel unkindly towards him; a weak man is a pitiful object in times of trouble. Some of our countrymen who were living in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State at the outbreak of the war have been placed in such difficult positions and torn by so many conflicting emotions that they must be judged very tolerantly. How few men are strong enough to stand against the prevailing currents of opinion! Nor, after the desertion of the British residents in the Transvaal in 1881, have we the right to judge their successors harshly if they have failed us, for it was Great and Mighty109 Britain who was the renegade and traitor then.
No sooner had I reached Pretoria than I demanded my release from the Government, on the grounds that I was a Press correspondent and a non-combatant. So many people have found it difficult to reconcile this position with the accounts which have been published of what transpired110 during the defence of the armoured train, that I am compelled to explain. Besides the soldiers of the Dublin Fusiliers and Durban Light Infantry who had been captured, there were also eight or ten civilians111, including a fireman, a telegraphist, and several men of the breakdown113 gang. Now it seems to me that according to international practice and the customs of war, the Transvaal Government were perfectly114 justified in regarding all persons connected with a military train as actual combatants; indeed, the fact that they were not soldiers was, if anything, an aggravation115 of their case. But the Boers were at that time overstocked with prisoners whom they had to feed and guard, and they therefore announced that the civilians would be released as soon as their identity was established, and only the military retained as prisoners.
In my case, however, an exception was to be made, and General Joubert, who had read the gushing116 accounts of my conduct which appeared in the Natal newspapers, directed that since I had taken part in the fighting I was to be treated as a combatant officer.
Now, as it happened, I had confined myself strictly117 to the business of clearing the line, which was entrusted to me, and although I do not pretend that I considered the matter in its legal aspect at the time, the fact remains118 that I did not give a shot, nor was I armed when captured. I therefore claimed to be included in the same category as the civilian112 railway officials and men of the breakdown gang, whose declared duty it was to clear the line, pointing out that though my action might differ in degree from theirs, it was of precisely119 the same character, and that if they were regarded as non-combatants I had a right to be considered a non-combatant too.
To this effect I wrote two letters, one to the Secretary of War and one to General Joubert; but, needless to say, I did not indulge in much hope of the result, for I was firmly convinced that the Boer authorities regarded me as a kind of hostage, who would make a pleasing addition to the collection of prisoners they were forming against a change of fortune. I therefore continued to search for a path of escape; and indeed it was just as well that I did so, for I never received any answer to either of my applications while I was a prisoner, although I have since heard that one arrived by a curious coincidence the very day after I had departed.
While I was looking about for means, and awaiting an opportunity to break out of the Model Schools, I made every preparation to make a graceful120 exit when the moment should arrive. I gave full instructions to my friends as to what was to be done with my clothes and the effects I had accumulated during my stay; I paid my account to date with the excellent Boshof; cashed a cheque on him for 20l.; changed some of the notes I had always concealed121 on my person since my capture into gold; and lastly, that there might be no unnecessary unpleasantness, I wrote the following letter to the Secretary of State:
States Model Schools Prison: December 10, 1899.
Sir,—I have the honour to inform you that as I do not consider that your Government have any right to detain me as a military prisoner, I have decided122 to escape from your custody. I have every confidence in the arrangements I have made with my friends outside, and I do not therefore expect to have another opportunity of seeing you. I therefore take this occasion to observe that I consider your treatment of prisoners is correct and humane123, and that I see no grounds for complaint. When I return to the British lines I will make a public statement to this effect. I have also to thank you personally for your civility to me, and to express the hope that we may meet again at Pretoria before very long, and under different circumstances. Regretting that I am unable to bid you a more ceremonious or a personal farewell,
I have the honour, to be, Sir,
Your most obedient servant,
WINSTON CHURCHILL.
To Mr. de Souza,
Secretary of War, South African Republic.
I arranged that this letter, which I took great pleasure in writing, should be left on my bed, and discovered so soon as my flight was known.
It only remained now to find a hat. Luckily for me Mr. Adrian Hofmeyr, a Dutch clergyman and pastor124 of Zeerust, had ventured before the war to express opinions contrary to those which the Boers thought befitting for a Dutchman to hold. They had therefore seized him on the outbreak of hostilities125, and after much ill-treatment and many indignities126 on the Western border, brought him to the States Schools. He knew most of the officials, and could, I think, easily have obtained his liberty had he pretended to be in sympathy with the Republics. He was, however, a true man, and after the clergyman of the Church of England, who was rather a poor creature, omitted to read the prayer for the Queen one Sunday, it was to Hofmeyr's evening services alone that most of the officers would go. I borrowed his hat.
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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3
chirp
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| v.(尤指鸟)唧唧喳喳的叫 | |
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4
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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5
contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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6
sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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7
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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8
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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9
fattened
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| v.喂肥( fatten的过去式和过去分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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10
lanky
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| adj.瘦长的 | |
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11
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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12
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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13
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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14
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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15
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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16
slated
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| 用石板瓦盖( slate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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17
luncheon
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| n.午宴，午餐，便宴 | |
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18
improvised
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| a.即席而作的,即兴的 | |
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19
ration
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| n.定量(pl.)给养，口粮；vt.定量供应 | |
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20
bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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21
alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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22
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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23
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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24
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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25
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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26
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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27
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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28
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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29
smuggle
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| vt.私运；vi.走私 | |
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30
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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31
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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32
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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33
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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34
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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35
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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36
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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37
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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38
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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39
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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40
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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41
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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42
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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43
rubicund
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| adj.(脸色)红润的 | |
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44
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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45
peremptorily
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| adv.紧急地，不容分说地，专横地 | |
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46
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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47
acquiesce
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| vi.默许，顺从，同意 | |
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48
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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49
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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50
taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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51
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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52
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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53
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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54
stuffy
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| adj.不透气的，闷热的 | |
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55
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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56
moodily
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| adv.喜怒无常地；情绪多变地；心情不稳地；易生气地 | |
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57
sentry
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| n.哨兵，警卫 | |
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58
collapsing
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| 压扁[平]，毁坏，断裂 | |
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59
shrugged
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| vt.耸肩（shrug的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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60
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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61
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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62
peevish
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| adj.易怒的，坏脾气的 | |
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63
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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64
regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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65
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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66
misty
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| adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的 | |
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67
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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68
stifling
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| a.令人窒息的 | |
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69
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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70
farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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71
gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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72
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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73
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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74
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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75
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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76
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
disarming
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| adj.消除敌意的，使人消气的v.裁军( disarm的现在分词 )；使息怒 | |
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78
hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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79
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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80
languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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81
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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82
odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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83
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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84
honourably
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| adv.可尊敬地，光荣地，体面地 | |
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85
farce
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| n.闹剧，笑剧，滑稽戏；胡闹 | |
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86
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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87
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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88
natal
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| adj.出生的，先天的 | |
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89
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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90
embroiled
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| adj.卷入的；纠缠不清的 | |
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91
ultimatum
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| n.最后通牒 | |
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92
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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93
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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94
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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95
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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96
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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97
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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98
inaccurate
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| adj.错误的，不正确的，不准确的 | |
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99
consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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100
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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101
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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102
anticipations
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| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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103
panegyrics
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| n.赞美( panegyric的名词复数 )；称颂；颂词；颂扬的演讲或文章 | |
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104
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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105
scramble
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| v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料 | |
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106
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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107
filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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108
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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109
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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110
transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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111
civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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112
civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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113
breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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114
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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115
aggravation
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| n.烦恼，恼火 | |
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116
gushing
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| adj.迸出的；涌出的；喷出的；过分热情的v.喷，涌( gush的现在分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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117
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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118
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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119
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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120
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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121
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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122
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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123
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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124
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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125
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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126
indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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