A democratic republic subsists2 in the United States, and the principal object of this book has been to account for the fact of its existence. Several of the causes which contribute to maintain the institutions of America have been involuntarily passed by or only hinted at as I was borne along by my subject. Others I have been unable to discuss, and those on which I have dwelt most are, as it were, buried in the details of the former parts of this work. I think, therefore, that before I proceed to speak of the future, I cannot do better than collect within a small compass the reasons which best explain the present. In this retrospective chapter I shall be succinct3, for I shall take care to remind the reader very summarily of what he already knows; and I shall only select the most prominent of those facts which I have not yet pointed4 out.
All the causes which contribute to the maintenance of the democratic republic in the United States are reducible to three heads:—
II. The laws.
III. The manners and customs of the people.
Accidental Or Providential Causes Which Contribute To The Maintenance Of The Democratic Republic In The United States The union has no neighbors—No metropolis7—The Americans have had the chances of birth in their favor—America an empty country—How this circumstance contributes powerfully to the maintenance of the democratic republic in America—How the American wilds are peopled—Avidity of the Anglo-Americans in taking possession of the solitudes9 of the New World—Influence of physical prosperity upon the political opinions of the Americans.
A thousand circumstances, independent of the will of man, concur11 to facilitate the maintenance of a democratic republic in the United States. Some of these peculiarities12 are known, the others may easily be pointed out; but I shall confine myself to the most prominent amongst them.
The Americans have no neighbors, and consequently they have no great wars, or financial crises, or inroads, or conquest to dread13; they require neither great taxes, nor great armies, nor great generals; and they have nothing to fear from a scourge14 which is more formidable to republics than all these evils combined, namely, military glory. It is impossible to deny the inconceivable influence which military glory exercises upon the spirit of a nation. General Jackson, whom the Americans have twice elected to the head of their Government, is a man of a violent temper and mediocre15 talents; no one circumstance in the whole course of his career ever proved that he is qualified16 to govern a free people, and indeed the majority of the enlightened classes of the union has always been opposed to him. But he was raised to the Presidency17, and has been maintained in that lofty station, solely18 by the recollection of a victory which he gained twenty years ago under the walls of New Orleans, a victory which was, however, a very ordinary achievement, and which could only be remembered in a country where battles are rare. Now the people which is thus carried away by the illusions of glory is unquestionably the most cold and calculating, the most unmilitary (if I may use the expression), and the most prosaic19 of all the peoples of the earth.
America has no great capital *a city, whose influence is directly or indirectly20 felt over the whole extent of the country, which I hold to be one of the first causes of the maintenance of republican institutions in the United States. In cities men cannot be prevented from concerting together, and from awakening21 a mutual22 excitement which prompts sudden and passionate23 resolutions. Cities may be looked upon as large assemblies, of which all the inhabitants are members; their populace exercises a prodigious24 influence upon the magistrates25, and frequently executes its own wishes without their intervention26.
a
[ The United States have no metropolis, but they already contain several very large cities. Philadelphia reckoned 161,000 inhabitants and New York 202,000 in the year 1830. The lower orders which inhabit these cities constitute a rabble27 even more formidable than the populace of European towns. They consist of freed blacks in the first place, who are condemned28 by the laws and by public opinion to a hereditary29 state of misery30 and degradation31. They also contain a multitude of Europeans who have been driven to the shores of the New World by their misfortunes or their misconduct; and these men inoculate32 the United States with all our vices33, without bringing with them any of those interests which counteract34 their baneful35 influence. As inhabitants of a country where they have no civil rights, they are ready to turn all the passions which agitate36 the community to their own advantage; thus, within the last few months serious riots have broken out in Philadelphia and in New York. Disturbances37 of this kind are unknown in the rest of the country, which is nowise alarmed by them, because the population of the cities has hitherto exercised neither power nor influence over the rural districts. Nevertheless, I look upon the size of certain American cities, and especially on the nature of their population, as a real danger which threatens the future security of the democratic republics of the New World; and I venture to predict that they will perish from this circumstance unless the government succeeds in creating an armed force, which, whilst it remains38 under the control of the majority of the nation, will be independent of the town population, and able to repress its excesses.
[The population of the city of New York had risen, in 1870, to 942,292, and that of Philadelphia to 674,022. Brooklyn, which may be said to form part of New York city, has a population of 396,099, in addition to that of New York. The frequent disturbances in the great cities of America, and the excessive corruption39 of their local governments—over which there is no effectual control—are amongst the greatest evils and dangers of the country.]]
To subject the provinces to the metropolis is therefore not only to place the destiny of the empire in the hands of a portion of the community, which may be reprobated as unjust, but to place it in the hands of a populace acting40 under its own impulses, which must be avoided as dangerous. The preponderance of capital cities is therefore a serious blow upon the representative system, and it exposes modern republics to the same defect as the republics of antiquity41, which all perished from not having been acquainted with that form of government.
It would be easy for me to adduce a great number of secondary causes which have contributed to establish, and which concur to maintain, the democratic republic of the United States. But I discern two principal circumstances amongst these favorable elements, which I hasten to point out. I have already observed that the origin of the American settlements may be looked upon as the first and most efficacious cause to which the present prosperity of the United States may be attributed. The Americans had the chances of birth in their favor, and their forefathers42 imported that equality of conditions into the country whence the democratic republic has very naturally taken its rise. Nor was this all they did; for besides this republican condition of society, the early settler bequeathed to their descendants those customs, manners, and opinions which contribute most to the success of a republican form of government. When I reflect upon the consequences of this primary circumstance, methinks I see the destiny of America embodied44 in the first Puritan who landed on those shores, just as the human race was represented by the first man.
The chief circumstance which has favored the establishment and the maintenance of a democratic republic in the United States is the nature of the territory which the American inhabit. Their ancestors gave them the love of equality and of freedom, but God himself gave them the means of remaining equal and free, by placing them upon a boundless45 continent, which is open to their exertions46. General prosperity is favorable to the stability of all governments, but more particularly of a democratic constitution, which depends upon the dispositions47 of the majority, and more particularly of that portion of the community which is most exposed to feel the pressure of want. When the people rules, it must be rendered happy, or it will overturn the State, and misery is apt to stimulate49 it to those excesses to which ambition rouses kings. The physical causes, independent of the laws, which contribute to promote general prosperity, are more numerous in America than they have ever been in any other country in the world, at any other period of history. In the United States not only is legislation democratic, but nature herself favors the cause of the people.
In what part of human tradition can be found anything at all similar to that which is occurring under our eyes in North America? The celebrated50 communities of antiquity were all founded in the midst of hostile nations, which they were obliged to subjugate51 before they could flourish in their place. Even the moderns have found, in some parts of South America, vast regions inhabited by a people of inferior civilization, but which occupied and cultivated the soil. To found their new states it was necessary to extirpate52 or to subdue53 a numerous population, until civilization has been made to blush for their success. But North America was only inhabited by wandering tribes, who took no thought of the natural riches of the soil, and that vast country was still, properly speaking, an empty continent, a desert land awaiting its inhabitants.
Everything is extraordinary in America, the social condition of the inhabitants, as well as the laws; but the soil upon which these institutions are founded is more extraordinary than all the rest. When man was first placed upon the earth by the Creator, the earth was inexhaustible in its youth, but man was weak and ignorant; and when he had learned to explore the treasures which it contained, hosts of his fellow creatures covered its surface, and he was obliged to earn an asylum54 for repose55 and for freedom by the sword. At that same period North America was discovered, as if it had been kept in reserve by the Deity56, and had just risen from beneath the waters of the deluge57.
That continent still presents, as it did in the primeval time, rivers which rise from never-failing sources, green and moist solitudes, and fields which the ploughshare of the husbandman has never turned. In this state it is offered to man, not in the barbarous and isolated58 condition of the early ages, but to a being who is already in possession of the most potent59 secrets of the natural world, who is united to his fellow-men, and instructed by the experience of fifty centuries. At this very time thirteen millions of civilized60 Europeans are peaceably spreading over those fertile plains, with whose resources and whose extent they are not yet themselves accurately61 acquainted. Three or four thousand soldiers drive the wandering races of the aborigines before them; these are followed by the pioneers, who pierce the woods, scare off the beasts of prey62, explore the courses of the inland streams, and make ready the triumphal procession of civilization across the waste.
The favorable influence of the temporal prosperity of America upon the institutions of that country has been so often described by others, and adverted63 to by myself, that I shall not enlarge upon it beyond the addition of a few facts. An erroneous notion is generally entertained that the deserts of America are peopled by European emigrants64, who annually66 disembark upon the coasts of the New World, whilst the American population increases and multiplies upon the soil which its forefathers tilled. The European settler, however, usually arrives in the United States without friends, and sometimes without resources; in order to subsist1 he is obliged to work for hire, and he rarely proceeds beyond that belt of industrious67 population which adjoins the ocean. The desert cannot be explored without capital or credit; and the body must be accustomed to the rigors68 of a new climate before it can be exposed to the chances of forest life. It is the Americans themselves who daily quit the spots which gave them birth to acquire extensive domains69 in a remote country. Thus the European leaves his cottage for the trans-Atlantic shores; and the American, who is born on that very coast, plunges70 in his turn into the wilds of Central America. This double emigration is incessant71; it begins in the remotest parts of Europe, it crosses the Atlantic Ocean, and it advances over the solitudes of the New World. Millions of men are marching at once towards the same horizon; their language, their religion, their manners differ, their object is the same. The gifts of fortune are promised in the West, and to the West they bend their course. *b
b
[ [The number of foreign immigrants into the United States in the last fifty years (from 1820 to 1871) is stated to be 7,556,007. Of these, 4,104,553 spoke72 English—that is, they came from Great Britain, Ireland, or the British colonies; 2,643,069 came from Germany or northern Europe; and about half a million from the south of Europe.]]
No event can be compared with this continuous removal of the human race, except perhaps those irruptions which preceded the fall of the Roman Empire. Then, as well as now, generations of men were impelled73 forwards in the same direction to meet and struggle on the same spot; but the designs of Providence were not the same; then, every newcomer was the harbinger of destruction and of death; now, every adventurer brings with him the elements of prosperity and of life. The future still conceals74 from us the ulterior consequences of this emigration of the Americans towards the West; but we can readily apprehend75 its more immediate76 results. As a portion of the inhabitants annually leave the States in which they were born, the population of these States increases very slowly, although they have long been established: thus in Connecticut, which only contains fifty-nine inhabitants to the square mile, the population has not increased by more than one-quarter in forty years, whilst that of England has been augmented77 by one-third in the lapse78 of the same period. The European emigrant65 always lands, therefore, in a country which is but half full, and where hands are in request: he becomes a workman in easy circumstances; his son goes to seek his fortune in unpeopled regions, and he becomes a rich landowner. The former amasses79 the capital which the latter invests, and the stranger as well as the native is unacquainted with want.
The laws of the United States are extremely favorable to the division of property; but a cause which is more powerful than the laws prevents property from being divided to excess. *c This is very perceptible in the States which are beginning to be thickly peopled; Massachusetts is the most populous80 part of the union, but it contains only eighty inhabitants to the square mile, which is must less than in France, where 162 are reckoned to the same extent of country. But in Massachusetts estates are very rarely divided; the eldest81 son takes the land, and the others go to seek their fortune in the desert. The law has abolished the rights of primogeniture, but circumstances have concurred82 to re-establish it under a form of which none can complain, and by which no just rights are impaired83.
c
[ In New England the estates are exceedingly small, but they are rarely subjected to further division.]
A single fact will suffice to show the prodigious number of individuals who leave New England, in this manner, to settle themselves in the wilds. We were assured in 1830 that thirty-six of the members of Congress were born in the little State of Connecticut. The population of Connecticut, which constitutes only one forty-third part of that of the United States, thus furnished one-eighth of the whole body of representatives. The States of Connecticut, however, only sends five delegates to Congress; and the thirty-one others sit for the new Western States. If these thirty-one individuals had remained in Connecticut, it is probable that instead of becoming rich landowners they would have remained humble84 laborers85, that they would have lived in obscurity without being able to rise into public life, and that, far from becoming useful members of the legislature, they might have been unruly citizens.
These reflections do not escape the observation of the Americans any more than of ourselves. "It cannot be doubted," says Chancellor87 Kent in his "Treatise88 on American Law," "that the division of landed estates must produce great evils when it is carried to such excess as that each parcel of land is insufficient89 to support a family; but these disadvantages have never been felt in the United States, and many generations must elapse before they can be felt. The extent of our inhabited territory, the abundance of adjacent land, and the continual stream of emigration flowing from the shores of the Atlantic towards the interior of the country, suffice as yet, and will long suffice, to prevent the parcelling out of estates."
It is difficult to describe the rapacity90 with which the American rushes forward to secure the immense booty which fortune proffers91 to him. In the pursuit he fearlessly braves the arrow of the Indian and the distempers of the forest; he is unimpressed by the silence of the woods; the approach of beasts of prey does not disturb him; for he is goaded92 onwards by a passion more intense than the love of life. Before him lies a boundless continent, and he urges onwards as if time pressed, and he was afraid of finding no room for his exertions. I have spoken of the emigration from the older States, but how shall I describe that which takes place from the more recent ones? Fifty years have scarcely elapsed since that of Ohio was founded; the greater part of its inhabitants were not born within its confines; its capital has only been built thirty years, and its territory is still covered by an immense extent of uncultivated fields; nevertheless the population of Ohio is already proceeding93 westward94, and most of the settlers who descend43 to the fertile savannahs of Illinois are citizens of Ohio. These men left their first country to improve their condition; they quit their resting-place to ameliorate it still more; fortune awaits them everywhere, but happiness they cannot attain95. The desire of prosperity is become an ardent96 and restless passion in their minds which grows by what it gains. They early broke the ties which bound them to their natal97 earth, and they have contracted no fresh ones on their way. Emigration was at first necessary to them as a means of subsistence; and it soon becomes a sort of game of chance, which they pursue for the emotions it excites as much as for the gain it procures98.
Sometimes the progress of man is so rapid that the desert reappears behind him. The woods stoop to give him a passage, and spring up again when he has passed. It is not uncommon99 in crossing the new States of the West to meet with deserted100 dwellings101 in the midst of the wilds; the traveller frequently discovers the vestiges102 of a log house in the most solitary103 retreats, which bear witness to the power, and no less to the inconstancy of man. In these abandoned fields, and over these ruins of a day, the primeval forest soon scatters104 a fresh vegetation, the beasts resume the haunts which were once their own, and Nature covers the traces of man's path with branches and with flowers, which obliterate105 his evanescent track.
I remember that, in crossing one of the woodland districts which still cover the State of New York, I reached the shores of a lake embosomed in forests coeval106 with the world. A small island, covered with woods whose thick foliage107 concealed108 its banks, rose from the centre of the waters. Upon the shores of the lake no object attested109 the presence of man except a column of smoke which might be seen on the horizon rising from the tops of the trees to the clouds, and seeming to hang from heaven rather than to be mounting to the sky. An Indian shallop was hauled up on the sand, which tempted110 me to visit the islet that had first attracted my attention, and in a few minutes I set foot upon its banks. The whole island formed one of those delicious solitudes of the New World which almost lead civilized man to regret the haunts of the savage112. A luxuriant vegetation bore witness to the incomparable fruitfulness of the soil. The deep silence which is common to the wilds of North America was only broken by the hoarse113 cooing of the wood-pigeon, and the tapping of the woodpecker upon the bark of trees. I was far from supposing that this spot had ever been inhabited, so completely did Nature seem to be left to her own caprices; but when I reached the centre of the isle111 I thought that I discovered some traces of man. I then proceeded to examine the surrounding objects with care, and I soon perceived that a European had undoubtedly114 been led to seek a refuge in this retreat. Yet what changes had taken place in the scene of his labors115! The logs which he had hastily hewn to build himself a shed had sprouted116 afresh; the very props117 were intertwined with living verdure, and his cabin was transformed into a bower118. In the midst of these shrubs119 a few stones were to be seen, blackened with fire and sprinkled with thin ashes; here the hearth120 had no doubt been, and the chimney in falling had covered it with rubbish. I stood for some time in silent admiration121 of the exuberance122 of Nature and the littleness of man: and when I was obliged to leave that enchanting123 solitude8, I exclaimed with melancholy124, "Are ruins, then, already here?"
In Europe we are wont125 to look upon a restless disposition48, an unbounded desire of riches, and an excessive love of independence, as propensities126 very formidable to society. Yet these are the very elements which ensure a long and peaceful duration to the republics of America. Without these unquiet passions the population would collect in certain spots, and would soon be subject to wants like those of the Old World, which it is difficult to satisfy; for such is the present good fortune of the New World, that the vices of its inhabitants are scarcely less favorable to society than their virtues127. These circumstances exercise a great influence on the estimation in which human actions are held in the two hemispheres. The Americans frequently term what we should call cupidity129 a laudable industry; and they blame as faint-heartedness what we consider to be the virtue128 of moderate desires.
In France, simple tastes, orderly manners, domestic affections, and the attachments130 which men feel to the place of their birth, are looked upon as great guarantees of the tranquillity131 and happiness of the State. But in America nothing seems to be more prejudicial to society than these virtues. The French Canadians, who have faithfully preserved the traditions of their pristine132 manners, are already embarrassed for room upon their small territory; and this little community, which has so recently begun to exist, will shortly be a prey to the calamities133 incident to old nations. In Canada, the most enlightened, patriotic134, and humane135 inhabitants make extraordinary efforts to render the people dissatisfied with those simple enjoyments136 which still content it. There, the seductions of wealth are vaunted with as much zeal137 as the charms of an honest but limited income in the Old World, and more exertions are made to excite the passions of the citizens there than to calm them elsewhere. If we listen to their eulogies138, we shall hear that nothing is more praiseworthy than to exchange the pure and homely139 pleasures which even the poor man tastes in his own country for the dull delights of prosperity under a foreign sky; to leave the patrimonial140 hearth and the turf beneath which his forefathers sleep; in short, to abandon the living and the dead in quest of fortune.
At the present time America presents a field for human effort far more extensive than any sum of labor86 which can be applied141 to work it. In America too much knowledge cannot be diffused142; for all knowledge, whilst it may serve him who possesses it, turns also to the advantage of those who are without it. New wants are not to be feared, since they can be satisfied without difficulty; the growth of human passions need not be dreaded143, since all passions may find an easy and a legitimate144 object; nor can men be put in possession of too much freedom, since they are scarcely ever tempted to misuse145 their liberties.
The American republics of the present day are like companies of adventurers formed to explore in common the waste lands of the New World, and busied in a flourishing trade. The passions which agitate the Americans most deeply are not their political but their commercial passions; or, to speak more correctly, they introduce the habits they contract in business into their political life. They love order, without which affairs do not prosper10; and they set an especial value upon a regular conduct, which is the foundation of a solid business; they prefer the good sense which amasses large fortunes to that enterprising spirit which frequently dissipates them; general ideas alarm their minds, which are accustomed to positive calculations, and they hold practice in more honor than theory.
It is in America that one learns to understand the influence which physical prosperity exercises over political actions, and even over opinions which ought to acknowledge no sway but that of reason; and it is more especially amongst strangers that this truth is perceptible. Most of the European emigrants to the New World carry with them that wild love of independence and of change which our calamities are so apt to engender146. I sometimes met with Europeans in the United States who had been obliged to leave their own country on account of their political opinions. They all astonished me by the language they held, but one of them surprised me more than all the rest. As I was crossing one of the most remote districts of Pennsylvania I was benighted147, and obliged to beg for hospitality at the gate of a wealthy planter, who was a Frenchman by birth. He bade me sit down beside his fire, and we began to talk with that freedom which befits persons who meet in the backwoods, two thousand leagues from their native country. I was aware that my host had been a great leveller and an ardent demagogue forty years ago, and that his name was not unknown to fame. I was, therefore, not a little surprised to hear him discuss the rights of property as an economist148 or a landowner might have done: he spoke of the necessary gradations which fortune establishes among men, of obedience149 to established laws, of the influence of good morals in commonwealths150, and of the support which religious opinions give to order and to freedom; he even went to far as to quote an evangelical authority in corroboration151 of one of his political tenets.
I listened, and marvelled152 at the feebleness of human reason. A proposition is true or false, but no art can prove it to be one or the other, in the midst of the uncertainties153 of science and the conflicting lessons of experience, until a new incident disperses154 the clouds of doubt; I was poor, I become rich, and I am not to expect that prosperity will act upon my conduct, and leave my judgment155 free; my opinions change with my fortune, and the happy circumstances which I turn to my advantage furnish me with that decisive argument which was before wanting. The influence of prosperity acts still more freely upon the American than upon strangers. The American has always seen the connection of public order and public prosperity, intimately united as they are, go on before his eyes; he does not conceive that one can subsist without the other; he has therefore nothing to forget; nor has he, like so many Europeans, to unlearn the lessons of his early education.
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subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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subsists
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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succinct
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| adj.简明的，简洁的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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prosper
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| v.成功，兴隆，昌盛；使成功，使昌隆，繁荣 | |
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concur
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| v.同意，意见一致，互助，同时发生 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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mediocre
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| adj.平常的，普通的 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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inoculate
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| v.给...接种，给...注射疫苗 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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counteract
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| vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消 | |
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baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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agitate
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| vi.(for,against)煽动，鼓动；vt.搅动 | |
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37
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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38
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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39
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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40
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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41
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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42
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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43
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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44
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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45
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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46
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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47
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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48
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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49
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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50
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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51
subjugate
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| v.征服；抑制 | |
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52
extirpate
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| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
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53
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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54
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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55
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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56
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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57
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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58
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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59
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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60
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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61
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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62
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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63
adverted
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| 引起注意（advert的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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64
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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65
emigrant
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| adj.移居的，移民的；n.移居外国的人，移民 | |
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66
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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67
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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68
rigors
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| 严格( rigor的名词复数 )； 严酷； 严密； （由惊吓或中毒等导致的身体）僵直 | |
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69
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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70
plunges
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| n.跳进，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳进，陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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71
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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72
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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73
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
conceals
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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75
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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76
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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77
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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78
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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79
amasses
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的第三人称单数 ) | |
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80
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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81
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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82
concurred
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| 同意（concur的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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83
impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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85
laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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86
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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87
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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88
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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89
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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90
rapacity
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| n.贪婪，贪心，劫掠的欲望 | |
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91
proffers
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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92
goaded
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| v.刺激( goad的过去式和过去分词 )；激励；（用尖棒）驱赶；驱使（或怂恿、刺激）某人 | |
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93
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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94
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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95
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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96
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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97
natal
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| adj.出生的，先天的 | |
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98
procures
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的第三人称单数 )；拉皮条 | |
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99
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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100
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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101
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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102
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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103
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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104
scatters
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| v.（使）散开， （使）分散，驱散( scatter的第三人称单数 )；撒 | |
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105
obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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106
coeval
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| adj.同时代的；n.同时代的人或事物 | |
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107
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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108
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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109
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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110
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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111
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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112
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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113
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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114
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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115
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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116
sprouted
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| v.发芽( sprout的过去式和过去分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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117
props
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| 小道具； 支柱( prop的名词复数 )； 支持者； 道具； （橄榄球中的）支柱前锋 | |
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118
bower
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| n.凉亭，树荫下凉快之处；闺房；v.荫蔽 | |
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119
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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120
hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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121
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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122
exuberance
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| n.丰富；繁荣 | |
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123
enchanting
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| a.讨人喜欢的 | |
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124
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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125
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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126
propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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127
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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128
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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129
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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130
attachments
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| n.（用电子邮件发送的）附件( attachment的名词复数 )；附着；连接；附属物 | |
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131
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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132
pristine
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| adj.原来的，古时的，原始的，纯净的，无垢的 | |
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133
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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134
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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135
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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136
enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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137
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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138
eulogies
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| n.颂词，颂文( eulogy的名词复数 ) | |
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139
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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140
patrimonial
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| adj.祖传的 | |
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141
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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142
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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143
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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144
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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145
misuse
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| n.误用，滥用；vt.误用，滥用 | |
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146
engender
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| v.产生，引起 | |
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147
benighted
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| adj.蒙昧的 | |
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148
economist
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| n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人 | |
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149
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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150
commonwealths
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| n.共和国( commonwealth的名词复数 )；联邦；团体；协会 | |
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151
corroboration
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| n.进一步的证实，进一步的证据 | |
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152
marvelled
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| v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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153
uncertainties
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| 无把握( uncertainty的名词复数 )； 不确定； 变化不定； 无把握、不确定的事物 | |
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154
disperses
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| v.（使）分散( disperse的第三人称单数 )；疏散；驱散；散布 | |
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155
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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