An outburst of frankness often accomplishes more than the politest circumlocution2.
To tell the truth, my good people, they are robbing you. It is harsh, but it is true.
The words robbery, to rob, robber, will seem in very bad taste to many people. I say to them as Harpagon did to Elise, Is it the word or the thing that alarms you?
Whoever has fraudulently taken that which does not belong to him, is guilty of robbery. (Penal Code, Art. 379.)
Robber: He who takes more than his due. (The same.)
Now, does not the monopolist, who, by a law of his own making, obliges me to pay him twenty francs for an article which I can get elsewhere for fifteen, take from me fraudulently five francs, which belong to me?
Does he not take it furtively, or by force?
Does he not require of me more than his due?
He carries off, he takes, he demands, they will say, but not furtively or by force, which are the characteristics of robbery.
When our tax levy5 is burdened with five francs for the bounty6 which this monopolist carries off, takes, or demands, what can be more furtive3, since so few of us suspect it? And for those who are not deceived, what can be more forced, since, at the first refusal to pay, the officer is at our doors?
Still, let the monopolists reassure7 themselves. These robberies, by means of bounties8 or tariffs9, even if they do violate equity11 as much as robbery, do not break the law; on the contrary, they are perpetrated through the law. They are all the worse for this, but they have nothing to do with criminal justice.
Besides, willy-nilly, we are all robbers and robbed in the business. Though the author of this book cries stop thief, when he buys, others can cry the same after him, when he sells. If he differs from many of his countrymen, it is only in this: he knows that he loses by this game more than he gains, and they do not; if they did know it, the game would soon cease.
Nor do I boast of having first given this thing its true name. More than sixty years ago, Adam Smith said:
"When manufacturers meet it may be expected that a conspiracy12 will be planned against the pockets of the public." Can we be astonished at this when the public pay no attention to it?
An assembly of manufacturers deliberate officially under the name of Industrial League. What goes on there, and what is decided13 upon?
I give a very brief summary of the proceedings14 of one meeting:
"A Ship-builder. Our mercantile marine15 is at the last gasp16 (warlike digression). It is not surprising. I cannot build without iron. I can get it at ten francs in the world's market; but, through the law, the managers of the French forges compel me to pay them fifteen francs. Thus they take five francs from me. I ask freedom to buy where I please.
"An Iron Manufacturer. In the world's market I can obtain transportation for twenty francs. The ship-builder, through the law, requires thirty. Thus he takes ten francs from me. He plunders18 me; I plunder17 him. It is all for the best.
"A Public Official. The conclusion of the ship-builder's argument is highly imprudent. Oh, let us cultivate the touching19 union which makes our strength; if we relax an iota20 from the theory of protection, good-bye to the whole of it.
"The Ship-builder. But, for us, protection is a failure. I repeat that the shipping21 is nearly gone.
"A Sailor. Very well, let us raise the discriminating22 duties against goods imported in foreign bottoms, and let the ship-builder, who now takes thirty francs from the public, hereafter take forty.
"A Minister. The government will push to its extreme limits the admirable mechanism23 of these discriminating duties, but I fear that it will not answer the purpose.
"A Government Employe. You seem to be bothered about a very little matter. Is there any safety but in the bounty? If the consumer is willing, the tax-payer is no less so. Let us pile on the taxes, and let the ship-builder be satisfied. I propose a bounty of five francs, to be taken from the public revenues, to be paid to the ship-builder for each quintal of iron that he uses.
"Several Voices. Seconded, seconded.
"A Farmer. I want a bounty of three francs for each bushel of wheat.
"The Presiding Officer. That is understood. Our meeting will have originated the system of drawbacks, and it will be its eternal glory. What branch of manufacturing can lose hereafter, when we have two so simple means of turning losses into gains—the tariff10 and drawbacks. The meeting is adjourned25."
Some supernatural vision must have shown me in a dream the coming appearance of the bounty (who knows if I did not suggest the thought to M. Dupin?), when some months ago I wrote the following words:
"It seems evident to me that protection, without changing its nature or effects, might take the form of a direct tax levied26 by the State, and distributed in indemnifying bounties to privileged manufacturers."
And after having compared protective duties with the bounty:
"I frankly27 avow28 my preference for the latter system; it seems to me more just, more economical, and more truthful29. More just, because if society wishes to give gratuities30 to some of its members, all should contribute; more economical, because it would save much of the expense of collection, and do away with many obstacles; and, finally, more truthful, because the public could see the operation plainly, and would know what was done."
Since the opportunity is so kindly31 offered us, let us study this robbery by bounties. What is said of it will also apply to robbery by tariff, and as it is a little better disguised, the direct will enable us to understand the indirect, cheating. Thus the mind proceeds from the simple to the complex.
But is there no simpler variety of robbery? Certainly, there is highway robbery, and all it needs is to be legalized, or, as they say now-a-days, organized.
I once read the following in somebody's travels:
"When we reached the Kingdom of A—— we found all industrial pursuits suffering. Agriculture groaned32, manufactures complained, commerce murmured, the navy growled33, and the government did not know whom to listen to. At first it thought of taxing all the discontented, and of dividing among them the proceeds of these taxes after having taken its share; which would have been like the method of managing lotteries34 in our dear Spain. There are a thousand of you; the State takes a dollar from each one, cunningly steals two hundred and fifty, and then divides up seven hundred and fifty, in greater or smaller sums, among the players. The worthy35 Hidalgo, who has received three-quarters of a dollar, forgetting that he has spent a whole one, is wild with joy, and runs to spend his shillings at the tavern36. Something like this once happened in France. Barbarous as the country of A—— was, however, the government did not trust the stupidity of the inhabitants enough to make them accept such singular protection, and hence this was what it devised:
"The country was intersected with roads. The government had them measured, exactly, and then said to the farmers, 'All that you can steal from travelers between these boundaries is yours; let it serve you as a bounty, a protection, and an encouragement.' It afterwards assigned to each manufacturer and each ship-builder, a bit of road to work up, according to this formula:
Dono tibi et concedo,
Virtutem et puissantiam,
Robbandi,
Pillageandi,
Stealandi,
Cheatandi,
Et Swindlandi,
Impune per totam istam,
Viam.
"Now it has come to pass that the natives of the Kingdom of A—— are so familiarized with this regime, and so accustomed to think only of what they steal, and not of what is stolen from them, so habituated to look at pillage37 but from the pillager's point of view, that they consider the sum of all these private robberies as national profit, and refuse to give up a system of protection without which, they say, no branch of industry can live."
Do you say, it is not possible that an entire nation could see an increase of riches where the inhabitants plundered38 one another?
Why not? We have this belief in France, and every day we organize and practice reciprocal robbery under the name of bounties and protective tariffs.
Let us exaggerate nothing, however; let us concede that as far as the mode of collection, and the collateral39 circumstances, are concerned, the system in the Kingdom of A—— may be worse than ours; but let us say, also, that as far as principles and necessary results are concerned, there is not an atom of difference between these two kinds of robbery legally organized to eke40 out the profits of industry.
Observe, that if highway robbery presents some difficulties of execution, it has also certain advantages which are not found in the tariff robbery.
For instance: An equitable41 division can be made between all the plunderers. It is not thus with tariffs. They are by nature impotent to protect certain classes of society, such as artizans, merchants, literary men, lawyers, soldiers, etc., etc.
It is true that bounty robbery allows of infinite subdivisions, and in this respect does not yield in perfection to highway robbery, but on the other hand it often leads to results which are so odd and foolish, that the natives of the Kingdom of A—— may laugh at it with great reason.
That which the plundered party loses in highway robbery is gained by the robber. The article stolen remains42, at least, in the country. But under the dominion43 of bounty robbery, that which the duty takes from the French is often given to the Chinese, the Hottentots, Caffirs, and Algonquins, as follows:
A piece of cloth is worth a hundred francs at Bordeaux. It is impossible to sell it below that without loss. It is impossible to sell it for more than that, for the competition between merchants forbids. Under these circumstances, if a Frenchman desires to buy the cloth, he must pay a hundred francs, or do without it. But if an Englishman comes, the government interferes44, and says to the merchant: "Sell your cloth, and I will make the tax-payers give you twenty francs (through the operation of the drawback)." The merchant, who wants, and can get, but one hundred francs for his cloth, delivers it to the Englishman for eighty francs. This sum added to the twenty francs, the product of the bounty robbery, makes up his price. It is then precisely45 as if the tax-payers had given twenty francs to the Englishman, on condition that he would buy French cloth at twenty francs below the cost of manufacture,—at twenty francs below what it costs us. Then bounty robbery has this peculiarity46, that the robbed are inhabitants of the country which allows it, and the robbers are spread over the face of the globe.
It is truly wonderful that they should persist in holding this proposition to have been demonstrated: All that the individual robs from the mass is a general gain. Perpetual motion, the philosopher's stone, and the squaring of the circle, are sunk in oblivion; but the theory of progress by robbery is still held in honor. A priori, however, one might have supposed that it would be the shortest lived of all these follies47.
Some say to us: You are, then, partisans48 of the let alone policy? economists49 of the superannuated50 school of the Smiths and the Says? You do not desire the organization of labor51? Why, gentlemen, organize labor as much as you please, but we will watch to see that you do not organize robbery.
Others say, bounties, tariffs, all these things may have been overdone52. We must use, without abusing them. A wise liberty, combined with moderate protection, is what serious and practical men claim. Let us beware of absolute principles. This is exactly what they said in the Kingdom of A——, according to the Spanish traveler. "Highway robbery," said the wise men, "is neither good nor bad in itself; it depends on circumstances. Perhaps too much freedom of pillage has been given; perhaps not enough. Let us see; let us examine; let us balance the accounts of each robber. To those who do not make enough, we will give a little more road to work up. As for those who make too much, we will reduce their share."
Those who spoke53 thus acquired great fame for moderation, prudence54, and wisdom. They never failed to attain55 the highest offices of the State.
As for those who said, "Let us repress injustice56 altogether; let us allow neither robbery, nor half robbery, nor quarter robbery," they passed for theorists, dreamers, bores—always parroting the same thing. The people also found their reasoning too easy to understand. How can that be true which is so very simple?
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1
asses
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| n. 驴，愚蠢的人，臀部 adv. (常用作后置)用于贬损或骂人 | |
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circumlocution
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| n. 绕圈子的话，迂回累赘的陈述 | |
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furtive
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| adj.鬼鬼崇崇的，偷偷摸摸的 | |
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furtively
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| adv. 偷偷地, 暗中地 | |
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levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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reassure
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| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
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8
bounties
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| （由政府提供的）奖金( bounty的名词复数 )； 赏金； 慷慨； 大方 | |
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9
tariffs
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| 关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准 | |
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tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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11
equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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13
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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15
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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16
gasp
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| n.喘息，气喘；v.喘息；气吁吁他说 | |
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17
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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18
plunders
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的第三人称单数 ) | |
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19
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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iota
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| n.些微，一点儿 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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22
discriminating
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| a.有辨别能力的 | |
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23
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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weaver
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| n.织布工；编织者 | |
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25
adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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26
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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27
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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28
avow
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| v.承认，公开宣称 | |
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29
truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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30
gratuities
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| n.报酬( gratuity的名词复数 )；小账；小费；养老金 | |
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31
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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32
groaned
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| v.呻吟( groan的过去式和过去分词 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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33
growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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34
lotteries
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| n.抽彩给奖法( lottery的名词复数 )；碰运气的事；彩票；彩券 | |
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35
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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36
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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37
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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38
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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39
collateral
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| adj.平行的；旁系的；n.担保品 | |
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40
eke
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| v.勉强度日，节约使用 | |
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41
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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42
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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43
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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44
interferes
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| vi. 妨碍，冲突，干涉 | |
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45
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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46
peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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47
follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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48
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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49
economists
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| n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 ) | |
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50
superannuated
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| adj.老朽的，退休的；v.因落后于时代而废除，勒令退学 | |
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51
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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52
overdone
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| v.做得过分( overdo的过去分词 )；太夸张；把…煮得太久；（工作等）过度 | |
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53
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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54
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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55
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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56
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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