—Well, what would you do?
—I should begin by—by—upon my word, by being very much embarrassed. For I should be Minister only because I had the majority, and I should have that only because I had made it, and I could only have made it, honestly at least, by governing according to its ideas. So if I undertake to carry out my ideas and to run counter to its ideas, I shall not have the majority, and if I do not, I cannot be His Majesty's Minister.
—Just imagine that you are so, and that consequently the majority is not opposed to you, what would you do?
—I would look to see on which side justice is.
—And then?
—I would seek to find where utility was.
—What next?
—I would see whether they agreed, or were in conflict with one another.
—And if you found they did not agree?
—But suppose you see that justice and utility are one?
—Then I will go straight ahead.
—Very well, but to realize utility by justice, a third thing is necessary.
—What is that?
—Possibility.
—You conceded that.
—When?
—Just now.
—How?
—By giving me the majority.
—It seems to me that the concession2 was rather hazardous3, for it implies that the majority clearly sees what is just, clearly sees what is useful, and clearly sees that these things are in perfect accord.
—And if it sees this clearly, the good will, so to speak, do itself.
—This is the point to which you are constantly bringing me—to see a possibility of reform only in the progress of the general intelligence.
—By this progress all reform is infallible.
—Certainly. But this preliminary progress takes time. Let us suppose it accomplished4. What will you do? for I am eager to see you at work, doing, practicing.
—I should begin by reducing letter postage to ten centimes.
—I heard you speak of five, once.
—Yes; but as I have other reforms in view, I must move with prudence5, to avoid a deficit6 in the revenues.
—Prudence? This leaves you with a deficit of thirty millions.
—Then I will reduce the salt tax to ten francs.
—Good! Here is another deficit of thirty millions. Doubtless you have invented some new tax.
—Heaven forbid! Besides, I do not flatter myself that I have an inventive mind.
—It is necessary, however. Oh, I have it. What was I thinking of? You are simply going to diminish the expense. I did not think of that.
—You are not the only one. I shall come to that; but I do not count on it at present.
—Yes, by diminishing other taxes at the same time.
(Here the interlocutor, putting the index finger of his right hand on his forehead, shook his head, which may be translated thus: He is rambling8 terribly.)
—Well, upon my word, this is ingenious. I pay the Treasury9 a hundred francs; you relieve me of five francs on salt, five on postage; and in order that the Treasury may nevertheless receive one hundred francs, you relieve me of ten on some other tax?
—Precisely; you understand me.
—How can it be true? I am not even sure that I have heard you.
—I repeat that I balance one remission of taxes by another.
—Here is the whole mystery: I know a tax which costs you twenty francs, not a sou of which gets to the Treasury. I relieve you of half of it, and make the other half take its proper destination.
—You are an unequaled financier. There is but one difficulty. What tax, if you please, do I pay, which does not go to the Treasury?
—How much does this suit of clothes cost you?
—A hundred francs.
—How much would it have cost you if you had gotten the cloth from Belgium?
—Eighty francs.
—Then why did you not get it there?
—Because it is prohibited.
—Why?
—So that the suit may cost me one hundred francs instead of eighty.
—This denial, then, costs you twenty francs?
—Undoubtedly.
—And where do these twenty francs go?
—Where do they go? To the manufacturer of the cloth.
—Well, give me ten francs for the Treasury, and I will remove the restriction12, and you will gain ten francs.
—Oh, I begin to see. The treasury account shows that it loses five francs on postage and five on salt, and gains ten on cloth. That is even.
—Your account is—you gain five francs on salt, five on postage, and ten on cloth.
—Total, twenty francs. This is satisfactory enough. But what becomes of the poor cloth manufacturer?
—Oh, I have thought of him. I have secured compensation for him by means of the tax reductions which are so profitable to the Treasury. What I have done for you as regards cloth, I do for him in regard to wool, coal, machinery13, etc., so that he can lower his price without loss.
—But are you sure that will be an equivalent?
—The balance will be in his favor. The twenty francs that you gain on the cloth will be multiplied by those which I will save for you on grain, meat, fuel, etc. This will amount to a large sum, and each one of your 35,000,000 fellow-citizens will save the same way. There will be enough to consume the cloths of both Belgium and France. The nation will be better clothed; that is all.
—I will think on this, for it is somewhat confused in my head.
—After all, as far as clothes go, the main thing is to be clothed. Your limbs are your own, and not the manufacturer's. To shield them from cold is your business and not his. If the law takes sides for him against you, the law is unjust, and you allowed me to reason on the hypothesis that what is unjust is hurtful.
—Perhaps I admitted too much; but go on and explain your financial plan.
—In two folio volumes?
—No, in two sections.
—Then they will no longer say that this famous axiom "No one is supposed to be ignorant of the law" is a fiction. Let us see your tariff.
—Here it is: Section First. All imports shall pay an ad valorem tax of five per cent.
—Even raw materials?
—Unless they are worthless.
—But they all have value, much or little.
—Then they will pay much or little.
—How can our manufactories compete with foreign ones which have these raw materials free?
—The expenses of the State being certain, if we close this source of revenue, we must open another; this will not diminish the relative inferiority of our manufactories, and there will be one bureau more to organize and pay.
—That is true; I reasoned as if the tax was to be annulled15, not changed. I will reflect on this. What is your second section?
—Section Second. All exports shall pay an ad valorem tax of five per cent.
—Merciful Heavens, Mr. Utopist! You will certainly be stoned, and, if it comes to that, I will throw the first one.
—We agreed that the majority were enlightened.
—All taxes are onerous, but this is less so than others.
—The carnival17 justifies18 many eccentricities19. Be so kind as to make this new paradox appear specious20, if you can.
—How much did you pay for this wine?
—A franc per quart.
—How much would you have paid outside the city gates?
—Fifty centimes.
—Why this difference?
—Ask the octroi[14] which added ten sous to it.
—Who established the octroi?
—The municipality of Paris, in order to pave and light the streets.
—This is, then, an import duty. But if the neighboring country districts had established this octroi for their profit, what would happen?
—I should none the less pay a franc for wine worth only fifty centimes, and the other fifty centimes would pave and light Montmartre and the Batignolles.
—So that really it is the consumer who pays the tax?
—There is no doubt of that.
—Then by taxing exports you make foreigners help pay your expenses.[15]
—I find you at fault, this is not justice.
—Why not? In order to secure the production of any one thing, there must be instruction, security, roads, and other costly21 things in the country. Why shall not the foreigner who is to consume this product, bear the charges its production necessitates22?
—This is contrary to received ideas.
—Not the least in the world. The last purchaser must repay all the direct and indirect expenses of production.
—No matter what you say, it is plain that such a measure would paralyze commerce; and cut off all exports.
—That is an illusion. If you were to pay this tax besides all the others, you would be right. But, if the hundred millions raised in this way, relieve you of other taxes to the same amount, you go into foreign markets with all your advantages, and even with more, if this duty has occasioned less embarrassment23 and expense.
—I will reflect on this. So now the salt, postage and customs are regulated. Is all ended there?
—I am just beginning.
—I have lost sixty millions on salt and postage. I shall regain25 them through the customs; which also gives me something more precious.
—What, pray?
—International relations founded on justice, and a probability of peace which is equivalent to a certainty. I will disband the army.
—The whole army?
—Except special branches, which will be voluntarily recruited, like all other professions. You see, conscription is abolished.
—Sir, you should say recruiting.
—Ah, I forgot, I cannot help admiring the ease with which, in certain countries, the most unpopular things are perpetuated26 by giving them other names.
—Like consolidated27 duties, which have become indirect contributions.
—I said that I would muster30 out the army, not that I would disarm the country. I intend, on the contrary, to give it invincible31 power.
—How do you harmonize this mass of contradictions?
—I call all the citizens to service.
—Is it worth while to relieve a portion from service in order to call out everybody?
—You did not make me Minister in order that I should leave things as they are. Thus, on my advent32 to power, I shall say with Richelieu, "the State maxims33 are changed." My first maxim34, the one which will serve as a basis for my administration, is this: Every citizen must know two things—How to earn his own living, and defend his country.
—It seems to me, at the first glance, that there is a spark of good sense in this.
Section First. Every able-bodied citizen, without exception, shall be under arms for four years, from his twenty-first to his twenty-fifth year, in order to receive military instruction.—
—This is pretty economy! You send home four hundred thousand soldiers and call out ten millions.
—Listen to my second section:
Sec. 2. Unless he proves, at the age of twenty-one, that he knows the school of the soldier perfectly36.
—I did not expect this turn. It is certain that to avoid four years' service, there will be a great emulation37 among our youth, to learn by the right flank and double quick, march. The idea is odd.
—It is better than that. For without grieving families and offending equality, does it not assure the country, in a simple and inexpensive manner, of ten million defenders38, capable of defying a coalition39 of all the standing40 armies of the globe?
—Truly, if I were not on my guard, I should end in getting interested in your fancies.
The Utopist, getting excited: Thank Heaven, my estimates are relieved of a hundred millions! I suppress the octroi. I refund41 indirect contributions. I—
Getting more and more excited: I will proclaim religious freedom and free instruction. There shall be new resources. I will buy the railroads, pay off the public debt, and starve out the stock gamblers.
—My dear Utopist!
—Freed from too numerous cares, I will concentrate all the resources of the government on the repression42 of fraud, the administration of prompt and even-handed justice. I—
—My dear Utopist, you attempt too much. The nation will not follow you.
—You gave me the majority.
—I take it back.
—Very well; then I am no longer Minister; but my plans remain what they are—Utopian ideas.
XII.
SALT, POSTAGE, AND CUSTOMS.
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1
portfolio
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| n.公事包；文件夹；大臣及部长职位 | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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deficit
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| n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差 | |
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lessening
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| 减轻，减少，变小 | |
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rambling
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| adj.[建]凌乱的，杂乱的 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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expound
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| v.详述；解释；阐述 | |
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paradox
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| n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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15
annulled
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| v.宣告无效( annul的过去式和过去分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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onerous
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| adj.繁重的 | |
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carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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eccentricities
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| n.古怪行为( eccentricity的名词复数 )；反常；怪癖 | |
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specious
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| adj.似是而非的；adv.似是而非地 | |
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21
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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necessitates
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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initiate
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| vt.开始，创始，发动；启蒙，使入门；引入 | |
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regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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consolidated
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| a.联合的 | |
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gendarmes
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| n.宪兵，警官( gendarme的名词复数 ) | |
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disarm
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| v.解除武装，回复平常的编制，缓和 | |
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30
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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maxims
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| n.格言，座右铭( maxim的名词复数 ) | |
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maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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refund
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| v.退还，偿还；n.归还，偿还额，退款 | |
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repression
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| n.镇压，抑制，抑压 | |
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