I know no better way to explain to my well-meaning friends who wear dollars instead of lenses in their spectacle frames why I do not140 care to make a private monopoly of Roadtown, than to say that I was raised in a country town and know the sad limitations of human aspirations3 due to the loneliness and narrowed horizon of isolated4 existence, and that I have also lived in the congested districts of New York and of other large cities and know the pain and misery5 of the life of the city, and that for me to think of promoting Roadtown as a private graft6 would be exactly comparable to the idea of the discoverer of diphtheria antitoxin keeping the secret for selfish gains.
The Roadtowns will be built by the people who believe in its principles and who have money to invest at 5 per cent, or the market price of a security better than municipal bonds. The Roadtown corporations will each be chartered with a nominal7 capital stock which will bear no dividends8. I will at first hold this stock in trust. This stock will be the voting stock of the corporation, hence, I or trustees I might name will have control of the policy of the company within the limitations of the charter. I wish this stock to be non-dividend paying so the Roadtown can never be made to141 pay profits to me or anyone else and to pay interest on bonds only to those who are cash investors9. My object in holding or trusteeing this stock is to keep the control of the Roadtown out of the hands of those who may use such control as a means to the numerous forms of graft commonly present in corporations. I wish to stand between the bond holders10 and the residents of Roadtown and the grafters, and this privilege is the reward I ask for the invention of Roadtown—I want no promoters or monopoly profits, no inventors’ stock, and no fancy salary, but I do want the opportunity to see that no one else gets any such advantage over the Roadtowners.
My reason for wishing to control the voting stock of Roadtown is that I do not believe a democratic organization can be created at once in its entirety but that it will have to evolve naturally. If an oligarchic12 form of control was established now it would doubtless be perpetuated13 for generations and become corrupt14 as are present corporations and governments. I believe that during my life time, I, with the aid of good advisers15, can evolve a purely142 democratic form of control and thus permanently16 prevent it from falling into corrupt hands. I confidently expect the co?peration of men of the highest national reputation in matters of trusteeships.
Home Rule for Roadtowners.
The Roadtown management will have to grow and develop starting perhaps with one-half mile section and adopt such rules as are necessary to the protection and comfort of the tenants17. They will be consulted about whatever concerns them directly and thus gradually evolve into a plan of self-government. When I say self-government I mean as regards the things that under our present system they haven’t a word to say. They go to the polls occasionally and vote for somebody but can seldom trace any benefit from the vote. In Roadtown direct legislation, initiative, referendum and recall will enable a man to really have a say.
The control of the local affairs in Roadtown will be wholly a matter of local option143 and the suffrage18 will be exercised by both sexes.
There will be no definitely set districts as townships or municipal wards19, but each question to be voted upon will be submitted to the parties concerned, for illustration: the steward20 will be elected or recalled by the people whose food the preparation of which he superintends. They will also determine his salary. If they vote him a high salary and he hires an expensive set of helpers and sets a luxurious21 table the people who elected him can eject him if they do not approve of his extravagance, but if they desire to live wastefully22 they can do so and the people of more moderate tastes can move into a section which is known to be moderate. By such opportunity for local option, people will be given the chance of finding sections to suit their tastes and purses.
Roadtown will be a great equalizer of present life by the removal of special privileges of the rich and those who are “in” to reap where they have not sown, but there will be no tendency to dictate24 to the people how they144 should spend the money they have equitably25 earned. You now have to ask the gas trust, the ice trust, the milk and meat trust, the middlemen’s trust and many others even if it is permissible26 for you to marry and live a normal life.
The original price of Roadtown rents will be made to vary with the desirability of the location. Favored localities will be settled by people with the money to pay for it, and these people will naturally vote for high class service and this in turn will be added to the original price of rent. In this manner certain sections of Roadtown may become more expensive and so the various grades of society will find their wants readily supplied.
Roadtown will possess a leveling influence, it will hasten the equality and brotherhood27 of man and the Kingdom of God upon the Earth, but it will not reduce man to a single level at one operation, and if these natural laws of human nature should be outraged28 by an enforced leveling programme, the full Roadtown development would be seriously retarded29 for a generation. 145
In my earlier work of planning on Roadtown I thought it would be necessary to cater33 to the wishes of the well-to-do by discontinuing the house line in some sections and breaking it up into detached villas. By carrying the monorails and all pipes and wires in a trench34 from villa30 to villa the full benefit of the co-operative functions could be attained35, but of course with the additional expense of the extra land, extra length of the trench and its contents, the extra wall and the loss of the roof promenades36. I know of nothing that will give a better conception of the wonders of Roadtown than to consider for a moment this villa construction. By the continuation of the Roadtown trench between villas it would be possible to give to a modest ten or twenty thousand dollar villa facilities that would cost half a million if installed in a single country or suburban38 home.
But when we had such a villa completed what advantage would we have over the continuous house? A few added windows on two146 sides of the house that would look out into the other fellow’s windows across the lawn and instead of passersby39 on a grand promenade37 above our heads entirely40 removed from our sight, or we from theirs, we would have a sidewalk by the door where our neighbors who became curious as to our domestic affairs could stroll and stare into our windows and doors. In practice more light and air could enter the two freely open sides of the Roadtown house than through the carefully shuttered windows on four sides of a “private” villa. I am satisfied that very few if any sections of Roadtown will be built in villas because they will offer no advantages that I am aware of to offset41 the disadvantages. People will accept the uniformity of the exterior42 of the roofs and walls as they now accept the uniformity of the street. Their personal tastes will be put on interior decorations or in beautiful gardens that may be seen from the roof promenade and enjoyed by all.
Before the bonds are offered for the development of any section of Roadtown the matter of municipal franchise43, and options from147 suburban land owners and farmers for the right of way and for garden sites will progress as much as is practicable and a statement will be issued showing the appraisal44 value of this land, the status of the franchise matter, together with architects’ drawings and engineers’ plans, and specifications45 setting forth46 the estimated cost of a certain finished structure with equipments in a certain locality. This will give the prospective47 bond buyer an exact knowledge of the property upon which he may secure the mortgage in exchange for his money which will be held by trustees until the required amount is raised and then disbursed48 by them according to the specifications. That this will be an excellent security will be assured by the fact that the options will be secured at a very low rate because of the competition raised between rival land owners all of whom desire transportation and the other Roadtown facilities.
This principle has been made use of thousands of times in railroad and trolley49 promotion50 and has poured millions of dollars worth of watered stock into the hands of crafty51 promoters. As there is no promoter’s graft in148 Roadtown the bidding of land owners for this line of city through their neighborhood or property will turn to the benefit of the bond holder11 in enhancing the solidity of his security and to the land owner in bringing a strip of city to his farm.
Builders of Roadtown Take Minimum Risk.
The wonderful economies of the Roadtown construction, such as cheap building material, principally rock and sand from the farm, steam shovel52 excavation53 instead of hand shovel, work train instead of cart hauling and poured cement construction instead of hand labor54, the economies of open piping and wiring, and the valuable patents that are being donated because of the humanitarian55 bases of promotion, will give a better building for the money than can possibly be made under present conditions anywhere and make the first mortgage on Roadtown, including as it does transportation, telephone, water, gas, electric, sewage and other franchises56, real estate mortgage and a mortgage on a permanent fireproof house, will make it the best possible form of security149 known, and no inflated57 land values. Don’t forget that feature. Such a bond will be virtually a municipal bond as the people living in Roadtown can be taxed in the form of rent to meet the interest. No one who has fully23 grasped the principle of Roadtown will doubt for a minute that it can be built, for it is not a complicated mechanism58 which must fail if one part proves faulty, but simply the grouping together of inventions already in use. And even if some of these should prove to be unfeasible they would hardly be missed in the total.
The whole question of the value of the Roadtown bonds depends upon the question as to whether or not people will live in the Roadtown after it has been built. I have spent a hundred pages telling of the comforts, conveniences, social and industrial advantages of Roadtown life. Heretofore I might have fallen into minor59 errors, but no sane60 and fair mind can reason away the fact that Roadtown life will be wonderfully attractive to the vast majority of mankind. As proof of this, over a hundred high class families have spoken for apartments in the first section, if it happens to150 be built near New York. But suppose we admit for the sake of argument that the Roadtown house was no better and no worse to live in than a typical suburban house of to-day. Clearly then the worth of the Roadtown bonds will depend wholly upon the price of Roadtown rent which in turn will depend upon the original cost and the cost of operation.
The Cost of the First Mile of Roadtown.
With a view of answering this question I submit the following letters and figures from Frank L. Sutton, a consulting engineer of 80 Broadway, New York City. These figures are based upon the cost of the first mile of Roadtown. These figures show that it will not be necessary to build a long section of the Roadtown before it can underbid the rental61 of the isolated house or city apartment and thus secure population and begin business.
It goes without saying that as the length of the Roadtown increases the cost per mile and the cost per house both in construction and operation will decrease.
151 FRANK SUTTON,
CONSULTING ENGINEER,
80 Broadway,
New York, November 12, 1909.
Mr. Edgar Chambless,
150 Nassau Street, New York City.
Dear Sir: Referring to the report hereto attached giving a general description and the estimated cost of the mechanical and electrical equipments for the Roadtown, as well as the cost of construction of the building and equipment, and further the cost of operation, would say that these results have been carefully computed62 and there is no doubt but that the Roadtowns can be built and operated for the figures given in the report.
On account of the arrangement of the building and the convenience by which raw material can be transported, the proposition is without doubt the most economical and efficient form of good construction that can be devised.
Very truly yours,
Frank L. Sutton 152.
REPORT
ON
CONSTRUCTION WORK AND POWER
EQUIPMENT FOR PROPOSED
ROADTOWN
BY
FRANK SUTTON, CONSULTING ENGINEER,
80 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY.
The following calculations are based on the construction of two hundred and fifty (250) two-story houses in a continuous row. This also includes a continuous glass enclosed roof promenade 10 ft. wide and 8 ft. high. The estimate gives the complete construction of these buildings, including the tunnel for the proposed monorail road, also a central power plant, including kitchen, laundry and such other equipments as may be necessary for the proper maintenance of such an establishment. It further includes all mains, pipes, wires, so that when the plant is completed it would be ready to turn over to the occupant in a completely finished condition.
Each house will be equipped with hot water heat furnished from a central station; electric lights, electric power, telephone connected with central station, vacuum sweeping63 system, complete plumbing64 and water supply.
153 The calculations which are given herewith are fairly close and without doubt under proper management and accessible facilities for getting material the work can be done for the estimate given.
250 houses, 21′ wide × 20′ deep, with seven rooms well furnished as per illustration @ $1,800 each $450,000
Five co?perative centers, tower-like in effect 50,000
Wiring houses based on $?50 per house 12,500
Heating, ??”?? ??”? ?”? $150 ??”? ?”? 37,500
Plumbing,?”?? ??”? ?”? $125 ??”? ?”? 21,250
Refrigerating plant 10,000
Electric plant and switchboard, telephone 40,000
Wiring, feeder mains, etc. 12,000
Brick Chimney 4,000
Sewerage system 20,000
Water supply and mains for irrigation and domestic use 40,000
Gas and vacuum producers and holders 10,000
One mile of house—equipped $777,250
Cost per house—equipped $3,109
Chief engineer $2,400
Two (2) assistant engineers, $80 per month, $960 each 1,920
Four (4) firemen, $60 per month, $240 each 2,880
Two (2) extra men, $50 per month 1,200
Chef, $75 per month 900
Three (3) cooks, $40 per month 1,440
Four (4) helpers, $20 per month 720
One (1) laundryman, $100 per month 1,200
Ten (10) women, $20 per month 2,400
Total labor cost $15,060
Coal 4,000
Oil and waste 500
6% interest on???$581,250[B] ???$34,375
7% ???”???”???? ?196,000[B] ????14,550 48,852
[B] The lower rate of interest is charged upon the house and fixtures70, the higher rate upon the plants and machinery.
Or each tenant’s rent for year to be $22.76 per155 month or $3.25 per room, exclusive of charge for food but inclusive of furniture, power, cooking, heat, light, water, vacuum sweeping, laundry and the delivery of all food, parcels, produce, etc.
The population could without doubt be increased by 500 to 1,000 houses more without any material increase in the principal items for labor, such as engineers, firemen and heads of departments. The only extra increase would be for help in these departments which would be governed by the amount of work required.
TRANSPORTATION CALCULATIONS.
Using Autos
Four (4) electric autos for passengers and food $12,000
10% interest, depreciation and repairs $1,200
Six (6) men @ $75 per month ?5,400
$6,600
For 250 families $1.70 per month.
Mr. Sutton has not included the Boyes Monorail in his report because he was asked to make an estimate for a single mile of Roadtown.156 For this length the auto71 service is the more economical. Mr. Sutton, however, finds no fault with the Monorail, as is seen from the following letter:
Mr. Edgar Chambless,
New York City.
Dear Sir: In reference to the adoption72 of the Boyes Monorail system for Roadtown would say that I have carefully examined the drawings and general outline of the scheme designed by Mr. Boyes and believe it to be well adapted as a means of rapid and noiseless transportation, and further believe that the operating expenses of this system and the cost of construction will be extremely reasonable. The design of the system from a mechanical and electrical standpoint is entirely practical.
Very truly yours,
Frank L. Sutton.
The total cost for building and operating the Boyes monorail system between New York and Philadelphia or for ninety miles is estimated by Mr. Boyes as follows:157
ESTIMATED COST OF BUILDING AND OPERATING ROADTOWN TRANSPORTATION.
As submitted by Wm. H. Boyes using the Boyes Monorail system.
Line from New York to Philadelphia—90 miles. Cost of the double express and single local track, not including excavation, cement work, nor power plants which are figured in general cost of Roadtown, 270 miles at $15,000 per mile $4,050,000
24 express trains at $28,000 672,000
18 local trains at $5,000 90,000
Total cost of equipment $4,812,000
Interest and upkeep at 7?% $360,900
126 motor men at $1,000 126,000
75 guards, ticket men, etc. 60,000
Total $546,900
Monthly cost per family $2.
Economy Increases with Length.
The Roadtown becomes more efficient as it grows in length, but the argument that it cannot158 be started because it will be too tremendous an investment to build a house a hundred miles long is wholly without meaning, for a Roadtown of a hundred apartments would show an advantage over a box style apartment house of the same room capacity and this efficiency would increase with every added apartment. The first Roadtown bonds will be floated for a mile or half mile unit and will require funds well within the cost of one apartment house. To this beginning house units will be added as fast as needed and more utilities put in as the increasing length warrants it.
Suburban land owners will donate rights of way and garden strips, farmers will donate larger gardens, and ranchmen immense farms. Each will be governed somewhat by the bidding on proposed competing routes, but it is safe to predict that they will all recognize the enormous increase in land values that a strip of city will bring with it and bid accordingly. It is interesting to speculate on the size of their bids for such a wonderful advantage in view of their very liberal gifts to steam159 and trolley roads which have given them so little in comparison.
The location of the first Roadtown will be determined73 by the people who give the new form of civilization the warmest welcome. If you have any inducements or practical suggestions to offer, write, I’ll be glad to welcome and consider them. It may be in Long Island or in California or in Japan, but the locations of the subsequent Roadtowns will be more easily predicted: they will be wherever there is enough population to make co?perative house construction worth while and sufficient wealth and enterprise to execute such an undertaking74.
The logical location for early lines of Roadtown will be at the end of present rapid transit75 or commuting76 facilities of our cities or will tap these lines far enough out to avoid high land values. Thus there will be ample vacant ground to start a Roadtown at the uptown end of the New York Subway that could build right through to Boston. Real estate within or near the city will, of course, be higher in price, but as such Roadtown dwellings77 will be160 able to compete in every sense with the present prevailing78 forms of two story houses seen in such districts, and have in addition all the Roadtown advantages including indoor rapid, noiseless and dustless transportation, they could afford to pay for the extra value of such land and still be the object of envy by the outside residents. As soon as it has passed beyond the present suburban or speculative79 belt, the Roadtown will at once take on the life of the city in the country as pictured in this book, yet all the inhabitants will have quick and cheap transportation services into the old cities.
The demand for such Roadtowns for commuting purposes will be so great at first as to prevent the earlier structures from coming into their full use as homes for a population that shall support itself by work within the Roadtown proper. How quickly this demand will be filled is a matter of speculation80. The economic incentive81 will readjust wisely. It never fails. At present, with all the suburban development, the heart of the city is becoming more and more densely82 populated. We have not been able to get people out of the city as161 rapidly as the population increases. The Roadtown will materially aid in this fight to get the people out of the city to live.
A Real Remedy for Congestion83.
But with the development of the Roadtown a new factor enters this fight against congestion. The suburbanite84 must depend upon the city for his livelihood85, the Roadtowner need not. The result will be that the Roadtown as soon as built will begin to take people away from the city to work as well as away to sleep, and this means a real relief of city congestion, not simply the frantic86 piling up of humanity twice each day at the gates of the city.
You might ask, what will be the ultimate place of the Roadtown in the civilization of the world? The answer is as impossible as would have been an answer to the ultimate place of the railroad in the civilization of the world had that question been proposed seventy years ago. The railroad is a great civilizer87. It carries with it all the material aids to civilization that can be hauled in a freight car. The Roadtown carries into the home what the railroad takes162 only to the freight and express office, and it carries in addition the civilization of pipes and wires which the railroad cannot transport. It would have been a wonderful vision for a man of the first quarter of the last century to have attempted to picture the ultimate effect of the railroad—but his vision would have fallen short of the reality. Try for a moment now to take the railroad out of civilization and substitute the methods of 1825. I believe the Roadtown will be to the twentieth century what the railroad was to the nineteenth and that my present efforts to predict its future would fall just as far short of the reality as would Stevenson’s dream of the railroad civilization of to-day.
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wasteful
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| adj.（造成）浪费的，挥霍的 | |
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retailer
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| n.零售商(人) | |
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aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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isolated
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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graft
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| n.移植，嫁接，艰苦工作，贪污；v.移植，嫁接 | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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dividends
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| 红利( dividend的名词复数 )； 股息； 被除数； （足球彩票的）彩金 | |
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investors
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| n.投资者，出资者( investor的名词复数 ) | |
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holders
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| 支持物( holder的名词复数 )； 持有者； （支票等）持有人； 支托（或握持）…之物 | |
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holder
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| n.持有者，占有者；(台，架等)支持物 | |
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oligarchic
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| adj.寡头政治的，主张寡头政治的 | |
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perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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luxurious
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wastefully
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| 浪费地，挥霍地，耗费地 | |
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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equitably
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permissible
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brotherhood
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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villas
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| 别墅，公馆( villa的名词复数 )； （城郊）住宅 | |
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undesirable
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cater
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trench
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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promenades
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promenade
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suburban
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passersby
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| n. 过路人(行人,经过者) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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offset
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| n.分支，补偿；v.抵消，补偿 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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franchise
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| n.特许，特权，专营权，特许权 | |
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appraisal
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specifications
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| n.规格；载明；详述；（产品等的）说明书；说明书( specification的名词复数 )；详细的计划书；载明；详述 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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disbursed
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| v.支出，付出( disburse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
trolley
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| n.手推车，台车；无轨电车；有轨电车 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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52
shovel
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| n.铁锨，铲子，一铲之量；v.铲，铲出 | |
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excavation
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| n.挖掘，发掘；被挖掘之地 | |
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54
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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humanitarian
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| n.人道主义者，博爱者，基督凡人论者 | |
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56
franchises
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| n.（尤指选举议员的）选举权( franchise的名词复数 )；参政权；获特许权的商业机构（或服务）；（公司授予的）特许经销权v.给…以特许权，出售特许权( franchise的第三人称单数 ) | |
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inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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rental
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| n.租赁，出租，出租业 | |
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computed
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| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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plumbing
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| n.水管装置；水暖工的工作；管道工程v.用铅锤测量（plumb的现在分词）；探究 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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boiler
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| n.锅炉；煮器(壶，锅等) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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depreciation
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| n.价值低落，贬值，蔑视，贬低 | |
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fixtures
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| （房屋等的）固定装置( fixture的名词复数 )； 如（浴盆、抽水马桶）； 固定在某位置的人或物； （定期定点举行的）体育活动 | |
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auto
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| n.(=automobile)(口语)汽车 | |
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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commuting
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| 交换（的） | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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congestion
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| n.阻塞，消化不良 | |
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suburbanite
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| n. 郊区居民 | |
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livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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civilizer
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| vt.使文明；使开化；教化；启发vi.变得文明 | |
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