This rich and extensive government was inhabited by horde1? of half-savage people, who had only recently acknowledged the sovereignty of the Russian Czars. Their continual revolts, their disinclination to a civilized2 life and an existence regulated by laws, their fickleness3 and cruelty, demanded on the part of the government a constant vigilance in order to keep them in subjection. Fortresses4 had been erected6 in convenient places, and were garrisoned8 for the most part by Cossacks, who had formerly9 held possession of the shores of the Yaik. But these Yaikian Cossacks, whose duty it was to preserve peace and to watch over the security of this district, had themselves for some time past become very troublesome and dangerous to the government. In the year 1772 an insurrection broke out in their principal city. The causes of it were the severe measures taken by General Traubenberg to bring the army into a state of obedience10. The result was the barbarous murder of Traubenberg, the selection of new leaders, and finally the suppression of the revolt by grapeshot and cruel punishments.
This happened a little while before my arrival at the fortress5 of Bailogorsk. All was now quiet, or at least appeared so; but the authorities believed too easily in the pretended repentance11 of the cunning rebels, who nursed their hatred12 in secret and only waited for a favourable13 opportunity to recommence the struggle.
One evening (it was in the beginning of October in the year. 1773) I was sitting indoors alone, listening to the moaning of the autumn wind, and gazing out of the window at the clouds, as they sailed rapidly over the face of the moon. A message was brought to me to wait upon the Commandant. I immediately repaired to his quarters. I there found Shvabrin, Ivan Ignatitch, and the Cossack orderly. Neither Vassilissa Egorovna nor Maria Ivanova was in the room. The Commandant greeted me with a pre-occupied air. He closed the door, made us all sit-down except the orderly, who remained standing15 near the door, drew a paper out of his pocket, and said to us:—
"Gentlemen, we have here important news! Hear what the general writes."
Then he put on his spectacles and read as follows:
"To the Commandant of the Fortress of Bailogorsk, Captain Mironoff. (Confidential.)
"I hereby inform you that the fugitive16 and schismatic Don Cossack, Emelian Pougatcheff, after having been guilty of the unpardonable insolence18 of assuming the name of the deceased Emperor Peter III.,[1] has collected a band of evil-disposed persons, has excited disturbances19 in the settlements along the banks of the Yaik, and has already taken and destroyed several fortresses, pillaging20 and murdering on every side. Therefore, on the receipt of this letter, you, Captain, will at once take the necessary measures to repel21 the above-mentioned villain22 and impostor, and, if possible, to completely annihilate23 him, if he should turn his arms against the fortress entrusted24 to your care."
"Take the necessary measures," said the Commandant, taking off his spectacles and folding up the letter; "you see that it is very easy to say that. The villain is evidently strong in numbers, whereas we have but 130 men altogether, not counting the Cossacks, upon whom we can place very little dependence—without intending any reproach to you, Maximitch." The orderly smiled. "Still, there is no help for it, but to do the best we can, gentlemen. Let us be on our guard and establish night patrols; in case of attack, shut the gates and assemble the soldiers. You, Maximitch, keep a strict eye on your Cossacks. See that the cannon25 be examined and thoroughly26 cleaned. Above all things, keep what I have said a secret, so that nobody in the fortress may know anything before the time."
After giving these orders, Ivan Kouzmitch dismissed us. I walked away with Shvabrin, reflecting upon what we had heard.
"How do you think that this will end?" I asked him.
"God knows," he replied; "we shall see. I do not see anything to be alarmed about at present. If, however——"
Then he began to reflect and to whistle abstractedly a French air.
In spite of all our precautions, the news of the appearance of Pougatcheff soon spread through the fortress. Although Ivan Kouzmitch entertained the greatest respect for his wife, he would not for anything in the world have confided27 to her a secret entrusted to him in connection with the service. After having received the general's letter, he contrived28 in a tolerably dexterous29 manner to get Vassilissa Egorovna out of the way, telling her that Father Gerasim had received some extraordinary news from Orenburg, which he kept a great secret. Vassilissa Egorovna immediately wished to go and pay a visit to the pope's wife and, by the advice of Ivan Kouzmitch, she took Masha with her, lest she should feel dull by herself.
Ivan Kouzmitch, being thus left sole master of the situation, immediately sent for us, having locked Palashka in the pantry, so that she might not be able to overhear what we had to say.
Vassilissa Egorovna returned home, without having succeeded in getting anything out of the pope's wife, and she learned that, during her absence, a council of war had been held in Ivan Kouzmitch's house, and that Palashka had been under lock and key. She suspected that she had been duped by her husband, and she began to assail30 him with questions. But Ivan Kouzmitch was prepared for the attack. He was not in the least perturbed31, and boldly made answer to his inquisitive32 consort33:
"Hark you, mother dear, our women hereabouts have taken a notion into their heads to heat their ovens with straw, and as some misfortune might be the outcome of it, I gave strict orders that the women should not heat their ovens with straw, but should burn brushwood and branches of trees instead."
"But why did you lock up Palashka, then?" asked his wife. "Why was the poor girl compelled to sit in the kitchen till we returned?"
Ivan Kouzmitch was not prepared for such a question; he became confused, and stammered35 out something very incoherent. Vassilissa Egorovna perceived her husband's perfidy36, but, knowing that she would get nothing out of him just then, she abstained37 from asking any further questions and turned the conversation to the subject of the pickled; cucumbers, which Akoulina Pamphilovna knew how to prepare in such an excellent manner. But all that night Vassilissa Egorovna could not sleep a wink38, nor could she understand what it was that was in her husband's head that; she was not permitted to know.
The next day, as she was returning home from mass, she saw Ivan Ignatitch, who was busily engaged in clearing the cannon of pieces of rag, small stones, bits of bone, and rubbish of every sort, which had been deposited there by the little boys of the place.
"What mean these warlike preparations?" thought the Commandant's wife. "Can it be that they fear an attack on the part of the Kirghises? But is it possible that Ivan Kouzmitch could conceal39 such a trifle from me?"
She called Ivan Ignatitch to her with the firm determination of learning from him the secret which tormented40 her woman's curiosity.
Vassillissa Egorovna began by making a few observations to him about household matters, like a judge who commences an examination with questions foreign to the matter in hand, in order to lull41 the suspicions of the person accused. Then, after a silence of a few moments, she heaved a deep sigh, and said, shaking her head:
"Oh, Lord God! What news! What will be the end of all this?"
"Well, well, mother!" replied Ivan Ignatitch; "God is merciful; we have soldiers enough, plenty of powder, and I have cleaned the cannon. Perhaps we shall be able to offer a successful resistance to this Pougatcheff; if God will only not abandon us, we shall be safe enough here."
"And what sort of a man is this Pougatcheff?" asked the Commandant's wife.
Then Ivan Ignatitch perceived that he had said more ban he ought to have done, and he bit his tongue. But it was now too late. Vassilissa Egorovna compelled him to inform her of everything, having given him her word that she would not mention the matter to anybody.
Vassilissa Egorovna kept her promise and said not a word to anybody, except to the pope's wife, and to her only because her cow was still feeding upon the steppe, and might be captured by the brigands42.
Soon everybody was talking about Pougatcheff. The reports concerning him varied43 very much. The Commandant sent his orderly to glean44 as much information as possible about him in all the neighbouring villages and fortresses. The orderly returned after an absence of two days, and reported that, at about sixty versts from the fortress, he had seen a large number of fires upon the steppe, and that he had heard from the Bashkirs that an immense force was advancing. He could not say anything more positive, because he had feared to venture further.
An unusual agitation45 now began to be observed among the Cossacks of the fortress; in all the streets they congregated46 in small groups, quietly conversing47 among themselves, and dispersing48 whenever they caught sight of a dragoon or any other soldier belonging to the garrison7. They were closely watched by spies. Youlai, a converted Calmuck, made an important communication to the commandant. The orderly's report, according to Youlai, was a false one; on his return the treacherous49 Cossack announced to his companions that he had been among the rebels, and had been presented to their leader, who had given him his hand and had conversed50 with him for a long time. The Commandant immediately placed the orderly under arrest, and appointed Youlai in his place. This change was the cause of manifest dissatisfaction among the Cossacks. They murmured loudly, and Ivan Ignatitch, who executed the Commandant's instructions, with his own ears heard them say:
"Just wait a little while, you garrison rat!"
The Commandant had intended interrogating51 the prisoner that very same day, but the orderly had made his escape, no doubt with the assistance of his partisans52.
A fresh event served to increase the Commandant's uneasiness. A Bashkir, carrying seditious letters, was seized. On this occasion the Commandant again decided53 upon assembling his officers, and therefore he wished once more to get Vassilissa Egorovna out of the way under some plausible54 pretext55. But as Ivan Kouzmitch was a most upright and sincere man, he could find no other method than that employed on the previous occasion.
"Listen, Vassilissa Egorovna," he said to her, coughing to conceal his embarrassment56: "they say that Father Gerasim has received——"
"That's enough, Ivan Kouzmitch," said his wife, interrupting him: "you wish to assemble a council of war to talk about Emelian Pougatcheff without my being present; but you shall not deceive me this time."
Ivan Kouzmitch opened his eyes.
"Well, little mother," he said, "if you know everything, you may remain; we shall speak in your presence."
"Very well, my little father," replied she; "you should not try to be so cunning; send for the officers."
We assembled again. Ivan Kouzmitch, in the presence of his wife, read to us Pougatcheff's proclamation, drawn57 up probably by some half-educated Cossack. The robber announced therein his intention of immediately marching upon our fortress; he invited the Cossacks and soldiers to join him, and advised the superior officers not to offer any resistance, threatening them with death in the event of their doing so. The proclamation was couched in coarse but vigorous language, and could not but produce a powerful impression upon the minds of simple people.
"What a rascal58!" exclaimed the Commandant's wife; "that he should propose such a thing to us. To go out to meet him and lay our flags at his feet! Ah! the son of a dog! He does not know then that we have been forty years in the service, and that, thanks to God, we have seen a good deal during that time. Is it possible that there are commandants who would be cowardly enough to yield to a robber like him?"
"There ought not to be," replied Ivan Kouzmitch; "but it is reported that the scoundrel has already taken several fortresses."
"He seems to have great power," observed Shvabrin.
"We shall soon find out the real extent of his power," said the Commandant. "Vassilissa Egorovna, give me the key of the loft59. Ivan Ignatitch, bring hither the Bashkir, and tell Youlai to fetch a whip."
"Wait a moment, Ivan Kouzmitch," said his wife, rising from her seat. "Let me take Masha somewhere out of the house; otherwise she will hear the cries and will feel frightened. And I myself, to tell the truth, am no lover of inquisitions. So good-bye for the present."
Torture, in former times, was so rooted in our judicial60 proceedings61, that the benevolent62 ukase[2] ordering its abolition63 remained for a long time a dead letter. It was thought that the confession64 of the criminal was indispensable for his full conviction—an idea not only unreasonable65, but even contrary to common sense from a jurisprudential point of view; for if the denial of the accused person be not accepted as proof of his innocence66, the confession that has been wrung67 from him ought still less to be accepted as a proof of his guilt17. Even in our days I sometimes hear old judges regretting the abolition of the barbarous custom. But in those days nobody had any doubt about the necessity of torture, neither the judges nor even the accused persons themselves. Therefore it was that the Commandant's order did not astonish or alarm any of us. Ivan Ignatitch went to fetch the Bashkir, who was confined in the loft, under lock and key, and a few minutes afterwards he was led prisoner into the ante-room. The Commandant ordered the captive to be brought before him.—
The Bashkir stepped with difficulty across the threshold (for his feet were in fetters) and, taking off his high cap, remained standing near the door. I glanced at him and shuddered68. Never shall I forget that man. He appeared to be about seventy years of age, and had neither nose nor ears. His head was shaved, and instead of a beard he had a few grey hairs upon his chin; he was of short stature69, thin and bent70; but his small eyes still flashed fire.
"Ah, ah!" said the Commandant, recognizing by these dreadful marks one of the rebels punished in the year 1741, "I see you are an old wolf; you have already been caught in our traps. It is not the first time that you have rebelled, since your head is planed so smoothly71. Come nearer; speak, who sent you here?"
"Why do you not answer?" continued Ivan Kouzmitch. "Don't you understand Russian? Youlai, ask him in your language, who sent him to our fortress."
Youlai repeated the Commandant's question in the Tartar language. But the Bashkir looked at him with the same expression and answered not a word.
"By heaven!" exclaimed the Commandant, "you shall answer me. My lads! take off that ridiculous striped gown of his, and tickle73 his back. Youlai, see that it is carried out properly."
Two soldiers began to undress the Bashkir. The face of the unhappy man assumed an expression of uneasiness. He looked round on every side, like a poor little animal f that has been captured by children. But when one of the soldiers seized his hands to twine74 them round his neck, and raised the old man upon his shoulders, and Youlai grasped the whip and began to flourish it round his head, then the Bashkir uttered a feeble groan75, and, raising his head, opened his mouth, in which, instead of a tongue, moved a short stump76.
When I reflect that this happened during my lifetime, and that I now live under the mild government of the Emperor Alexander, I cannot but feel astonished at the rapid progress of civilization, and the diffusion77 of humane78 ideas. Young man! if these lines of mine should fall into your hands, remember that those changes which proceed from an amelioration of manners and customs are much better and more lasting79 than those which are the outcome of acts of violence.
We were all horror-stricken.
"Well," said the Commandant, "it is evident that we shall get nothing out of him. Youlai, lead the Bashkir back to the loft; and let us, gentlemen, have a little further talk about the matter."
We were yet considering our position, when Vassilissa Egorovna suddenly rushed into the room, panting for breath, and beside herself with excitement.
"What has happened to you?" asked the astonished Commandant.
"I have to inform you of a great misfortune!" replied Vassilissa Egorovna. "Nijniosern was taken this morning. Father Gerasim's servant has just returned from there. He saw how they took it. The Commandant and all the officers are hanged, and all the soldiers are taken prisoners. In a little while the villains80 will be here."
This unexpected intelligence produced a deep impression upon me. The Commandant of the fortress of Nijniosem, a quiet and modest young man, was an acquaintance of mine; two months before he had visited our fortress when on his way from Orenburg along with his young wife, and had stopped for a little while in the house of Ivan Kouzmitch. Nijniosern was about twenty-five versts from our fortress. We might therefore expect to be attacked by Pougatcheff at any moment. The fate in store for Maria Ivanovna presented itself vividly81 to my imagination, and my heart sank within me.
"Listen, Ivan Kouzmitch," said I to the Commandant; "our duty is to defend the fortress to the last gasp82; there is no question about that. But we must think about the safety of the women. Send them on to Orenburg, if the road be still open, or to some safer and more distant fortress where these villains will not be able to make their way."
Ivan Kouzmitch turned round to his wife and said to her:
"Listen, mother; would it not be just as well if we sent you away to some place farther off until we have settled matters with these rebels?"
"What nonsense!" said the Commandant's wife. "Where is there a fortress that would be safe from bullets? Why is Bailogorsk not safe? Thank God, we have lived in it for two-and-twenty years! We have seen Bashkirs and Kirghises; perhaps we shall also escape the clutches of Pougatcheff."
"Well, mother," replied Ivan Kouzmitch, "stay if you like, if you have such confidence in our fortress. But what shall we do with Masha? All well and good if we offer a successful resistance, or can hold out till we obtain help; but what if the villains should take the fortress?"
"Why, then——"
But at this juncture83 Vassilissa Egorovna began to stammer34 and then remained silent, evidently agitated84 by deep emotion.
"No, Vassilissa Egorovna," continued the Commandant, observing that his words had produced an impression upon her, perhaps for the first time in his life, "Masha must not remain here. Let us send her to Orenburg, to her godmother; there are plenty of soldiers and cannon there, and the walls are of stone. And I would advise you to go there with her; for although you are an old woman, think what might happen to you if the fortress should be taken by storm."
"Very well," replied the Commandant's wife; "let it be so: we will send Masha away. As for me, you need not trouble yourself about asking me to go; I will remain here. Nothing shall make me part from you in my old age to go and seek a lonely grave in a strange country. Together we have lived, together we will die."
"Well, you are right," said the Commandant; "but let us not delay any longer. Go and get Masha ready for the journey. She must set out at daybreak to-morrow, and we shall let her have an escort, although we have not too many men in the fortress to be able to spare any of them. But where is Masha?"
"Along with Akoulina Pamphilovna," replied the Commandant's wife. "She fainted away when she heard of the capture of Nijniosern; I am afraid that she will be ill. Lord God of heaven, what have we lived to see!"
Vassilissa Egorovna went to prepare for her daughter's departure. The consultation85 with the Commandant was then continued; but I no longer took any part in it, nor did I listen to anything that was said. Maria Ivanovna appeared at supper, her face pale and her eyes red with weeping. We supped in silence, and rose from the table sooner than usual; then taking leave of the family, we all returned to our respective quarters. But I intentionally86 forgot my sword, and went back for it: I had a presentiment87 that I should find Maria alone. True enough I met her in the doorway88, and she handed me my sword.
"Farewell, Peter Andreitch!" she said to me, with tears in her eyes; "they are going to send me to Orenburg. May you be well and happy. God may be pleased to ordain89 that we should see each other again; if not——"
"Farewell, my angel!" said I. "Farewell, my darling, my heart's desire! Whatever may happen to me, rest assured that my last thought and last prayer shall be for you."
Masha still continued to weep, resting her head upon my breast. I kissed her fervently91, and hastily quitted the room.
[1] Husband of the Empress Catherine II. The latter, whom the Emperor had threatened to divorce, having won over to her side a considerable portion of the army, had compelled her unpopular consort to sign an act of abdication92 in 1762. Having been removed as a prisoner to Ropscha, it was shortly afterwards announced that He had died of colic, though the truth was, he had been strangled to death by Alexis Orloff, one of Catherine's numerous admirers.
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1
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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fickleness
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| n.易变；无常；浮躁；变化无常 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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dexterous
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| adj.灵敏的；灵巧的 | |
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assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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perturbed
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| adj.烦燥不安的v.使（某人）烦恼，不安( perturb的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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stammer
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| n.结巴，口吃；v.结结巴巴地说 | |
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stammered
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| v.结巴地说出( stammer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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abstained
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| v.戒（尤指酒），戒除( abstain的过去式和过去分词 )；弃权（不投票） | |
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wink
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| n.眨眼，使眼色，瞬间；v.眨眼，使眼色，闪烁 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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tormented
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| 饱受折磨的 | |
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lull
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| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
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brigands
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| n.土匪，强盗( brigand的名词复数 ) | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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glean
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| v.收集(消息、资料、情报等) | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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dispersing
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| adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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interrogating
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| n.询问技术v.询问( interrogate的现在分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询 | |
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partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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loft
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| n.阁楼，顶楼 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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shuddered
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| v.战栗( shudder的过去式和过去分词 )；发抖；（机器、车辆等）突然震动；颤动 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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stolidity
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| n.迟钝，感觉麻木 | |
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tickle
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| v.搔痒，胳肢；使高兴；发痒；n.搔痒，发痒 | |
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twine
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| v.搓，织，编饰；（使）缠绕 | |
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groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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76
stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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diffusion
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| n.流布；普及；散漫 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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gasp
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| n.喘息，气喘；v.喘息；气吁吁他说 | |
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juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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85
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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intentionally
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| ad.故意地，有意地 | |
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presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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88
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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90
sobbing
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| <主方>Ⅰ adj.湿透的 | |
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fervently
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| adv.热烈地，热情地，强烈地 | |
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abdication
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| n.辞职；退位 | |
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