"Methinks, gentlemen, that the woes3 of this contest should not fall upon one side only. Every one of you here are outlawed4, and if you are taken by the English will be executed or thrown in prison for life, and your lands and all belonging to you forfeited6. It is time that those who fight upon the other side should learn that they too run some risk. Besides leading his vassals7 in the field against us, Sir John Kerr twice in arms has attacked me, and done his best to slay8 me or deliver me over to the English. He fell yesterday by my hand at Stirling, and I hereby declare forfeit5 the land which he held in the county of Lanark, part of which he wrongfully took from Sir William Forbes, and his own fief adjoining. Other broad lands he owns in Ayrshire, but these I will not now touch; but the lands in Lanark, both his own fief and that of the Forbeses, I, as Warden10 of Scotland, hereby declare forfeit and confiscated11, and bestow12 them upon my good friend, Sir Archie Forbes. Sir John Grahame, do you proceed tomorrow with five hundred men and take possession of the hold of the Kerrs. Sir Allan Kerr is still at Stirling, and will not be there to defend it. Like enough the vassals will make no resistance, but will gladly accept the change of masters. The Kerrs have the reputation of being hard lords, and their vassals cannot like being forced to fight against the cause of their country. The hired men-at-arms may resist, but you will know how to make short work of these. I ask you to go rather than Sir Archibald Forbes, because I would not that it were said that he took the Kerr's hold on his private quarrel. When you have captured it he shall take a hundred picked men as a garrison13. The place is strong.
"Your new possessions, Archie, will, as you know, be held on doubtful tenure14. If we conquer, and Scotland is freed, I doubt in no way that the king, whoever he may be, will confirm my grant. If the English win, your land is lost, be it an acre or a county. And now let me be the first to congratulate you on having won by your sword and your patriotism15 the lands of your father, and on having repaid upon your family's enemies the measure which they meted16 to you. But you will still have to beware of the Kerrs. They are a powerful family, being connected by marriage with the Comyns of Badenoch, and other noble houses. Their lands in Ayr are as extensive as those in Lanark, even with your father's lands added to their own. However, if Scotland win the day the good work that you have done should well outweigh17 all the influence which they might bring to bear against you.
"And now, Archie, I can, for a time, release you. Ere long Edward's army will be pouring across the Border, and then I shall need every good Scotchman's sword. Till then you had best retire to your new estates, and spend the time in preparing your vassals to follow you in the field, and in putting one or other of your castles in the best state of defence you may. Methinks that the Kerr's hold may more easily be made to withstand a lengthened19 siege than Glen Cairn, seeing that the latter is commanded by the hill beside it. Kerr's castle, too, is much larger and more strongly fortified20. I need no thanks," he continued, as Archie was about to express his warm gratitude21; "it is the Warden of Scotland who rewards your services to the country; but Sir William Wallace will not forget how you have twice stood beside him against overwhelming odds22, and how yesterday, in Stirling, it was your watchful23 care and thoughtful precaution which alone saved his life."
Archie's friends all congratulated him warmly, and the next morning, with his own band, he started for Glen Cairn. Here the news that he was once more their lawful24 chief caused the greatest delight. It was evening when he reached the village, and soon great bonfires blazed in the street, and as the news spread burned up from many an outlying farm. Before night all the vassals of the estate came in, and Glen Cairn and the village was a scene of great enthusiasm.
Much as Archie regretted that he could not establish himself in the hold of his father, he felt that Wallace's suggestion was the right one. Glen Cairn was a mere25 shell, and could in no case be made capable of a prolonged resistance by a powerful force. Whereas, the castle of the Kerrs was very strong. It was a disappointment to his retainers when they heard that he could not at once return among them; but they saw the force of his reasons, and he promised that if Scotland was freed and peace restored, he would again make Glen Cairn habitable, and pass some of his time there.
"In the meantime," he said, "I shall be but eight miles from you, and the estate will be all one. But now I hope that for the next three months every man among you will aid me—some by personal labour, some by sending horses and carts—in the work of strengthening to the utmost my new castle of Aberfilly, which I wish to make so strong that it will long resist an attack. Should Scotland be permanently26 conquered, which may God forfend, it could not, of course, be held; but should we have temporary reverses we might well hold out until our party again gather head."
Every man on the estate promised his aid to an extent far beyond that which Archie, as their feudal27 superior, had a right to demand from them. They had had a hard time under the Kerrs, who had raised all rents, and greatly increased their feudal services. They were sure of good treatment should the Forbeses make good their position as their lords, and were ready to make any sacrifices to aid them to do so.
Next morning a messenger arrived from Sir John Grahame, saying that he had, during the night, stormed Aberfilly, and that with scarce an exception all the vassals of the Kerrs—when upon his arrival on the previous day they had learned of his purpose in coming, and of the disposition28 which Wallace had made of the estate—had accepted the change with delight, and had joined him in the assault upon the castle, which was defended only by thirty men-at-arms. These had all been killed, and Sir John invited Archie to ride over at once and take possession. This he did, and found that the vassals of the estate were all gathered at the castle to welcome him. He was introduced to them by Sir John Grahame, and they received Archie with shouts of enthusiasm, and all swore obedience29 to him as their feudal lord. Archie promised them to be a kind and lenient30 chief, to abate31 any unfair burdens which had been laid upon them, and to respect all their rights.
"But," he said, "just at first I must ask for sacrifices from you. This castle is strong, but it must be made much stronger, and must be capable of standing32 a continued siege in case temporary reverses should enable the English to endeavour to retake it for their friend, Sir Allan Kerr. My vassals at Glen Cairn have promised an aid far beyond that which I can command, and I trust that you also will extend your time of feudal service, and promise you a relaxation33 in future years equivalent to the time you may now give."
The demand was readily assented34 to, for the tenants35 of Aberfilly were no less delighted than those of Glen Cairn to escape from the rule of the Kerrs. Archie, accompanied by Sir John Grahame, now made an inspection36 of the walls of his new hold. It stood just where the counties of Linlithgow and Edinburgh join that of Lanark. It was built on an island on a tributary37 of the Clyde. The stream was but a small one, and the island had been artificially made, so that the stream formed a moat on either side of it, the castle occupying a knoll38 of ground which rose somewhat abruptly39 from the surrounding country. The moat was but twelve feet wide, and Archie and Sir John decided40 that this should be widened to fifty feet and deepened to ten, and that a dam should be built just below the castle to keep back the stream and fill the moat. The walls should everywhere be raised ten feet, several strong additional flanking towers added, and a work built beyond the moat to guard the head of the drawbridge. With such additions Aberfilly would be able to stand a long siege by any force which might assail41 it.
Timber, stones, and rough labour there were in abundance, and Wallace had insisted upon Archie's taking from the treasures which had been captured from the enemy, a sum of money which would be ample to hire skilled masons from Lanark, and to pay for the cement, iron, and other necessaries which would be beyond the resources of the estate. These matters in train, Archie rode to Lanark and fetched his proud and rejoicing mother from Sir Robert Gordon's to Aberfilly. She was accompanied by Sandy Graham and Elspie: the former Archie appointed majordomo, and to be in command of the garrison whenever he should be absent.
The vassals were as good as their word. For three months the work of digging, quarrying42, cutting, and squaring timber and building went on without intermission. There were upon the estates fully9 three hundred ablebodied men, and the work progressed rapidly. When, therefore, Archie received a message from Wallace to join him near Stirling, he felt that he could leave Aberfilly without any fear of a successful attack being made upon it in his absence.
There was need, indeed, for all the Scotch18, capable of bearing arms, to gather round Wallace. Under the Earl of Surrey, the high treasurer43 Cressingham, and other leaders, an army of 50,000 foot and 1000 horse were advancing from Berwick, while 8000 foot and 300 horse under Earl Percy advanced from Carlisle. Wallace was besieging44 the castle of Dundee when he heard of their approach, and leaving the people of Dundee to carry on the siege under the command of Sir Alexander Scrymgeour, he himself marched to defend the only bridge by which Edward could cross the Forth45, near Stirling.
Thus far Surrey had experienced no resistance, and at the head of so large and well appointed a force he might well feel sure of success. A large proportion of his army consisted of veterans inured46 to service in wars at home, in Wales, and with the French, while the mail clad knights and men-at-arms looked with absolute contempt upon the gathering47 which was opposed to them. This consisted solely48 of popular levies49 of men who had left their homes and taken up arms for the freedom of their country. They were rudely armed and hastily trained. Of all the feudal nobles of Scotland who should have led them, but one, Sir Andrew Moray, was present. Their commander was still little more than a youth, who, great as was his individual valour and prowess, had had no experience in the art of war on a large scale; while the English were led by a general whose fame was known throughout Europe.
The Scots took up their station upon the high ground north of the Forth, protected from observation by the precipitous hill immediately behind Cambuskenneth Abbey and known as the Abbey Craig. In a bend of the river, opposite the Abbey Craig, stood the bridge by which the English army were preparing to cross. Archie stood beside Wallace on the top of the craig, looking at the English array.
"It is a fair sight," he said; "the great camp, with its pavilions, its banners, and pennons, lying there in the valley, with the old castle rising on the lofty rock behind them. It is a pity that such a sight should bode50 evil to Scotland."
"Yes," Wallace said; "I would that the camp lay where it is, but that the pennons and banners were those of Scotland's nobles, and that the royal lions floated over Surrey's tent. Truly that were a sight which would glad a Scot's heart. When shall we see ought like it? However, Archie," he went on in a lighter51 tone, "methinks that that will be a rare camp to plunder52."
Archie laughed. "One must kill the lion before one talks of dividing his skin," he said; "and truly it seems well nigh impossible that such a following as yours, true Scots and brave men though they be, yet altogether undisciplined and new to war, should be able to bear the brunt of such a battle."
"You are thinking of Dunbar," Wallace said; "and did we fight in such a field our chances would be poor; but with that broad river in front and but a narrow bridge for access, methinks that we can render an account of them."
"God grant it be so!" Archie replied; "but I shall be right glad when the day is over."
Three days before the battle the Steward53 of Scotland, the Earl of Lennox, and others of the Scotch magnates entered Surrey's camp and begged that he would not attack until they tried to induce the people to lay down their arms. They returned, however, on the third day saying that they would not listen to them, but that the next day they would, themselves, join his army with their men-at-arms. On leaving the camp that evening the Scotch nobles, riding homeward, had a broil54 with some English soldiers, of whom one was wounded by the Earl of Lennox. News being brought to Surrey, he resolved to wait no longer, but gave orders that the assault should take place on the following morning. At daybreak of the 11th of September, 1297, one of the outposts woke Wallace with the news that the English were crossing the bridge. The troops were at once got under arms, and were eager to rush down to commence the battle, but Wallace restrained them. Five thousand Welsh foot soldiers crossed the bridge, then there was a pause, and none were seen following them. "Were we to charge down now, Sir William," Archie said, "surely we might destroy that body before aid could come to them."
"We could do, Archie, as you say," Wallace replied, "but such a success would be of little worth, nay55, would harm rather than benefit us, for Surrey, learning that we are not altogether to be despised, as he now believes, would be more prudent56 in future and would keep his army in the flat country, where we could do nought57 against it. No, to win much one must risk much, and we must wait until half Surrey's army is across before we venture down against them."
Presently the Welsh were seen to retire again. Their movement had been premature58. Surrey was still asleep, and nothing could be done until he awoke; when he did so the army armed leisurely59, after which Surrey bestowed60 the honour of knighthood upon many young aspirants61. The number of the Scots under Wallace is not certainly known; the majority of the estimates place it below twenty thousand, and as the English historian, who best describes the battle, speaks of it as the defeat of the many by the few, it can certainly be assumed that it did not exceed this number.
Only on the ground of his utter contempt for the enemy can the conduct of the Earl of Surrey, in attempting to engage in such a position, be understood. The bridge was wide enough for but two, or at most three, horsemen to cross abreast62, and when those who had crossed were attacked assistance could reach them but slowly from the rear.
The English knights and men-at-arms, with the Royal Standard and the banner of the Earl of Surrey, crossed first. The men-at-arms were followed by the infantry63, who, as they passed, formed up on the tongue of land formed by the winding64 of the river.
When half the English army had passed Wallace gave the order to advance. First Sir Andrew Moray, with two thousand men, descended65 the hills farther to the right, and on seeing these the English cavalry66 charged at once against them. The instant they did so Wallace, with his main army, poured down from the craig impetuously and swept away the English near the head of the bridge, taking possession of the end, and by showers of arrows and darts67 preventing any more from crossing. By this maneuver68 the whole of the English infantry who had crossed were cut off from their friends and inclosed in the narrow promontory69.
The English men-at-arms had succeeded in overthrowing70 the Scots, against whom they had charged, and had pursued them some distance; but upon drawing rein71 and turning to rejoin the army, they found the aspect of affairs changed indeed. The troops left at the head of the bridge were overthrown72 and destroyed. The royal banner and that of Surrey were down, and the bridge in the possession of the enemy. The men-at-arms charged back and strove in vain to recover the head of the bridge. The Scots fought stubbornly; those in front made a hedge of pikes, while those behind hurled73 darts and poured showers of arrows into the English ranks. The greater proportion of the men-at-arms were killed. One valiant74 knight2 alone, Sir Marmaduke de Twenge, with his nephew and a squire75, cut their way through the Scots, and crossed the bridge. Many were drowned in attempting to swim the river, one only succeeding in so gaining the opposite side.
The men-at-arms defeated, Wallace and the chosen band under him, who had been engaged with them, joined those who were attacking the English and Welsh, now cooped up in the promontory. Flushed with the success already gained the Scots were irresistible76, and almost every man who had crossed was either killed or drowned in attempting to swim the river. No sooner had he seen that the success in this quarter was secure than Wallace led a large number of his followers77 across the bridge. Here the English, who still outnumbered his army, and who had now all the advantage of position which had previously78 been on the side of the Scots, might have defended the bridge, or in good order have given him battle on the other side. The sight, however, of the terrible disaster which had befallen nearly half their number before their eyes, without their being able to render them the slightest assistance, had completely demoralized them, and as soon as the Scotch were seen to be crossing the bridge they fled in terror. A hot pursuit was kept up by the fleet footed and lightly armed Scots, and great numbers of fugitives79 were slain80.
More than 20,000 English perished in the battle or flight, and the remainder crossed the Border a mere herd81 of broken fugitives.
The Earl of Surrey, before riding off the field, committed the charge of the Castle of Stirling to Sir Marmaduke de Twenge, promising82 him that he would return to his relief within ten weeks at the utmost. All the tents, wagons83, horses, provisions, and stores of the English fell into the hands of their enemies, and every Scotch soldier obtained rich booty.
Cressingham was among the number killed. It was said by one English historian, and his account has been copied by many others, that Cressingham's body was flayed84 and his skin divided among the Scots; but there appears no good foundation for the story, although probably Cressingham, who had rendered himself peculiarly obnoxious85 and hateful to the Scots, was hewn in pieces. But even were it proved that the ill story is a true one, it need excite no surprise, seeing the wholesale86 slaying87, plundering88, and burning which had been carried on by the English, and that the Scottish prisoners falling into their hands were often mutilated and tortured before being executed and quartered. The English historians were fond of crying out that the Scotch were a cruel and barbarous people whenever they retaliated89 for the treatment which they suffered; but so far from this being the case, it is probable that the Scotch, before the first invasion of Edward, were a more enlightened and, for their numbers, a more well-to-do people than the English. They had for many years enjoyed peace and tranquillity90, and under the long and prosperous reign91 of Alexander had made great advances, while England had been harassed92 by continuous wars and troubles at home and abroad. Its warlike barons93, when not engaged under its monarchs94 in wars in Wales, Ireland, and France, occupied themselves in quarrels with each other, or in struggles against the royal supremacy95; and although the higher nobles, with their mailclad followers, could show an amount of chivalrous96 pomp unknown in Scotland, yet the condition of the middle classes and of the agricultural population was higher in Scotland than in England.
Archie, as one of the principal leaders of the victorious97 army, received a share of the treasure captured in the camp sufficient to repay the money which he had had for the strengthening of the Castle of Aberfilly, and on the day following the battle he received permission from Sir William to return at once, with the 250 retainers which he had brought into the field, to complete the rebuilding of the castle. In another three months this was completed, and stores of arms and munition98 of all kinds collected.
Immediately after the defeat at Stirling Bridge, King Edward summoned the Scottish nobles to join Brian Fitzallan, whom he appointed governor of Scotland, with their whole forces, for the purpose of putting down the rebellion. Among those addressed as his allies were the Earls Comyn of Badenoch, Comyn of Buchan, Patrick of Dunbar, Umfraville of Angus, Alexander of Menteith, Malise of Strathearn, Malcolm of Lennox, and William of Sutherland, together with James the Steward, Nicholas de la Haye, Ingelram de Umfraville, Richard Fraser, and Alexander de Lindsay of Crawford. From this enumeration99 it is clear that Wallace had still many enemies to contend with at home as well as the force of England. Patrick of Dunbar, assisted by Robert Bruce and Bishop100 Anthony Beck, took the field, but was defeated. Wallace captured all the castles of the earl save Dunbar itself, and forced him to fly to England; then the Scotch army poured across the Border and retaliated upon the northern counties for the deeds which the English had been performing in Scotland for the last eight years. The country was ravaged101 to the very walls of Durham and Carlisle, and only those districts which bought off the invaders102 were spared. The title which had been bestowed upon Wallace by a comparatively small number was now ratified103 by the commonalty of the whole of Scotland; and associated with him was the young Sir Andrew Moray of Bothwell, whose father had been the only Scotch noble who had fought at Stirling, and it is notable that in some of the documents of the time Wallace gives precedence to Andrew Moray.
They proceeded to effect a military organization of the country, dividing it up into districts, each with commanders and lieutenants104. Order was established and negotiations105 entered into for the mutual106 safeguard of traders with the Hanse towns.
The nobles who ventured to oppose the authority of Wallace and his colleague were punished in some cases by the confiscation107 of lands, which were bestowed upon Sir Alexander Scrymgeour and other loyal gentlemen, and these grants were recognized by Bruce when he became king. In these deeds of grant Wallace and Moray, although acting108 as governors of Scotland, state that they do so in the name of Baliol as king, although a helpless captive in England. For a short time Scotland enjoyed peace, save that Earl Percy responded to the raids made by the Scots across the Border, by carrying fire and sword through Annandale; and the English writers who complain of the conduct of the Scots, have no word of reprobation109 for the proclamation issued to the soldiers on crossing the Border, that they were free to plunder where they chose, nor as to the men and women slain, nor the villages and churches committed to the flames.
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1
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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outlawed
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| 宣布…为不合法（outlaw的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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forfeit
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| vt.丧失；n.罚金，罚款，没收物 | |
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forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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7
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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warden
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| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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outweigh
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| vt.比...更重，...更重要 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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watchful
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| adj.注意的，警惕的 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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lenient
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| adj.宽大的，仁慈的 | |
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abate
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| vi.(风势，疼痛等)减弱，减轻，减退 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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42
quarrying
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| v.采石；从采石场采得( quarry的现在分词 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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44
besieging
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的现在分词 ) | |
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45
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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46
inured
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| adj.坚强的，习惯的 | |
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47
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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48
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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49
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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50
bode
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| v.预示 | |
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51
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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52
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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53
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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54
broil
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| v.烤，烧，争吵，怒骂；n.烤，烧，争吵，怒骂 | |
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55
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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56
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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57
nought
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| n.／adj.无，零 | |
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58
premature
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| adj.比预期时间早的；不成熟的，仓促的 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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60
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
aspirants
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| n.有志向或渴望获得…的人( aspirant的名词复数 )v.渴望的，有抱负的，追求名誉或地位的( aspirant的第三人称单数 )；有志向或渴望获得…的人 | |
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62
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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63
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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64
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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67
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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68
maneuver
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| n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略 | |
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promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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overthrowing
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| v.打倒，推翻( overthrow的现在分词 )；使终止 | |
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rein
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| n.疆绳，统治，支配；vt.以僵绳控制，统治 | |
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overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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squire
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| n.护卫, 侍从, 乡绅 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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80
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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81
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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84
flayed
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| v.痛打( flay的过去式和过去分词 )；把…打得皮开肉绽；剥（通常指动物）的皮；严厉批评 | |
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85
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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87
slaying
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| 杀戮。 | |
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88
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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89
retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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91
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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93
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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95
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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96
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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97
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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98
munition
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| n.军火；军需品；v.给某部门提供军火 | |
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99
enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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100
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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101
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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102
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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103
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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105
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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106
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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107
confiscation
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| n. 没收, 充公, 征收 | |
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108
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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109
reprobation
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| n.斥责 | |
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