The English army was still advancing slowly, and Bruce and his leaders rode down to the front of the Scottish line, seeing that all was in order and encouraging the men with cheering words. When the English army approached the stream King Edward ordered a halt to be sounded for the purpose of holding a council, whether it was best to encamp for the night or at once to advance against the enemy. The Earls of Gloucester and Hereford, who commanded the first division, were so far ahead that they did not hear the sound of the trumpet1, and continuing their onward2 march crossed the Bannock Burn and moved on toward the Scotch3 array. In front of the ranks of the defenders4 the king was riding upon a small palfrey, not having as yet put on his armour5 for the battle. On his helmet he wore a purple cap surmounted6 by a crown. Seeing him thus within easy reach, Sir Henry de Bohun, cousin of the Earl of Hereford, laid his lance in rest and spurred down upon the king. Bruce could have retired7 within the lines of his soldiers; but confident in his own prowess, and judging how great an effect a success under such circumstances would have upon the spirits of his troops, he spurred forward to meet his assailant armed only with his axe8. As the English knight9 came thundering down, the king touched his palfrey with his spur, and the horse, carrying but a light weight, swerved10 quickly aside; De Bohun's lance missed his stroke, and before he had time to draw rein11 or sword, the king, standing12 up in his stirrups, dealt him so tremendous a blow with his axe as he passed, that it cleft13 through helmet and brain, and the knight fell dead to the ground.
With a shout of triumph the Scotch rushed forward and drove the English advance guard back across the stream; then the Scotch leaders led their men back again to the position which they had quitted, and reformed their array. Douglas, Edward Bruce, Randolph, and Archie Forbes now gathered round the king and remonstrated14 with him on the rashness of an act which might have proved fatal to the whole army. The king smiled at such remonstrances15 from four men who had, above all others, distinguished16 themselves for their rash and daring exploits, and shrugging his shoulders observed only that it was a pity he had broken the shaft17 of his favourite axe. The English array now withdrew to a short distance, and it became evident that the great battle would be delayed till the morrow. The Scotch army therefore broke its ranks and prepared to pass the night on the spot where it stood. The king assembled all his principal leaders round him, and after thanking God for so fair a beginning of the fight as had that day been made, he pointed18 out to them how great an effect the two preliminary skirmishes would have upon the spirits of both armies, and expressed his confidence in the final result. He urged upon them the necessity for keeping their followers19 well in hand, and meeting the charges of the enemy's horse steadily20 with their spears; and especially warned them, after repulsing21 a charge, against allowing their men to break their array, either to plunder22 or take prisoners, so long as the battle lasted, as the whole riches of the English camp would fall into their hands if successful. He pledged himself that the heirs of all who fell should have the succession of their estates free from the usual feudal23 burdens on such occasions.
The night passed quietly, and in the morning both armies formed their array for battle. Bruce, as was customary, conferred the honour of knighthood upon several of his leaders. Then all proceeded to their allotted24 places and awaited the onset25. Beyond the stream and extending far away towards the rising ground were the English squadrons in their glittering arms, the first division in line, the others in heavy masses behind them. Now that the Scotch were fairly drawn26 up in order of battle, the English could see how small was their number in comparison with their own, and the king in surprise exclaimed to Sir Ingram de Umfraville:
"What! will yonder Scots fight us?"
"That verily will they," the knight replied, for he had many a time been engaged in stout27 conflict with them, and knew how hard it was even for mail clad knights28 to break through the close lines of Scottish spears. So high a respect had he for their valour, that he urged the king to pretend to retire suddenly beyond the camp, when the Scots, in spite of their leaders, would be sure to leave their ranks and flock into the camp to plunder, when they might be easily dispersed29 and cut to pieces. The king, however, refused to adopt the suggestion, saying, that no one must be able to accuse him of avoiding a battle or of withdrawing his army before such a rabble30. As the armies stood confronting each other in battle array a priest passed along the Scottish front, crucifix in hand, exhorting31 all to fight to the death for the liberty of their country. As he passed along the line each company knelt in an attitude of prayer. King Edward, seeing this, exclaimed to Sir Ingram:
"See yonder folk kneel to ask for mercy!"
"Ay, sire," the knight said, looking earnestly at the Scots, "they kneel and ask for mercy, but not of you; it is for their sins they ask mercy of God. I know these men, and have met and fought them, and I tell you that assuredly they will win or die, and not even when death looks them in the face will they turn to fly."
"Then if it must be so," said the king, "let us charge."
The trumpet sounded along the line. First the immense body of English archers32 crossed the burn and opened the battle by pouring clouds of arrows into the Scottish ranks. The Scotch archers, who were in advance of their spearmen, were speedily driven back to shelter beyond their line, for not only were the English vastly more numerous, but they shot much further and more accurately33. And now the knights and men-at-arms, on their steel clad horses, crossed the burn. They were aware of the existence of Milton Bog34, which covered the Scottish centre, and they directed their charge upon the division of Edward Bruce on the Scottish right. The crash as the mailed horses burst down upon the wood of Scottish spears was tremendous. Bruce's men held firm, and the English in vain strove to break through their serried35 line of spears. It was a repetition of the fight of the previous day, but on a greater scale. With lance and battleaxe the chivalry36 of England strove to break the ranks of the Scotch, while with serried lines of spears, four deep, the Scotch held their own. Every horse which, wounded or riderless, turned and dashed through the ranks of the English, added to the confusion. This was much further increased by the deep holes into which the horses were continually falling, and breaking up all order in their ranks. Those behind pressed forward to reach the front, and their very numbers added to their difficulty.
The English were divided into ten divisions or "battles," and these one by one crossed the stream with banners flying, and still avoiding the centre, followed the line taken by the first, and pressed forward to take part in the fray37.
Randolph now moved with the centre to the support of the hardly pressed right, and his division, as well as that of Edward Bruce, seemed to be lost among the multitude of their opponents. Stewart and Douglas moved their division to the right and threw themselves into the fray, and the three Scottish divisions were now fighting side by side, but with a much smaller front than that which they had originally occupied. For a time the battle raged furiously without superiority on either side. The Scotch possessed38 the great advantage that, standing close together in ranks four deep, every man was engaged, while of the mounted knights and men-at-arms who pressed upon them, only the front line was doing efficient service. Not only, therefore, was the vast numerical superiority of the English useless to them, but actually a far larger number of the Scottish than of themselves were using their weapons in the front rank, while the great proportion of the English remained helplessly behind their fighting line, unable to take any part whatever in the fight. But now the English archers came into play again, and firing high into the air rained their arrows almost perpendicularly39 down upon the Scottish ranks. Had this continued it would have been as fatal to the Scots at Bannockburn as it was at Falkirk; but happily the Scottish horse told off for this special service were here commanded by no traitors40, and at the critical moment the king launched Sir Robert Keith, the mareschal of Scotland, against the archers with 500 horsemen. These burst suddenly down upon the flank of the archers and literally41 swept them before them. Great numbers were killed, others fell back upon the lines of horsemen who were ranged behind, impatient to take their share in the battle; these tried to drive them back again, but the archers were disheartened, and retreating across the stream took no further part in the battle. The charge of the Scottish horses should have been foreseen and provided against by placing strong bodies of men-at-arms on the flanks of the archers, as these lightly armed troops were wholly unable to withstand a charge by cavalry42.
The Scottish archers, now that their formidable opponents had left the field, opened a heavy fire over the heads of the pikemen upon the horsemen surrounding the squares, and when they had shot away their arrows sallied out and mingled43 in the confused mass of the enemy, doing tremendous execution with their axes and knives. Hitherto the king had kept his reserve in hand; but now that the English archers were defeated and their horsemen in inextricable confusion, he moved his division down and joined in the melee44, his men shouting his well known battle cry.
Every Scotch soldier on the field was now engaged. No longer did the battle cries of the various parties rise in the air. Men had no breath to waste in shouting, but each fought silently and desperately45 with spear or axe, and the sound of clanging blows of weapons, of mighty46 crash of sword or battleaxe on steel armour, with the cries and groans47 of wounded men were alone heard. Over and over again the English knights drew back a little so as to gain speed and impetus48, and flung themselves on the Scottish spears, but ever without effect, while little by little the close ranks of the Scotch pressed forward until, as the space between their front and the brook49 narrowed, the whole of the English divisions became pent up together, more and more incapable50 of using their strength to advantage. The slaughter51 in their front divisions had already been terrible. Again and again fresh troops had taken the places of those who had formed the front ranks, but many of their best and bravest had fallen. The confusion was too great for their leaders to be able to direct them with advantage, and seeing the failure of every effort to break the Scottish ranks, borne back by the slow advance of the hedge of spears, harassed52 by the archers who dived below the horses, stabbing them in their bellies53, or rising suddenly between them to smite54 down the riders with their keen, heavy, short handled axes, the English began to lose heart, and as they wavered the Scotch pressed forward more eagerly, shouting, "On them! on them! They give way! they give way!"
At this critical moment the servants, teamsters, and camp followers who had been left behind Gillies Hill, showed themselves. Some of their number from the eminence55 had watched the desperate struggle, and on hearing how their soldiers were pressed by the surrounding host of English men-at-arms they could no longer remain inactive. All men carried arms in those days. They hastily chose one of their own number as leader, and fastening some sheets to tent poles as banners, they advanced over the hill in battle array, and moved down to join their comrades. The sight of what they deemed a fresh division advancing to the assistance of the Scotch brought to a climax56 the hesitation57 which had begun to shake the English, and ensured their discomfiture58. Those in rear turned bridle59 hastily, and crossing the Bannock Burn, galloped60 away. The movement so begun spread rapidly, and although those in front still continued their desperate efforts to break the line of Scottish spears, the day was now hopelessly lost. Seeing that this was so, the Earl of Pembroke seized the king's rein and constrained61 him to leave the field with a bodyguard62 of 500 horse. Sir Giles de Argentine, who had hitherto remained by the king's side, and who was esteemed63 the third best knight in Europe—the Emperor Henry of Luxemberg and Robert Bruce being reckoned the two best—bade farewell to the king as he rode off.
"Farewell, sire," he said, "since you must go, but I at least must return; I have never yet fled from an enemy, and will remain and die rather than fly and live in disgrace."
So saying, the knight spurred down to the conflict, and charged against the array of Edward Bruce, and there fell fighting valiantly64. The flight of the king and his attendants was the signal for a general rout65. Great numbers were slain66, many men were drowned in the Forth67, and the channel of the Bannock was so choked with the bodies of dead men and horses that one could pass over dry shod. The scattered68 parties of English were still so numerous that Bruce held his men well in hand until these had yielded themselves prisoners. Douglas was charged to pursue the king, but he could only muster69 sixty horsemen. A short distance from the field he met a Scottish baron70, Sir Laurence Abernethy, with twenty-four men-at-arms, on his way to join the English, for even as yet but few of the Scottish nobles were on the side of the king. Upon hearing what had happened, Sir Laurence, with the easy facility which distinguished the Scottish nobles of the period, at once changed sides, swore fealty71 to Bruce, and joined Douglas in the pursuit of his late friends. They overtook the king's party at Linlithgow, but Pembroke kept his men well together, and while still retiring, showed so bold an appearance that Douglas did not venture to charge. Finally the English reached the Castle of Dunbar, where the king and his immediate72 attendants were received by his ally, Earl Patrick of Dunbar. So cowed were the fugitives73 that they left their horses outside the castle gate, and these were captured by their pursuers. The main body of the king's bodyguard continued their way in good order, and reached Berwick in safety. Edward gained England in a fishing boat from Dunbar. Eighteen years had elapsed since his father had entered Scotland with an army deemed sufficient for its entire subjugation75; had sacked and destroyed the rich and prosperous town of Berwick, routed the army of Baliol, marched through Scotland, and, as he believed, permanently76 settled his conquest. Now the son had lost all that his father had won.
Among the fugitive74 remains77 of the English army were a considerable body of Welsh, who, being lightly armed, fled at full speed toward the Border, but being easily distinguished by their white dresses and the absence of defensive78 armour, almost all were slain by the peasantry. The Earl of Hereford, the Earl of Angus, Sir John Seagrave, Sir Anthony Lucy, Sir Ingram de Umfraville, with a great number of knights, 600 men-at-arms, and 1000 infantry79, keeping together, marched south toward Carlisle.
As they passed Bothwell Castle, which was held by the governor for England, the earls and knights entered the castle, their followers remaining without; but the governor, on hearing the result of the battle, closed the gates and took all who had entered prisoners, and, changing sides, handed them over to Bruce. Their followers continued their march south, but were for the most part slain or taken prisoners before they reached the Border.
When all resistance had ceased on the field the victors collected the spoil. This consisted of the vast camp, the treasures intended for the payment of the army, the herds80 of cattle, and stores of provisions, wine, and forage81; the rich wearing apparel and arms of the knights and nobles killed or made prisoners, many valuable horses, and the prisoners who would have to be ransomed83, among whom were twenty-two barons84 and sixty knights.
The spoil was estimated at 200,000 pounds, equal to 3,000,000 pounds of money in these days. The king refused to take any share in this plunder, dividing it wholly among his troops. 30,000 English lay dead on the field, including 200 knights and 700 esquires, and among the most distinguished of the dead were the Earl of Gloucester, Sir Giles de Argentine, Lord Robert Clifford, Sir Edmund Manley, seneschal of England, Sir William de Mareschal, Sir Payne Tybtot, and Sir John Comyn. Sir Marmaduke de Twenge was among the prisoners.
Bruce's conduct to his prisoners was even more honourable85 to himself than was the great victory that he had won. In spite of his three brothers, his brother in law Seaton, his friends Athole and Frazer, having been executed by the English, and the knowledge that their mangled86 remains were still exposed over London Bridge and the gates of Carlisle and Newcastle—in spite of the barbarous and lengthened87 captivity88 of his wife, his sister and daughter, and his friend the Countess of Buchan—in spite of the conviction that had he himself been made prisoner he would at once have been sent to the scaffold—Bruce behaved with a magnanimity and generosity89 of the highest kind. Every honour was paid to the English dead, and the bodies of the chief among these were sent to their relatives in England, and the prisoners were all either ransomed or exchanged. Sir Marmaduke de Twenge was dismissed free of ransom82 and loaded with gifts, and even the Scotch nobles, such as Sir Philip Mowbray, who were taken fighting in the ranks of their country's enemy, were forgiven. This noble example exercised but little influence upon the English. When Edward Bruce was killed four years afterwards at Dundalk in Ireland, his body was quartered and distributed, and his head presented to the English king, who bestowed90 upon Birmingham—who commanded the English and sent the gift to him—the dignity of Earl of Louth.
Among the prisoners was Edward's poet laureate, Baston, a Carmelite friar, who had accompanied the army for the purpose of writing a poem on the English victory. His ransom was fixed91 at a poem on the Scotch victory at Bannockburn, which the friar was forced to supply.
With Bannockburn ended all hope on the part of the English of subjugating92 Scotland; but the war continued fitfully for fourteen years, the Scotch frequently invading England and levying93 heavy contributions from the northern counties and towns, and the English occasionally retaliating94 by the same process; but at length peace was signed at Northampton.
In 1315 a parliament assembled at Ayr for the purpose of regulating the succession to the throne. It was then agreed that in case of the king's death without male issue his brother Edward should succeed to it, and that if Edward left no heirs, the children of Marjory, the king's daughter, should succeed. Shortly afterwards Marjory was married to Walter the Steward95. Edward Bruce was killed unmarried. A son was afterwards born to the king, who reigned96 as David II, but having died without issue, the son of Marjory and the Steward became king. The hereditary97 title of Steward was used as the surname for the family, and thus from them descended98 the royal line of Stewart or Stuart, through which Queen Victoria at present reigns99 over Great Britain, Ireland, and their vast dependencies.
After Bannockburn Archie Forbes went no more to the wars. He was raised to the dignity of Baron Forbes by the king, and was ever rewarded by him as one of his most trusty councillors, and his descendants played a prominent part in the changing and eventful history of Scotland; but the proudest tradition of the family was that their ancestor had fought as a patriot100 by the side of Bruce and Wallace when scarce a noble of Scotland but was leagued with the English oppressors of their country.
THE END
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1
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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7
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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9
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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10
swerved
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| v.（使）改变方向，改变目的( swerve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rein
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| n.疆绳，统治，支配；vt.以僵绳控制，统治 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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13
cleft
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| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
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remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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21
repulsing
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| v.击退( repulse的现在分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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22
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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23
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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29
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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31
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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bog
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| n.沼泽；室...陷入泥淖 | |
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serried
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| adj.拥挤的；密集的 | |
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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38
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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perpendicularly
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| adv. 垂直地, 笔直地, 纵向地 | |
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40
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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41
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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42
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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43
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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44
melee
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| n.混战；混战的人群 | |
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45
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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46
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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47
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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48
impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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49
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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50
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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51
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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52
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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53
bellies
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| n.肚子( belly的名词复数 )；腹部；（物体的）圆形或凸起部份；腹部…形的 | |
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54
smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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55
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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56
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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57
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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58
discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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bodyguard
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| n.护卫，保镖 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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fealty
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| n.忠贞，忠节 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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80
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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81
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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82
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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83
ransomed
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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86
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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90
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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subjugating
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的现在分词 ) | |
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levying
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| 征（兵）( levy的现在分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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retaliating
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的现在分词 ) | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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100
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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