A day or two later, the British fleet was at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence, and the whole forces of the colony, except three battalions3 posted at Ticonderoga, and a strong detachment placed so as to resist any hostile movement from Lake Ontario, were mustered6 at Quebec. Here were gathered five French battalions, the whole of the Canadian troops and militia7, and upwards8 of a thousand Indians, in all amounting to more than sixteen thousand.
The position was an extremely strong one. The main force was encamped on the high ground below Quebec, with their right resting on the Saint Charles River, and the left on the Montmorenci, a distance of between seven and eight miles. The front was covered by steep ground, which rose nearly from the edge of the Saint Lawrence, and the right was covered by the guns of the citadel9 of Quebec. A boom of logs, chained together, was laid across the mouth of the Saint Charles, which was further guarded by two hulks mounted with cannon10. A bridge of boats, crossing the river a mile higher up, connected the city with the camp.
All the gates of Quebec, except that of Saint Charles, which faced the bridge, were closed and barricaded11. A hundred and six cannon were mounted on the walls, while a floating battery of twelve heavy pieces, a number of gunboats, and eight fire ships formed the river defences.
The frigates13, which had convoyed the merchant fleet, were taken higher up the river, and a thousand of their seamen14 came down, from Quebec, to man the batteries and gunboats.
Against this force of sixteen thousand men, posted behind defensive15 works, on a position almost impregnable by nature, General Wolfe was bringing less than nine thousand troops. The steep and lofty heights, that lined the river, rendered the cannon of the ships useless to him, and the exigencies16 of the fleet, in such narrow and difficult navigation, prevented the sailors being landed to assist the troops.
A large portion of Montcalm's army, indeed, consisted of Canadians, who were of little use in the open field, but could be trusted to fight well behind intrenchments.
Wolfe was, unfortunately, in extremely bad health when he was selected, by Pitt, to command the expedition against Quebec; but under him were Brigadier Generals Monckton, Townshend, and Murray, all good officers.
The fleet consisted of twenty-two ships of war, with frigates and sloops17, and a great number of transports. It was, at first, divided into three squadrons. That under Admiral Durell sailed direct for the Saint Lawrence, to intercept18 the ships from France, but arrived at its destination a few days too late. That of Admiral Holmes sailed for New York, to take on board a portion of the army of Amherst and Abercromby. That of Admiral Saunders sailed to Louisbourg, but, finding the entrance blocked with ice, went on to Halifax, where it was joined by the squadron with the troops from New York. They then sailed again to Louisbourg, where they remained until the 6th of June, 1759, and then joined Durell at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence.
Wolfe's force had been intended to be larger, and should have amounted to fourteen thousand men; but some regiments20 which were to have joined him from the West Indies were, at the last moment, countermanded21, and Amherst, who no doubt felt some jealousy22, at the command of this important expedition being given to an officer who had served under his orders at the taking of Louisbourg, sent a smaller contingent23 of troops than had been expected.
Among the regiments which sailed was that of James Walsham. After the fight at Ticonderoga, in which upwards of half of his force had fallen, the little corps24 had been broken up, and the men had returned to duty with their regiments. Owing to the number of officers who had fallen, James now stood high on the list of lieutenants26. He had had enough of scouting27, and was glad to return to the regiment19, his principal regret being that he had to part from his two trusty scouts28.
There was great joy, in the regiment, when the news was received that they were to go with the expedition against Quebec. They had formed part of Wolf''s division at Louisbourg, and, like all who had served with him, regarded with enthusiasm and confidence the leader whose frail29 body seemed wholly incapable30 of sustaining fatigue31 or hardship, but whose indomitable spirit and courage placed him ever in the front, and set an example which the bravest of his followers32 were proud to imitate.
From time to time, James had received letters from home. Communication was irregular; but his mother and Mr. Wilks wrote frequently, and sometimes he received half a dozen letters at once. He had now been absent from home for four years, and his mother told him that he would scarcely recognize Aggie33, who was now as tall as herself. Mrs. Walsham said that the girl was almost as interested as she was in his letters, and in the despatches from the war, in which his name had several times been mentioned, in connection with the services rendered by his scouts.
Richard Horton had twice, during James's absence, returned home. The squire35, Mrs. Walsham said, had received him very coolly, in consequence of the letter he had written when James was pressed as a seaman36, and she said that Aggie seemed to have taken a great objection to him. She wondered, indeed, that he could stay an hour in the house after his reception there; but he seemed as if he didn't notice it, and took especial pains to try and overcome Aggie's feeling against him.
While waiting at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence, Admiral Durell had succeeded in obtaining pilots to take the fleet up the river. He had sailed up the river to the point where the difficult navigation began, and where vessels37 generally took on board river pilots. Here he hoisted38 the French flag at the masthead, and the pilots, believing the ships to be a French squadron, which had eluded39 the watch of the English, came off in their boats, and were all taken prisoners, and forced, under pain of death, to take the English vessels safely up.
The first difficulty of the passage was at Cape40 Tourmente, where the channel describes a complete zigzag41. Had the French planted some guns on a plateau, high up on the side of the mountains, they could have done great damage by a plunging42 fire; but Vaudreuil had neglected to take this measure, and the fleet passed up in safety, the manner in which they were handled and navigated43 astonishing the Canadians, who had believed it to be impossible that large ships could be taken up.
On the 26th, the whole fleet were anchored off the Island of Orleans, a few miles below Quebec. The same night, a small party landed on the island. They were opposed by the armed inhabitants, but beat them off, and, during the night, the Canadians crossed to the north shore. The whole army then landed.
From the end of the island, Wolfe could see the full strength of the position which he had come to attack. Three or four miles in front of him, the town of Quebec stood upon its elevated rock. Beyond rose the loftier height of Cape Diamond, with its redoubts and parapets. Three great batteries looked threateningly from the upper rock of Quebec, while three others were placed, near the edge of the water, in the lower town. On the right was the great camp of Montcalm, stretching from the Saint Charles, at the foot of the city walls, to the gorge44 of the Montmorenci. From the latter point to the village of Beauport, in the centre of the camp, the front was covered with earthworks, along the brink45 of a lofty height; and from Beauport to the Saint Charles were broad flats of mud, swept by the fire of redoubts and intrenchments, by the guns of a floating battery, and by those of the city itself.
Wolfe could not see beyond Quebec, but, above the city, the position was even stronger than below. The river was walled by a range of steeps, often inaccessible46, and always so difficult that a few men could hold an army in check.
Montcalm was perfectly47 confident of his ability to resist any attack which the British might make. Bougainville had long before examined the position, in view of the possibility of an English expedition against it, and reported that, with a few intrenchments, the city would be safe if defended by three or four thousand men. Sixteen thousand were now gathered there, and Montcalm might well believe the position to be impregnable.
He was determined48 to run no risk, by advancing to give battle, but to remain upon the defensive till the resources of the English were exhausted49, or till the approach of winter forced them to retire. His only source of uneasiness lay in the south, for he feared that Amherst, with his army, might capture Ticonderoga and advance into the colony, in which case he must weaken his army, by sending a force to oppose him.
On the day after the army landed on the island, a sudden and very violent squall drove several of the ships ashore50, and destroyed many of the flatboats. On the following night, the sentries51 at the end of the island saw some vessels coming down the river. Suddenly these burst into flames. They were the fire ships, which Vaudreuil had sent down to destroy the fleet. They were filled with pitch, tar1, and all sorts of combustibles, with shell and grenades mixed up with them, while on their decks were a number of cannon, crammed52 to the mouth with grapeshot and musketballs.
Fortunately for the English, the French naval53 officer in command lost his nerve, and set fire to his ship half an hour too soon; the other captains following his example. This gave the English time to recover from the first feeling of consternation at seeing the fire ships, each a pillar of flame, advancing with tremendous explosion and noise against them. The troops at once got under arms, lest the French should attack them, while the vessels lowered their boats, and the sailors rowed up to meet the fire ships. When they neared them, they threw grapnels on board, and towed them towards land until they were stranded54, and then left them to burn out undisturbed.
Finding that it would be impossible to effect a landing, under the fire of the French guns, Wolfe determined, as a first step, to seize the height of Point Levi opposite Quebec. From this point he could fire on the town across the Saint Lawrence, which is, here, less than a mile wide.
On the afternoon of the 29th, Monckton's brigade crossed, in the boats, to Beaumont on the south shore. His advanced guard had a skirmish with a party of Canadians, but these soon fell back, and no further opposition56 was offered to the landing.
In the morning a proclamation, issued by Wolfe, was posted on the doors of the parish churches. It called upon the Canadians to stand neutral in the contest, promising57 them, if they did so, full protection to their property and religion; but threatening that, if they resisted, their houses, goods, and harvest should be destroyed, and their churches sacked.
The brigade marched along the river to Point Levi, and drove off a body of French and Indians posted there, and, the next morning, began to throw up intrenchments and to form batteries. Wolfe did not expect that his guns here could do any serious damage to the fortifications of Quebec. His object was partly to discourage the inhabitants of the city exposed to his fire, partly to keep up the spirits of his own troops by setting them to work.
The guns of Quebec kept up a continual fire against the working parties, but the batteries continued to rise, and the citizens, alarmed at the destruction which threatened their houses, asked the governor to allow them to cross the river, and dislodge the English. Although he had no belief that they would succeed, he thought it better to allow them to try. Accordingly, some fifteen hundred armed citizens, and Canadians from the camp, with a few Indians, and a hundred volunteers from the regulars, marched up the river, and crossed on the night of the 12th of July.
The courage of the citizens evaporated very quickly, now they were on the same side of the river as the English, although still three miles from them. In a short time a wild panic seized them. They rushed back in extreme disorder58 to their boats, crossed the river, and returned to Quebec.
The English guns soon opened, and carried destruction into the city. In one day eighteen houses, and the cathedral, were burned by exploding shells; and the citizens soon abandoned their homes, and fled into the country.
The destruction of the city, however, even if complete, would have advanced Wolfe's plans but little. It was a moral blow at the enemy, but nothing more.
On the 8th of July, several frigates took their station before the camp of General Levis, who, with his division of Canadian militia, occupied the heights along the Saint Lawrence next to the gorge of Montmorenci. Here they opened fire with shell, and continued it till nightfall. Owing to the height of the plateau on which the camp was situated59, they did but little damage, but the intention of Wolfe was simply to keep the enemy occupied and under arms.
Towards evening, the troops on the island broke up their camp, and, leaving a detachment of marines to hold the post, the brigades of Townshend and Murray, three thousand strong, embarked61 after nightfall in the boats of the fleet, and landed a little below the Montmorenci, At daybreak, they climbed the heights, and, routing a body of Canadians and Indians who opposed them, gained the plateau and began to intrench themselves there.
A company of rangers62, supported by the regulars, was sent into the neighbouring forests; to prevent the parties from cutting bushes for the fascines, to explore the bank of the Montmorenci, and, if possible, to discover a ford63 across the river.
Levis, with his aide-de-camp, a Jacobite Scotchman named Johnston, was watching the movements of Wolfe from the heights above the gorge. Levis believed that no ford existed, but Johnston found a man who had, only that morning, crossed. A detachment was at once sent to the place, with orders to intrench themselves, and Levis posted eleven hundred Canadians, under Repentigny, close by in support.
Four hundred Indians passed the ford, and discovered the English detachment in the forest, and Langlade, their commander, recrossed the river, and told Repentigny that there was a body of English, in the forest, who might be destroyed if he would cross at once with his Canadians. Repentigny sent to Levis, and Levis to Vaudreuil, then three or four miles distant.
Before Vaudreuil arrived on the spot, the Indians became impatient and attacked the rangers; and drove them back, with loss, upon the regulars, who stood their ground, and repulsed64 the assailants. The Indians, however, carried thirty-six scalps across the ford.
If Repentigny had advanced when first called upon, and had been followed by Levis with his whole command, the English might have suffered a very severe check, for the Canadians were as much superior to the regulars, in the forest, as the regulars to the Canadians in the open.
Vaudreuil called a council of war, but he and Montcalm agreed not to attack the English, who were, on their part, powerless to injure them. Wolfe's position on the heights was indeed a dangerous one. A third of his force was six miles away, on the other side of the Saint Lawrence, and the detachment on the island was separated from each by a wide arm of the river. Any of the three were liable to be attacked and overpowered, before the others could come to its assistance.
Wolfe, indeed, was soon well intrenched, but, although safe against attack, he was powerless to take the offensive. The fact, however, that he had taken up his position so near their camp, had discomfited66 the Canadians, and his battery played, with considerable effect, on the left of their camp.
The time passed slowly. The deep and impassable gulf67 of the Montmorenci separated the two enemies, but the crests68 of the opposite cliffs were within easy gunshot of each other, and men who showed themselves near the edge ran a strong chance of being hit. Along the river, from the Montmorenci to Point Levi, continued fighting went on between the guns of the frigates, and the gunboats and batteries on shore. The Indians swarmed69 in the forest, near the English camp, and constant skirmishing went on between them and the rangers.
The steady work of destruction going on in the city of Quebec, by the fire from Point Levi, and the ceaseless cannonade kept up by the ships and Wolfe's batteries; added to the inactivity to which they were condemned70, began to dispirit the Canadian militia, and many desertions took place, the men being anxious to return to their villages and look after the crops; and many more would have deserted71, had it not been for the persuasion72 of the priests, and the fear of being maltreated by the Indians, whom the governor threatened to let loose upon any who should waver in their resistance.
On the 18th of July a fresh move was made by the English. The French had believed it impossible for any hostile ships to pass the batteries of Quebec; but, covered by a furious cannonade from Point Levi, the man of war Sutherland, with a frigate12 and several small vessels, aided by a favouring wind, ran up the river at night and passed above the town. Montcalm at once despatched six hundred men, under Dumas, to defend the accessible points in the line of precipices73 above Quebec, and on the following day, when it became known that the English had dragged a fleet of boats over Point Levi, and had launched them above the town, a reinforcement of several hundreds more was sent to Dumas.
On the night of the 20th Colonel Carleton, with six hundred men, rowed eighteen miles up the river, and landed at Pointe aux Trembles on the north shore. Here, many of the fugitives74 from Quebec had taken refuge, and a hundred women, children and old men were taken prisoners by Carleton, and brought down the next day with the retiring force. Wolfe entertained the prisoners kindly75, and sent them, on the following day, with a flag of truce76 into Quebec.
On the night of the 28th, the French made another attempt to burn the English fleet, sending down a large number of schooners77, shallops, and rafts, chained together, and filled, as before, with combustibles.
This time, the fire was not applied78 too soon, and the English fleet was for some time in great danger, but was again saved by the sailors, who, in spite of the storm of missiles, vomited79 out by cannon, swivels, grenades, shell, and gun and pistol barrels loaded up to the muzzle80, grappled with the burning mass, and towed it on shore.
It was now the end of July, and Wolfe was no nearer taking Quebec than upon the day when he first landed there. In vain he had tempted81 Montcalm to attack him. The French general, confident in the strength of his position, refused to leave it.
Wolfe therefore determined to attack the camp in front. The plan was a desperate one, for, after leaving troops enough to hold his two camps, he had less than five thousand men to attack a position of commanding strength, where Montcalm could, at an hour's notice, collect twice as many to oppose him.
At a spot about a mile above the gorge of the Montmorenci a flat strip of ground, some two hundred yards wide, lay between the river and the foot of the precipices, and, at low tide, the river left a flat of mud, nearly half a mile wide, beyond the dry ground.
Along the edge of the high-water mark, the French had built several redoubts. From the river, Wolfe could not see that these redoubts were commanded by the musketry of the intrenchments along the edge of the heights above, which also swept with their fire the whole face of the declivity82, which was covered with grass, and was extremely steep. Wolfe hoped that, if he attacked one of the redoubts, the French would come down to defend it, and that a battle might be so brought on; or that, if they did not do so, he might find a spot where the heights could be stormed with some chance of success. At low tide, it was possible to ford the mouth of the Montmorenci, and Wolfe intended that the troops from his camp, on the heights above that river, should cross here, and advance along the strand55 to cooperate with Monckton's brigade, who were to cross from Point Levi.
On the morning of the 31st of July, the Centurion83, of 64 guns; and two armed transports, each with 14 guns, stood close in to one of the redoubts, and opened fire upon it; while the English batteries, from the heights of the Montmorenci, opened fire across the chasm84 upon the French lines.
At eleven o'clock, the troops from Point Levi put off in their boats, and moved across the river, as if they intended to make a landing between Beauport and the city. For some hours, Montcalm remained ignorant as to the point on which the English attack was to be made, but became presently convinced that it would be delivered near the Montmorenci, and he massed the whole of his army on that flank of his position.
At half-past five o'clock the tide was low, and the English boats dashed forward, and the troops sprang ashore on to the broad tract85 of mud, left bare by the tide; while, at the same moment, a column 2000 strong moved down from the height towards the ford at the mouth of the Montmorenci. The first to land were thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and a detachment of Royal Americans, who, without waiting for the two regiments of Monckton's brigade, dashed forward against the redoubt at the foot of the hill. The French at once abandoned it, but the Grenadiers had no sooner poured into it, than a storm of bullets rained down upon them, from the troops who lined the heights above.
Without a moment's hesitation86, the Grenadiers and Americans dashed forward, and strove to climb the steep ascent87, swept as it was by a terrific hail of bullets and buckshot from the French and Canadians. Numbers rolled, dead or wounded, to the bottom of the hill, but the others struggled on.
But at this moment, the cloud, which had been threatening all day, suddenly opened, and the rain poured down in a torrent88. The grassy89 slopes instantly became so slippery that it was absolutely impossible to climb them, and the fire from above died away, as the wet rendered the firelocks unserviceable.
The Grenadiers fell back into the redoubt. Wolfe, who had now arrived upon the spot, saw that it was absolutely impossible to carry the heights under the present conditions, and ordered the troops to retreat. Carrying off many of the wounded with them, they fell back in good order. Those of the Grenadiers and Americans who survived recrossed, in their boats, to the island; the 15th Regiment rowed back to Point Levi; and the 78th Highlanders, who belonged to Monckton's brigade, joined the column from below the Montmorenci, and slowly retired90 along the flats and across the ford.
The loss fell entirely91 upon the Grenadiers and Americans, and was, in proportion to their number, enormous--four hundred and forty-three, including one colonel, eight captains, twenty-one lieutenants, and three ensigns, being killed, wounded, or missing. The blow to the English was a severe one, and even Wolfe began to despair, and meditated92 leaving a portion of his troops on Isle93 aux Coudres and fortifying94 them there, and sailing home, with the rest, to prepare another expedition in the following year.
In the middle of August, he issued a third proclamation to the Canadians, declaring, as they had refused his offers of protection, and had practised the most unchristian barbarity against his troops on all occasions, he could no longer refrain, in justice to himself and his army, in chastising95 them as they deserved. The barbarities consisted in the frequent scalping and mutilating of sentinels, and men on outpost duty, which were perpetrated alike by the Canadians and Indians.
Wolfe's object was twofold: first, to cause the militia to desert, and secondly96, to exhaust the colony. Accordingly the rangers, light infantry97 and Highlanders were sent out, in all directions, to waste the settlements wherever resistance was offered. Farm houses and villages were laid in ashes, although the churches were generally spared. Wolfe's orders were strict that women and children were to be treated with honour.
These orders were obeyed, and, except in one instance, none but armed men, in the act of resistance, were killed.
Vaudreuil, in his despatches home, loudly denounced these barbarities; but he himself was answerable for atrocities99 incomparably worse, and on a far larger scale, for he had, for years, sent his savages100, red and white, along a frontier of 600 miles, to waste, burn, and murder at will, and these, as he was perfectly aware, spared neither age nor sex.
Montcalm was not to be moved from his position by the sight of the smoke of the burning villages. He would not risk the loss of all Canada, for the sake of a few hundred farm houses.
Seeing the impossibility of a successful attack below the town, Wolfe determined to attempt operations on a large scale above it. Accordingly, with every fair wind and tide, ships and transports ran the gauntlet of the batteries of Quebec, and, covered by a hot fire from Point Levi, generally succeeded, with more or less damage, in getting above the town. A fleet of flatboats was also sent up, and 1200 troops marched overland, under Brigadier Murray, to embark60 in them.
To meet this danger above the town, Bougainville was sent from the camp at Beaufort with 1500 men. Murray made another descent at Pointe-aux-Trembles, but was repulsed with loss. He tried a second time at another place, but a body of ambushed101 Canadians poured so heavy a fire into the boats, that he was forced to fall back again with considerable loss. His third attempt was more successful, for he landed at Deschambault, and burned a large building filled with stores, and with all the spare baggage of the officers of the French regular troops.
Vaudreuil now regretted having sent the French frigates up the river, and withdrawing their crews to work in the batteries. Had they been kept just above the town, they could have overpowered the English vessels as they passed up. The sailors were now sent up to man their ships again; but Admiral Holmes, who had taken command of the ships of war above Quebec, was already too strong for them, and the sailors were recalled to Quebec.
Both armies were suffering. Dysentery and fever had broken out in the English camp, and the number of effective men was greatly reduced. Upon the other hand, the French were suffering from shortness of supplies. The English frigates above the town prevented food being brought down from Montreal in boats, and the difficulties of land carriage were very great.
The Canadians deserted in great numbers, and Montcalm's force had been weakened by the despatch34 of Levis, to assist in checking the advance of Amherst. The latter had captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Niagara had also been taken by the English. Amherst, however, fell back again, and Levis was able to rejoin Montcalm.
But the greatest misfortune which befell the English was the dangerous illness of Wolfe, who, always suffering from disease, was for a time utterly102 prostrate103. At the end of August, however, he partially104 recovered, and dictated105 a letter to his three brigadier generals, asking them to fix upon one of three plans, which he laid before them, for attacking the enemy. The first was that the army should march eight or ten miles up the Montmorenci, ford the river, and fall upon the rear of the enemy. The second was to cross the ford at the mouth of the Montmorenci, and march along the shore, until a spot was found where the heights could be climbed. The third was to make a general attack from the boats upon Beauport.
Monckton, Townshend, and Murray met in consultation106, and considered all the plans to be hopeless; but they proposed that an attempt should be made to land above the town, and so to place the army between Quebec and its base of supplies, thereby107 forcing Montcalm to fight or to surrender.
The attempt seemed a desperate one, but Wolfe determined to adopt it. He had not much hope of its succeeding, but should it not do so, there was nothing for him but to sail, with his weakened army, back to England. He therefore determined at last to make the attempt, and implored108 his physician to patch him up, so that he could, in person, take the command.
"I know perfectly well that you cannot cure me," he wrote; "but pray make me up, so that I may be without pain for a few days, and able to do my duty. That is all I want."
On the 3rd of September, Wolfe took the first steps towards the carrying out of his plans, by evacuating109 the camp at Montmorenci. Montcalm sent a strong force to attack him, as he was moving; but Monckton at Point Levi saw the movement, and, embarking110 two battalions in boats, made a feint of landing at Beauport. Montcalm recalled his troops to repulse65 the threatened attack, and the English were able to draw off from Montmorenci without molestation111.
On the night of the 4th, a fleet of flatboats passed above the town, with the baggage and stores. On the 5th the infantry marched up by land, and the united force, of some 3600 men, embarked on board the ships of Admiral Holmes.
The French thought that the abandonment of Montmorenci, and the embarkation112 of the troops, was a sign that the English were about to abandon their enterprise, and sail for England. Nevertheless, Montcalm did not relax his vigilance, being ever on the watch, riding from post to post, to see that all was in readiness to repel113 an attack. In one of his letters at this time, he mentioned that he had not taken off his clothes since the 23d of June.
He now reinforced the troops under Bougainville, above Quebec, to 3000 men. He had little fear for the heights near the town, believing them to be inaccessible, and that a hundred men could stop a whole army. This he said, especially, in reference to the one spot which presented at least a possibility of being scaled. Here Captain de Vergor, with a hundred Canadian troops, were posted. The battalion4 of Guienne had been ordered to encamp close at hand, and the post, which was called Anse du Foulon, was but a mile and a half distant from Quebec. Thus, although hoping that the English would soon depart, the French, knowing the character of Wolfe, made every preparation against a last attack before he started.
From the 7th to the 12th, Holmes' fleet sailed up and down the river, threatening a landing, now at one point and now at another, wearing out the French, who were kept night and day on the qui vive, and were exhausted by following the ships up and down, so as to be ready to oppose a landing wherever it might be made.
James Walsham's regiment formed part of Monckton's brigade, and his colonel had frequently selected him to command parties who went out to the Canadian villages, as, from the knowledge he had acquired of irregular warfare115, he could be trusted not to suffer himself to be surprised by the parties of Canadians or Indians, who were always on the watch to cut off detachments sent out from the British camp. There were still ten men in the regiment who had formed part of his band on the lakes. These were drafted into his company, and, whatever force went out, they always accompanied him.
Although James had seen much, and heard more, of the terrible barbarities perpetrated by the Canadians and their Indian allies on the frontier, he lamented116 much the necessity which compelled Wolfe to order the destruction of Canadian villages; and when engaged on this service, whether in command of the detachment, or as a subaltern if more than one company went out, he himself never superintended the painful work; but, with his ten men, scouted117 beyond the village, and kept a vigilant118 lookout119 against surprise. In this way, he had several skirmishes with the Canadians, but the latter never succeeded in surprising any force to which he was attached. Walsham and his scouts were often sent out with parties from other regiments, and General Monckton was so pleased with his vigilance and activity, that he specially114 mentioned him to General Wolfe, at the same time telling him of the services he had performed on the lakes, and the very favourable120 reports which had been made by Johnson, Monro, Lord Howe, and Abercromby, of the work done by the corps which he had organized and commanded.
"I wish we had a few more officers trained to this sort of warfare," General Wolfe said. "Send him on board the Sutherland tomorrow. I have some service which he is well fitted to carry out."
James accordingly repaired on board the Sutherland, and was conducted to the general's cabin.
"General Monckton has spoken to me in high terms of you, Lieutenant25 Walsham, and he tells me that you have been several times mentioned in despatches, by the generals under whom you served; and you were with Braddock as well as with Johnson, Howe, and Abercromby, and with Monro at the siege of Fort William Henry. How is it that so young an officer should have seen so much service?"
James informed him how, having been pressed on board a man of war, he had been discharged, in accordance with orders from home, and, hearing that his friends were going to obtain a commission for him, in a regiment under orders for America, he had thought it best to utilize122 his time by accompanying General Braddock as a volunteer, in order to learn something of forest warfare; that, after that disastrous123 affair, he had served with Johnson in a similar capacity, until, on his regiment arriving, he had been selected to drill a company of scouts, and had served with them on the lakes, until the corps was broken up when the regiment sailed for Canada.
"In fact, you have seen more of this kind of warfare than any officer in the army," General Wolfe said. "Your special services ought to have been recognized before. I shall have you put in orders, tomorrow, as promoted to the rank of captain. And now, I am about to employ you upon a service which, if you are successful, will give you your brevet majority.
"There must be some points at which those precipices can be climbed. I want you to find out where they are. It is a service of great danger. You will go in uniform, otherwise, if caught, you would meet with the fate of a spy; but at the same time, even in uniform you would probably meet with but little mercy, if you fell into the hands of the Canadians or Indians. Would you be willing to undertake such a duty?"
"I will try, sir," James said. "Do you wish me to start tonight?"
"No," the general replied. "You had better think the matter over, and let me know tomorrow how you had best proceed. It is not an enterprise to be undertaken without thinking it over in every light. You will have to decide whether you will go alone, or take anyone with you; when and how you will land; how you will regain124 the ships. You will, of course, have carte blanche in all respects."
After James had returned on shore, he thought the matter over in every light. He knew that the French had many sentries along the edge of the river, for boats which, at night, went over towards that side of the river, were always challenged and fired upon. The chance of landing undetected, therefore, seemed but slight; nor, even did he land, would he be likely, at night, to discover the paths, which could be little more than tracks up the heights.
Had he been able to speak Canadian French, the matter would have been easy enough, as he could have landed higher up the river and, dressed as a Canadian farmer, have made his way through the French lines without suspicion. But he knew nothing of French, and, even had he spoken the language fluently, there was sufficient difference between the Canadian French and the language of the old country, for the first Canadian who spoke121 to him to have detected the difference.
Nor could he pass as an Indian; for, although he had picked up enough of the language to converse125 with the redskin allies of the English on the lakes, the first Indian who spoke to him would detect the difference; and, indeed, it needed a far more intimate acquaintance with the various tribes, than he possessed126, for him to be able to paint and adorn127 himself so as to deceive the vigilant eyes of the French Indians.
Had his two followers, Nat and Jonathan, been with him, they could have painted and dressed him so that he could have passed muster5, but, in their absence, he abandoned the idea as out of the question. The prospect128 certainly did not seem hopeful.
After long thought, it seemed to him that the only way which promised even a chance of success would be for him to be taken prisoner by the French soldiers. Once fairly within their lines, half the difficulty was over. He had learned to crawl as noiselessly as an Indian, and he doubted not that he should be able to succeed in getting away from any place of confinement129 in which they might place him. Then he could follow the top of the heights, and the position of the sentries or of any body of men encamped there would, in itself, be a guide to him as to the existence of paths to the strand below.
The first step was the most difficult. How should he manage to get himself taken prisoner? And this was the more difficult, as it was absolutely necessary that he should fall into the hands of French regulars, and not of the Canadians, who would finish the matter at once by killing130 and scalping him.
The next morning, he again went off to the Sutherland. He was in high spirits, for his name had appeared in orders as captain, and as appointed assistant quartermaster general on the headquarter staff. On entering the general's cabin, he thanked him for the promotion131.
"You have earned it over and over again," the general said. "There are no thanks due to me. Now, have you thought out a plan?"
James briefly132 stated the difficulties which he perceived in the way of any other scheme than that of getting himself taken prisoner by the French, and showed that that was the only plan that seemed to offer even a chance of success.
"But you may not be able to escape," Wolfe said.
"I may not," James replied, "and in that case, sir, I must of course remain a prisoner until you take Quebec, or I am exchanged. Even then you would be no worse off than you are at present, for I must, of course, be taken prisoner at some point where the French are in force, and where you do not mean to land. My presence there would give them no clue whatever to your real intentions, whereas, were I taken prisoner anywhere along the shore, they would naturally redouble their vigilance, as they would guess that I was looking for some way of ascending133 the heights."
"How do you propose being taken?" Wolfe asked.
"My idea was," James replied, "that I should land with a party near Cap Rouge134, as if to reconnoitre the French position there. We should, of course, be speedily discovered, and would then retreat to the boats. I should naturally be the last to go, and might well manage to be cut off."
"Yes," Wolfe replied, "but you might also, and that far more easily, manage to get shot. I don't think that would do, Captain Walsham. The risks would be twenty to one against your escaping being shot. Can you think of no other plan?"
"The only other plan that I can think of," James said, "might involve others being taken prisoners. I might row in towards Cap Rouge in broad daylight, as if to examine the landing place, and should, of course, draw their fire upon the boat. Before starting, I should fire two or three shots into the boat close to the water line, and afterwards plug them up with rags. Then, when their fire became heavy, I should take the plugs out and let the boat fill. As she did so, I could shout that I surrendered, and then we could drift till we neared the shore in the water-logged boat, or swim ashore. I can swim well myself, and should, of course, want four men, who could swim well also, picked out as the crew."
"The plan is a dangerous one," Wolfe said, "but less so than the other."
"One cannot win a battle without risking life, sir," James said quietly. "Some of us might, of course, be hit, but as we risk our lives whenever we get within range of the enemy, I do not see that that need be considered; at any rate, sir, I am ready to make the attempt, if the plan has your approval."
"I tell you frankly135, Captain Walsham, that I think your chances of success are absolutely nil136. At the same time, there is just a faint possibility that you may get ashore alive, escape from the French, discover a pathway, and bring me the news; and, as the only chance of the expedition being successful now depends upon our discovering such a path, I am not justified137 in refusing even this faint chance."
The general touched a bell which stood on the table before him.
"Will you ask the captain to come here," he said to the officer who answered the summons.
"Captain Peters," he said when the captain appeared, "I want you to pick out for me four men, upon whom you can thoroughly138 rely. In the first place they must be good swimmers, in the second place they must be able to hold their tongues, and lastly they must be prepared to pass some months in a French prison. A midshipman, with the same qualifications, will be required to go with them."
The captain naturally looked surprised at so unusual a request.
"Captain Walsham is going to be taken prisoner by the French," General Wolfe explained, "and the only way it can be done is for a whole boat's crew to be taken with him," and he then detailed139 the plan which had been arranged. "Of course, you can offer the men any reward you may think fit, and can promise the midshipman early promotion," he concluded.
"Very well, general. I have no doubt I can find four men and a midshipman willing to volunteer for the affair, especially as, if you succeed, their imprisonment140 will be a short one. When will the attempt be made?"
"If you can drift up the river as far as Cap Rouge before daylight," James said, in answer to an inquiring look from the general, "we will attempt it tomorrow morning. I should say that the best plan would be for me to appear opposite their camp when day breaks, as if I was trying to obtain a close view of it in the early morning."
"The sooner the better," General Wolfe said. "Every day is of importance. But how do you propose to get back again, that is, supposing that everything goes well?"
"I propose, general, that I should conceal141 myself somewhere on the face of the heights. I will spread a handkerchief against a rock or tree, so that it will not be seen either from above or below, but will be visible from the ships in the river. I cannot say, of course, whether it will be near Cap Rouge or Quebec; but, if you will have a sharp lookout kept through a glass, as the ships drift up and down, you are sure to see it, and can let me know that you do so by dipping the ensign. At night I will make my way down to the shore, and if, at midnight exactly, you will send a boat for me, I shall be ready to swim off to her, when they show a lantern as they approach the shore. Of course, I cannot say on what day I may be in a position to show the signal, but at, any rate, if a week passes without your seeing it, you will know that I have failed to make my escape, or that I have been killed after getting out."
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1
tar
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| n.柏油，焦油；vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于 | |
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2
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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5
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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10
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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barricaded
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| 设路障于，以障碍物阻塞( barricade的过去式和过去分词 )； 设路障[防御工事]保卫或固守 | |
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12
frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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14
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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exigencies
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| n.急切需要 | |
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sloops
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| n.单桅纵帆船( sloop的名词复数 ) | |
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intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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countermanded
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| v.取消（命令），撤回( countermand的过去分词 ) | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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23
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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29
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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30
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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32
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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aggie
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| n.农校，农科大学生 | |
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34
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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35
squire
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| n.护卫, 侍从, 乡绅 | |
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seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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38
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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39
eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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40
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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41
zigzag
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| n.曲折，之字形；adj.曲折的，锯齿形的；adv.曲折地，成锯齿形地；vt.使曲折；vi.曲折前行 | |
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42
plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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43
navigated
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的过去式和过去分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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44
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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45
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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46
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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47
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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48
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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49
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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50
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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51
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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52
crammed
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| adj.塞满的，挤满的；大口地吃；快速贪婪地吃v.把…塞满；填入；临时抱佛脚( cram的过去式) | |
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53
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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54
stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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55
strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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56
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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57
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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58
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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59
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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60
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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61
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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62
rangers
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| 护林者( ranger的名词复数 )； 突击队员 | |
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63
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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64
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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65
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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66
discomfited
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| v.使为难( discomfit的过去式和过去分词)；使狼狈；使挫折；挫败 | |
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67
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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68
crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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69
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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70
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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71
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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72
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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73
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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74
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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75
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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76
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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77
schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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78
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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79
vomited
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80
muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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81
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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82
declivity
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| n.下坡，倾斜面 | |
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83
centurion
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| n.古罗马的百人队长 | |
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84
chasm
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| n.深坑，断层，裂口，大分岐，利害冲突 | |
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85
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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86
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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87
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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88
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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89
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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90
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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91
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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92
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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95
chastising
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| v.严惩（某人）（尤指责打）( chastise的现在分词 ) | |
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96
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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98
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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99
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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100
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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101
ambushed
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| v.埋伏( ambush的过去式和过去分词 )；埋伏着 | |
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102
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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103
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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104
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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105
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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106
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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107
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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108
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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109
evacuating
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| 撤离，疏散( evacuate的现在分词 )； 排空（胃肠），排泄（粪便）； （从危险的地方）撤出，搬出，撤空 | |
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110
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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111
molestation
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| n.骚扰，干扰，调戏；折磨 | |
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112
embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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113
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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114
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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115
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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116
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
scouted
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| 寻找，侦察( scout的过去式和过去分词 )； 物色（优秀运动员、演员、音乐家等） | |
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118
vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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119
lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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120
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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121
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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122
utilize
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| vt.使用，利用 | |
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123
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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124
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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125
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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127
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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128
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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129
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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130
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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132
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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133
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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134
rouge
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| n.胭脂，口红唇膏；v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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135
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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136
nil
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| n.无，全无，零 | |
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137
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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138
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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139
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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140
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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141
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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