“We are going on a campaign against the Vacaei,” one of them said. “The army marched out two days since. Hannibal has been waiting here for your arrival, for a fast sailing ship which started a few hours after you brought the news that you were on your way, and you will set off to join the rest without delay. It is going to be a hard campaign.”
“Where is the country of the Vacaei?” Malchus asked.
“A long way off,” the other replied. “The marches will be long and tiresome2. Their country lies somewhat to the northwest of the great plateau in the centre of Iberia. We shall have to ascend3 the mountains on this side, to cross the plateau, to follow the rivers which flow to the great ocean.”
The Vacaei, in fact, dwelt in the lands bordered by the upper Duero, their country comprising a portion of old Castille, Leon, and the Basque provinces. The journey would indeed be a long and difficult one; and Hannibal was undertaking4 the expedition not only to punish the turbulent Vacaei, who had attacked some of the tribes which had submitted to Carthage, but to accustom5 the troops to fatigues6 and hardships, and to prepare them for the great expedition which he had in view. No time was indeed lost, for as soon as the troops were landed they were formed up and at once started on their march.
“This is more than we bargained for,” Trebon, a young guardsman whose place in the ranks was next to Malchus, said to him. “I thought we should have had at least a month here before we set out. They say the city is as gay as Carthage; and as I have many friends here I have looked forward to a month of jollity before starting. Every night when I lay down on the hard planks7 of the deck I have consoled myself with the thought that a soft bed awaited me here; and now we have to take at once to the bare ground, with nothing but this skin strapped8 on the pommel of my saddle to sleep on, and my bernous to cover me. It is colder already a great deal than it was at Carthage; and if that is so here, what will it be on the tops of those jagged mountains we see before us? Why, as I live, that highest one over there is of dazzling white! That must be the snow we have heard of—the rain turned solid by cold, and which they say causes a pain to the naked limbs something like hot iron. Fancy having to sleep in such stuff!”
Malchus laughed at the complaints of his comrade.
“I confess I am glad we are off at once,” he said, “for I was sick of doing nothing but idling away my time at Carthage; and I suppose it would be just the same here. How busy are the streets of the town! Except for the sight of the mountains which we see through the breaks of the houses, one might believe one's self still at home.”
The aspect of Carthagena, indeed, closely resembled that of the mother city, and the inhabitants were of the same race and blood.
Carthagena had in the first place been formed by a great colony of Libyans. The inhabitants of that province inhabiting the seaports9 and coasts near Carthage were a mixture of Phoenician and native blood. They were ever impatient of the supremacy10 of Carthage, and their rebellions were frequent and often dangerous. After the suppression of these insurrections, Carthage, sensible of the danger arising from the turbulence11 of her neighbours, deported12 great numbers of them to form colonies. Vast numbers were sent up into the Soudan, which was then one of the most important possessions of the republic. The most extensive, however, of these forced emigrations was the great colony sent to found Carthagena, which had thus in a very few years, under the fostering genius of the great Hamilcar, become a great and prosperous city.
Carthage itself had thus suddenly sprung into existence. After many internal troubles the democracy of Tyre had gained the upper hand in that city; and finding their position intolerable, the whole of the aristocracy decided14 to emigrate, and, sailing with a great fleet under their queen Dido or Elisa—for she was called by both names—founded Carthage. This triumph of the democracy in Tyre, as might be expected, proved the ruin of that city. Very rapidly she fell from the lofty position she had held, and her place in the world and her proud position as Queen of the Seas was very speedily taken by Carthage.
The original Libyan colony of Carthagena had been very largely increased by subsequent emigration, and the populace presented an appearance very similar to that of the mother city, save that instead of the swarthy desert tribesmen, with their passive face and air of proud indifference15, mingling16 with the population of the town, there was in Carthagena a large admixture of native Iberians, who, belonging to the tribes first subdued17 by Carthage, had either been forced to settle here to supply manual labour needed for the rising city, or who had voluntarily abandoned their wandering life and adopted the more settled habitudes and more assured comforts of existence in a great town.
Skirting the lower part of the city, Hamilcar's force marched along the isthmus18 and crossed the bridge over the canal cut through it, and was soon in the country beyond. The ground rose gradually, and after marching for six miles the brigade was halted at a spot to which Hannibal had, when the fleet was first discerned approaching along the coast, despatched some bullocks and other provisions for their use. The march was a short one, but after a week's confinement19 on board ship the men were little fitted for a long journey. The bullocks and other rations13 were served out to the various companies, and the work of preparing the repast began. Malchus was amused, although rather disgusted at his first experience in a real campaign. When with Hamilcar on the expedition against the Atarantes he had formed part of his father's suite20 and had lived in luxury. He was now a simple soldier, and was called upon to assist to cut up the bullock which had fallen to the share of the Carthaginian cavalry21.
Some of the party went out to cut and bring in wood for the fires and cooking; others moistened the flour and made dough22 for the flat cakes which would be baked in the hot embers and eaten with the meat. Loud shouts of laughter rose as the young soldiers worked at their unaccustomed tasks, superintended by the officers, who, having all made several campaigns, were able to instruct them as to their duties. From a culinary point of view the meal could not be pronounced a success, and was, indeed, a contrast to the food to which the young nobles were accustomed. The march, however, and the keen bracing23 air had given them good appetites, and the novelty and strangeness of the experience gave a zest24 to the food; and in spite of the roughness of the meal, all declared that they had never dined better. Many fires were now lit; and round these, as the evening closed in, the men gathered in groups, all closely wrapped in their bernouses, which were worn alike by officers and men of the whole of the nationalities serving in the Carthaginian army, serving as a cloak by day and a blanket at night. Presently a trampling25 of horses was heard, and Hannibal and his personal staff rode into the encampment.
He had not started until several hours after them, when, having given his last orders and made all final arrangements for the management of affairs during his absence, he had ridden on to join the army. Dismounting, he went at once on foot among the troops, chatting gaily26 with them and inquiring how they fared. After visiting all the other detachments he came to the bivouac of the Carthaginian horse, and for an hour sat talking by their fires.
“Ah!” he said as he rose to go, “the others will sleep well enough tonight; but you sybarites, accustomed to your soft couches and your luxuries, will fare badly. I remember my first night on the hard ground, although 'tis now sixteen years back, how my limbs ached and how I longed for morning. Now, let me give you a hint how to make your beds comfortable. Mind, this is not for the future, but till your limbs get accustomed to the ground you may indulge in luxuries. Before you try to go off to sleep note exactly where your hip1 bones and shoulders will rest; take your daggers27 and scoop28 out the earth at these points so as to make depressions in which they may lie. Then spread your lion skins above them and lie down. You will sleep as comfortably as if on a soft couch.”
Many of the young soldiers followed Hannibal's advice; others, among whom was Malchus, determined29 to accustom themselves at once to the hard ground. Malchus was not long in getting to sleep, his last thought being that the precaution advised by Hannibal to ensure repose30 was altogether unnecessary. But he changed his opinion when, two or three hours later, he woke up with acute pains in his hip and shoulder. After trying vainly, by changing his position, again to go off to sleep, he rose, rolled up the skin, and set to work to make the excavations31 recommended by the general. Then spreading out the skin again he lay down, and was astonished to find how immense was the relief afforded by this simple expedient33.
At daybreak the party were in motion. Their march was a long one; for Hannibal wished to come up with the main army as soon as possible, and no less than thirty miles were encompassed34 before they halted for the night. They were now far up on the slopes of the Sierras. The latter part of the journey had been exceedingly toilsome. The route was mostly bare rock, which sorely tried the feet of the soldiers, these being in most cases unprotected even by sandals. Malchus and his mounted companions did not of course suffer in their feet. But they were almost as glad as the infantry35 when the camping place was reached, for nothing is more fatiguing36 to a horseman than to be obliged to travel in the saddle for ten hours at the pace of footmen. The halting place this time was near the upper edge of the forest which then clothed the lower slopes of the mountains.
Enough meat had been killed on the previous evening for three days' rations for the troops, and there was therefore no loss of time in preparing the meal. Wood, of course, was in abundance, and the pots were soon hanging from thick poles placed above the fires. The night was exceedingly cold, and the soldiers were grateful for the shelter which the trees afforded from the piercing wind which blew across the snow covered peaks of the higher range of mountains.
“What is that noise?” Malchus asked one of the officers as, after the meal was finished and silence began to reign37 in the camp, a deep sound was heard in the forest.
“That is the howling of a pack of wolves,” the officer said. “They are savage38 brutes39, and when in company will not hesitate to attack small parties of men. They abound40 in the mountains, and are a scourge41 to the shepherds of the plains, especially in the cold weather, when they descend42 and commit terrible damage among the flocks.”
“I thought I did not know the sound,” Malchus said. “The nights were noisy enough sometimes at the southern edge of the desert. The packs of jackals, with their sharp yelping43 cry, abounded44; then there was the deeper note of the hyenas45, and the barking cry of troops of monkeys, and the thundering roar of the lions. They were unpleasant enough, and at first used to keep one awake; but none of them were so lugubrious46 as that mournful howl I hear now. I suppose sometimes, when there is nothing else to do, we get up hunting parties?”
“Yes,” the officer replied; “it is the chief amusement of our garrisons48 in winter among the wild parts of the country. Of course, near Carthagena these creatures have been eradicated49; but among the mountains they abound, and the carcass of a dead horse is sure to attract plenty of them. It is a sport not without danger; and there are many instances where parties of five or six have gone out, taking with them a carcass to attract the wolves, and have never returned; and a search has resulted in the discovery of their weapons, injured and perhaps broken, of stains of blood and signs of a desperate struggle, but of them not so much as a bone has remained behind.”
“I thought lion hunting was an exciting sport but the lions, although they may move and hunt in companies, do not fight in packs, as these fierce brutes seem to do. I hope some day to try it. I should like to send back two of their heads to hang on the wall by the side of that of the lion I killed up in the desert.”
“Next winter you may do so,” the officer said. “The season is nearly over now, and you may be sure that Hannibal will give us enough to do without our thinking of hunting wolves. The Vacaei are fierce enough. Perhaps two of their heads would do instead of those of wolves.”
“I do not think my mother and sisters would approve of that,” Malchus laughed; “so I must wait for the winter.”
The night did not pass so quietly as that which had preceded it. The distant howling of the wolves, as they hunted in the forest, kept the horses in a tremor50 of terror and excitement, and their riders were obliged over and over again to rise and go among them, and by speaking to and patting them, to allay51 their fear. So long as their masters were near them the well trained horses were quiet and tractable52, and would at a whispered order lie down and remain in perfect quiet; but no sooner had they left them and again settled to sleep than, at the first howl which told that the pack were at all approaching, the horses would lift their heads, prick53 their ears in the direction of the sound, and rise to their feet and stand trembling, with extended nostrils54 snuffing the unknown danger, pawing the ground, and occasionally making desperate efforts to break loose from their picket55 ropes.
The work of soothing56 had then to be repeated, until at last most of the riders brought their lions' skins and lay down by the prostrate57 horses, with their heads upon their necks. The animals, trained thus to sleep with their riders by their side, and reassured58 by the presence of their masters, were for the most part content to lie quiet, although the packs of wolves, attracted by the scent59 of the meat that had been cooked, approached close to the camp and kept up a dismal60 chorus round it until morning.
Day by day the march was continued. The country was wild and rugged61, foaming62 torrents63 had to be crossed, precipices64 surmounted65, barren tracts66 traversed. But after a week's hard marching the column had overcome the greater part of the difficulty, had crossed the Sierras and gained the plateau, which with a gradual fall slopes west down to the Atlantic, and was for the most part covered with a dense67 growth of forests. They now to their satisfaction overtook the main body of the army, and their marches would be somewhat less severe, for hitherto they had each day traversed extra distances to make up for the two days' loss in starting. Here Malchus for the first time saw the bands of Gaulish mercenaries.
The Spanish troops had excited the admiration68 and astonishment69 of the Carthaginians by their stature70 and strength; but the Gauls were a still more powerful race. They belonged to the tribes which had poured down over the Apennines, and occupied the northern portion of Spain long anterior71 to the arrival of the Carthaginians. Their countenances72 were rugged, and as it seemed to Malchus, savage. Their colour was much lighter73 than that of any people he had yet seen. Their eyes were blue, their hair, naturally fair or brown, was dyed with some preparation which gave it a red colour.
Some wore their long locks floating over their shoulders, others tied it in a knot on the top of their heads. They wore a loose short trouser fastened at the knee, resembling the baggy74 trousers of the modern Turks. A shirt with open sleeves came halfway75 down their thighs76, and over it was a blouse or loose tunic77 decorated with ornaments78 of every description, and fastened at the neck by a metal brooch. Their helmets were of copper79, for the most part ornamented80 with the horns of stags or bulls. On the crest81 of the helmet was generally the figure of a bird or wild beast. The whole was surmounted by immense tufts of feathers, something like those of our Highland82 bonnets83, adding greatly to the height and apparent stature of the wearers.
The Gauls had a passion for ornaments, and adorned84 their persons with a profusion85 of necklaces, bracelets86, rings, baldricks, and belts of gold. Their national arms were long heavy pikes—these had no metal heads, but the points were hardened by fire; javelins87 of the same description—these before going into battle they set fire to, and hurled88 blazing at the enemy—lighter darts89 called mat ras saunions, pikes with curved heads, resembling the halberds of later times; and straight swords. Hannibal, however, finding the inconvenience of this diversity of weapons, had armed his Gaulish troops only with their long straight swords. These were without point, and made for cutting only, and were in the hands of these powerful tribesmen terrible weapons. These swords were not those they had been accustomed to carry, which were made of copper only, and often bent90 at the first blow, but were especially made for them in Carthage of heavy steel, proof against all accident.
The march was conducted with all military precautions, although they were still traversing a country which had been already subdued. Nevertheless they moved as if expecting an instant attack. The light horse scoured91 the country. The lithe92 and active soldiers furnished by the desert tribes formed the advanced guard of the army, and marched also on its flanks, while the heavy armed soldiery marched in solid column ready for battle. Behind them came the long train of baggage protected by a strong rear guard.
At last they reached a fertile country, and were now in the land of the Vacaei and their allies. Arbocala, now called Tordesillas, was captured without much difficulty. The siege was then laid to Salamanca, the chief town of the enemy. In the actual siege operations the Carthaginian horse took no part. The place resisted vigourously, but the machines of Hannibal effected a breach93 in the walls, and the inhabitants, seeing that further resistance was impossible, offered to capitulate, stipulating94 that they should be allowed to depart unharmed, leaving behind them all their arms and their treasure.
The Carthaginian army were drawn95 up in readiness to march into the town as the Vacaei came out. As they filed past the Carthaginians they were inspected to see that they had carried out the terms of the agreement. It was found that they had done so rigidly96—not an arm of any kind was found upon them. Their necklaces, bracelets, and ornaments had all been left behind.
“What a savage looking race!” Malchus remarked to Trebon; “they look at us as if they would gladly spring on us, unarmed as they are, and tear us with their hands. They are well nigh as dark skinned as the Numidians.”
“Here come their women!” Trebon said; “verily I would as soon fight the men as these creatures. Look how they glare at us! You see they have all had to give up their ornaments, so they have each their private grievance97 as well as their national one.”
When the whole of the population had filed out, the Carthaginian army entered the town, with the exception of a body of light horse who were ordered to remain without and keep an eye on the doings of the late garrison47. Malchus was amused at the scene within. The members of the Carthaginian horse disdained98 to join in the work of plunder99, and were, therefore, free to watch with amusement their comrades at work. The amount of booty was large, for the number of gold ornaments found in every house, deposited there by the inhabitants on departing, was very great; but not satisfied with this the soldiers dug up the floors in search of buried treasure, searched the walls for secret hiding places, and rummaged100 the houses from top to bottom. Besides the rich booty, the soldiers burdened themselves with a great variety of articles which it would be impossible for them to carry away.
Men were seen staggering under the weight of four or five heavy skins. Some had stuck feathers in their helmets until their heads were scarce visible. Some had great bundles of female garments, which they had collected with a vague idea of carrying them home to their families. The arms had in the first place been collected and placed under a strong guard, and picked troops were placed as sentries101 over the public treasury102, whose contents were allotted103 to the general needs of the army.
Night fell soon after the sack commenced. Malchus with a number of his comrades took possession of one of the largest houses in the place, and, having cleared it of the rubbish with which it was strewn, prepared to pass the night there. Suddenly a terrible uproar104 was heard—shouts, cries, the clashing of arms, the yells of the enemy, filled the air. The cavalry charged to watch the Vacaei, believing that these had departed quietly, had abandoned their post, and had entered the town to join in the work of plunder.
As the garrison had marched out the men had been rigidly searched; but the women had been allowed to pass out without any close inspection105. This carelessness cost the Carthaginians dear, for under their garments they had hidden the swords and daggers of the men. Relying upon the disorder106 which would reign in the city, the Vacaei had returned, and now poured in through the gates, slaying107 all whom they met.
For a short time a terrible panic reigned108 among the Carthaginians, great numbers were cut down, and it seemed as if the whole force would be destroyed. Hannibal and his generals rode about trying to get the scattered109 men to form and oppose the enemy; but the panic was too general, and had it not been for the Carthaginian legion all would have been lost. The horse and foot, however, of this body, having abstained110 from joining in the pillage111, had, for the most part, kept together in bodies, and these now sallied out in close and regular order, and fell upon the attacking enemy.
The streets were too narrow for cavalry to act, and Malchus and his comrades fought on foot. The enemy, who had scattered on their work of slaughter112, were in their turn taken at a disadvantage, and were unable to withstand the steady attack of the solid bodies. These, in the first place, cut their way to the square in the centre of the town, and there united. Hannibal, seeing he had now a solid body of troops under his command, at once broke them up into parties and advanced down all the streets leading from the central square. The hand-to-hand fight which was going on all over the town was soon terminated. The Carthaginians fell in in good order behind the ranks of their comrades, and the small bodies soon became columns which swept the enemy before them.
The enemy fought desperately113, firing the houses, hurling114 stones from the roofs upon the columns, and throwing themselves with reckless bravery upon the spears, but their efforts were in vain. Foot by foot they were driven back, until they were again expelled from the town. Keeping together, and ever showing front to the Carthaginians, the Vacaei, now reduced to less than half their number, retired115 to an eminence116 near the town, and there prepared to sell their lives dearly. The Carthaginians now fell into their regular ranks, and prepared to storm the enemy's position; but Hannibal rode forward alone towards the Vacaei, being plainly visible to them in the broad blaze of light from the burning city.
From his long residence in Spain he was able to speak the Iberian tongue with fluency117, and indeed could converse118 with all the troops of the various nationalities under the banner of Carthage in their own language.
“Men of Salamanca,” he said, “resist no longer. Carthage knows how to honour a brave enemy, and never did men fight more valiantly119 in defence of their homes than you have done, and although further resistance would be hopeless, I will press you no further. Your lives are spared. You may retain the arms you know so well how to wield120, and tomorrow my army will evacuate121 your town and leave you free to return to it.”
Hannibal's clemency122 was politic123. He would have lost many more men before he finally overcame the desperate band, and he was by no means desirous of exciting a deep feeling of hate among any of the tribes, just as he was meditating124 withdrawing the greater portion of the army for his enterprise against Rome. With the fall of Salamanca the resistance of the Vacaei ceased, and Hannibal prepared to march back to Carthagena.
A storm, however, had gathered in his rear. Great numbers of the Vacaei had sought refuge among the Olcades, who had been subdued the previous autumn, and together they had included the whole of the fierce tribes known as the Carpatans, who inhabited the country on the right bank of the upper Tagus, to make common cause with them against the invaders125. As Hannibal approached their neighbourhood they took up their position on the right bank of the river near Toledo. Here the stream is rapid and difficult of passage, its bed being thickly studded with great boulders126 brought down in time of flood from the mountains. The country on each side of the river is sandy, free from forests or valleys, which would cover the movements of an army.
The host gathered to oppose the Carthaginians were fully127 one hundred thousand strong, and Hannibal saw at once that his force, weakened as it was with its loss at Salamanca, and encumbered128 by the great train laden129 with the booty they had gathered from the Vacaei, would have no chance whatever in a battle with so vast a body. The enemy separated as he approached the river, their object being evidently to fall upon his rear when engaged in the difficult operation of crossing. The Carthaginians moved in two heavy columns, one on each side of their baggage, and Hannibal's orders were stringent130 that on no account should they engage with the enemy.
The natives swarmed131 around the columns, hurling darts and javelins; but the Carthaginians moved forward in solid order, replying only with their arrows and slings132, and contenting themselves with beating off the attacks which the bolder of their foes134 made upon them. Night was falling when they arrived on the bank of the river. The enemy then desisted from their attack, believing that in the morning the Carthaginians would be at their mercy, encumbered by their vast booty on one side and cut off from retreat by a well nigh impassable river on the other.
As soon as the army reached the river Hannibal caused the tents of all the officers to be erected135. The baggage wagons136 were arranged in order, and the cattle unharnessed. The troops began to throw up intrenchments, and all seemed to show that the Carthaginians were determined to fight till the last on the ground they held. It was still light enough for the enemy to perceive what was being done, and, secure of their prey137 in the morning, they drew off to a short distance for the night. Hannibal had learned from a native that morning of a ford32 across the river, and it was towards this that he had been marching. As soon as it was perfectly138 dark a number of men entered the river to search for the ford. This was soon discovered.
Then the orders were passed noiselessly round to the soldiers, and these, in regular order and in the most perfect quiet, rose to their feet and marched down to the ford. A portion of the infantry first passed, then the wagons were taken over, the rest of the infantry followed, and the cavalry and the elephants brought up the rear. The point where the river was fordable was at a sharp angle, and Hannibal now occupied its outer side. As daylight approached he placed his archers139 on the banks of the river where, owing to the sharp bend, their arrows would take in flank an enemy crossing the ford, and would also sweep its approaches.
The cavalry were withdrawn140 some distance, and were ordered not to charge until the Spaniards had got across the river. The elephants, forty in number, were divided into two bodies. One of these was allotted to protect each of the bodies of infantry on the bank from attack, should the Spaniards gain a strong footing on the left bank. When day broke the enemy perceived that the Carthaginians had made the passage of the river. Believing that they had been too much alarmed to risk a battle, and were retreating hastily, the natives thronged141 down in a multitude to the river without waiting for their leaders or for orders to be given, and rushing forward, each for himself, leaped into the river.
Numbers were at once swept away by the stream, but the crowd who had struck upon the ford pressed forward. When they were in midstream in a tumultuous mass Hannibal launched his cavalry upon them, and a desperate conflict ensued in the river. The combat was too unequal to last long. The Spaniards, waist deep in the rapid stream, had difficulty in retaining their feet, they were ignorant of the width or precise direction of the ford, and were hampered142 by their own masses; the cavalry, on the other hand, were free to use their weapons, and the weight and impetus143 of their charge was alone sufficient to sweep the Spanish from their footing into deep water.
Many were drowned, many more cut down, and the rest driven in disorder back across the river. But fresh hordes144 had now arrived; Hannibal sounded the retreat, and the cavalry retired as the Spaniards again threw themselves into the stream. As the confused mass poured across the ford the two divisions of infantry fell upon them, while the arrows of the archers swept the struggling mass. Without order or discipline, bewildered at this attack by a foe133 whom they had regarded as flying, the Spaniards were driven back across the river, the Carthaginians crossing in their rear.
The flying Iberians scattered terror among their comrades still flocking down to the bank, and as the Carthaginian infantry in solid column fell upon them, a panic seized the whole host and they scattered over the plain. The Carthaginian cavalry followed close behind the infantry, and at once dashed forward among the broken masses, until the Spanish army, lately so confident of victory, was but a broken mass of panic stricken fugitives145.
The victory of Toledo was followed at once by the submission146 of the whole of the tribes of Spain south of the Ebro, and Hannibal, having seen that the country was everywhere pacified147, marched back with his army to Carthagena to pass the winter there (220-219 B.C.).
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hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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accustom
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| vt.使适应，使习惯 | |
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fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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seaports
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| n.海港( seaport的名词复数 ) | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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turbulence
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| n.喧嚣，狂暴，骚乱，湍流 | |
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deported
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| v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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19
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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20
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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21
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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22
dough
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| n.生面团；钱，现款 | |
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23
bracing
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| adj.令人振奋的 | |
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24
zest
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| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
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25
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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26
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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27
daggers
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| 匕首，短剑( dagger的名词复数 ) | |
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28
scoop
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| n.铲子，舀取，独家新闻；v.汲取，舀取，抢先登出 | |
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29
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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30
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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31
excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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32
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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33
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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34
encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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35
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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36
fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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37
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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38
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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39
brutes
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| 兽( brute的名词复数 )； 畜生； 残酷无情的人； 兽性 | |
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40
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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41
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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42
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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43
yelping
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| v.发出短而尖的叫声( yelp的现在分词 ) | |
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44
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
hyenas
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| n.鬣狗( hyena的名词复数 ) | |
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46
lugubrious
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| adj.悲哀的，忧郁的 | |
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47
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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48
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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49
eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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50
tremor
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| n.震动，颤动，战栗，兴奋，地震 | |
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51
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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52
tractable
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| adj.易驾驭的；温顺的 | |
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53
prick
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| v.刺伤，刺痛，刺孔；n.刺伤，刺痛 | |
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54
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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55
picket
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| n.纠察队；警戒哨；v.设置纠察线；布置警卫 | |
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56
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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57
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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58
reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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59
scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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60
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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61
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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62
foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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63
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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64
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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65
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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66
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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67
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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68
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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69
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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70
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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71
anterior
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| adj.较早的；在前的 | |
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72
countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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73
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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74
baggy
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| adj.膨胀如袋的，宽松下垂的 | |
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75
halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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76
thighs
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| n.股，大腿( thigh的名词复数 )；食用的鸡（等的）腿 | |
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77
tunic
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| n.束腰外衣 | |
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78
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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79
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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80
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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82
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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83
bonnets
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| n.童帽( bonnet的名词复数 )；（烟囱等的）覆盖物；（苏格兰男子的）无边呢帽；（女子戴的）任何一种帽子 | |
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84
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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85
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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86
bracelets
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| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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87
javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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88
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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89
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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90
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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91
scoured
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| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
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92
lithe
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| adj.(指人、身体)柔软的，易弯的 | |
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93
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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94
stipulating
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| v.（尤指在协议或建议中）规定，约定，讲明（条件等）( stipulate的现在分词 )；规定，明确要求 | |
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95
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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96
rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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97
grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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98
disdained
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| 鄙视( disdain的过去式和过去分词 )； 不屑于做，不愿意做 | |
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99
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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100
rummaged
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| 翻找，搜寻( rummage的过去式和过去分词 )； 已经海关检查 | |
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101
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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102
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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103
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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105
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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106
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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107
slaying
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| 杀戮。 | |
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108
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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109
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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110
abstained
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| v.戒（尤指酒），戒除( abstain的过去式和过去分词 )；弃权（不投票） | |
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111
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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112
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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113
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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114
hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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115
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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116
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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117
fluency
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| n.流畅，雄辩，善辩 | |
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118
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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119
valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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120
wield
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| vt.行使，运用，支配；挥，使用(武器等) | |
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121
evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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122
clemency
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| n.温和，仁慈，宽厚 | |
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123
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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124
meditating
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| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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125
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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126
boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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127
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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128
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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130
stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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131
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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132
slings
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| 抛( sling的第三人称单数 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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133
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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134
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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135
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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136
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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137
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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138
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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139
archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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140
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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141
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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142
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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143
impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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144
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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145
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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146
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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147
pacified
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的过去式和过去分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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