The siege of St. John's was now pushed on by Montgomery with vigor. Colonel Maclean, with 800 Indians and Canadians, attempted to relieve it, crossing the St. Lawrence in small boats. On nearing the other bank, they were received by so heavy a fire by the Americans posted there that they were obliged to retire without effecting a landing. Provisions and ammunition were now running short in St. John's, there was no hope whatever of relief from the outside, and the officer commanding was therefore obliged to surrender on November 14, after a gallant15 defense16.
As there were only some fifty or sixty regulars in Montreal, General Carleton was unable to defend that town, and, upon the news of the fall of St. John's, he at once retired17 to Quebec, and Montreal was occupied by the Americans. In the meantime another expedition had been dispatched by the Americans under Arnold. This officer, with 1500 men, had started for Quebec from a point 130 miles north of Boston. Suffering enormous fatigue18 and hardship, the force made its way up the river; past rapids, cataracts19, and through swamps they dragged and carried their boats and stores. They followed the bed of the river up to its source, and then, crossing the watershed20, descended21 the Chaudière and Duloup rivers on to the St. Lawrence, within a few miles of Quebec.
This was a wonderful march—one scarcely equaled in the annals of military history. Crossing the St. Lawrence in canoes, Arnold encamped with his little force upon the heights of Abraham. Such a daring attempt could not have been undertaken had not the Americans been aware of the extreme weakness of the garrison22 at Quebec, which consisted only of 50 men of the Seventh Regiment, 240 of the Canadian militia23, a battalion24 of seamen25 from the ships-of-war, under the command of Captain Hamilton of the Lizard26, 250 strong, and the colonial volunteers, under Colonel Maclean.
The fortifications were in a ruinous condition. It was fortunate that Colonel Maclean, who had come from the Sorrel, upon the surrender of St. John's, by forced marches, arrived on the very day on which Arnold appeared before the city. Directly he arrived Arnold attacked the city at the gate of St. Louis, but was sharply repulsed27. He then desisted from active operations and awaited the arrival of Montgomery, who was marching down from Montreal. The flotilla in which Carleton was descending28 the river was attacked by the Americans, who came down the Sorrel, and was captured, with all the troops and military stores which it was bringing down. General Carleton himself escaped in a small boat under cover of night, and reached Quebec.
Captain Wilson's company had been attached to the command of Colonel Maclean, and with it arrived in Quebec in safety.
Upon the arrival of Montgomery with his army the city was summoned to surrender. A strong party in the town were favorable to the invaders, but General Carleton treated the summons with contempt, and turned all the inhabitants who refused to join in the defense of the city outside the town.
The winter had now set in in earnest, and the difficulties of the besiegers were great. Arnold's force had been much weakened by the hardships that they had undergone, Montgomery's by desertions; the batteries which they erected29 were overpowered by the fire of the defenders30, and the siege made no progress whatever. The men became more and more disaffected31 and mutinous32. Many of them had nearly served the time for which they had enlisted33, and Montgomery feared that they would leave him when their engagement came to an end. He in vain tempted14 the besieged34 to make a sally. Carleton was so certain that success would come by waiting that he refused to allow himself to hazard it by a sortie.
The weather was fighting for him, and the besiegers had before them only the alternatives of taking the place by storm or abandoning the siege altogether. They resolved upon a storm. It was to take place at daybreak on December 31. Montgomery determined35 to make four attacks—two false and two real ones. Colonel James Livingstone, with 200 Canadians, was to appear before St. John's gate, and a party under Colonel Brown were to feign36 a movement against the upper town, and from high ground there were to send up rockets as the signal for the real attacks to commence—that led by Montgomery from the south and that under Arnold from the northwest—both against the lower town.
The false attacks were made too soon, the rockets being fired half an hour before the main columns reached their place of attack. The British were not deceived; but, judging these attacks to be feints, left but a small party to oppose them and marched the bulk of their forces down toward the lower town. Their assistance, however, came too late, for, before they arrived, the fate of the attack was already decided37. The Americans advanced under circumstances of great difficulty. A furious wind, with cutting hail, blew in their faces; the ground was slippery and covered with snow.
Half an hour before the English supports arrived on the spot Montgomery, with his leading company, reached the first barricade38, which was undefended; passing through this, they pressed on toward the next. The road leading to it was only wide enough for five or six persons abreast39. On one side was the river, on the other a steep cliff; in front was a log hut with loop-holes for musketry, and a battery of two three-pounders. It was held by a party of 30 Canadians and 8 militiamen under John Coffin40, with 9 sailors under Bairnsfeather, the captain of the transport, to work the guns. Montgomery, with 60 men, pushed on at a run to carry the battery; but, when within fifty yards Bairnsfeather discharged his pieces, which were loaded with grape-shot, with deadly aim. Montgomery, his aid-de-camp Macpherson, Lieutenant41 Cheeseman, and 10 others fell dead at the first discharge, and with them the soul of the expedition fled. The remaining officers endeavored to get the men to advance, but none would do so, and they fell back without losing another man. So completely cowed were they that they would not even carry off the bodies of their general and his companions. These were brought into Quebec next day and buried with the honors of war by the garrison.
The force under Arnold was far stronger than that under Montgomery. The Canadian guard appointed to defend the first barrier fled at the approach, but the small body of sailors fought bravely and were all killed or wounded. Arnold was shot through the leg and disabled. Morgan, who commanded the advanced companies, led his men on and carried the second barrier after an obstinate42 resistance. They were attacking the third when Maclean with his men from the upper town arrived. The British then took the offensive, and drove the enemy back, and a party, going round, fell upon their rear. Fifty were killed in Arnold's column, 400 taken prisoners, and the rest retreated in extreme disorder43.
Thus ended the assault upon Quebec—an assault which was all but hopeless from the first, but in which Americans showed but little valor44 and determination. In fact, throughout the war, it may be said that the Americans, when fighting on the defensive45 behind trees and intrenchments, fought stubbornly; but that they were feeble in attack and wholly incapable46 of standing47 against British troops in the open.
It would now have been easy for Carleton to have sallied out and taken the offensive, but he preferred holding Quebec quietly. He might have easily driven the Americans from their position before the walls; but, with the handful of troops under his orders, he could have done nothing toward carrying on a serious campaign in the open.
Until spring came, and the rivers were opened, no re-enforcements could reach him from England, while the Americans could send any number of troops into Canada. Carleton, therefore, preferred to wait quietly within the walls of Quebec, allowing the winter, hardships, and disunion to work their natural effects upon the invaders.
Arnold sent to Washington to demand 10,000 more troops, with siege artillery3. Several regiments48 were sent forward, but artillery could not be spared. Eight regiments entered Canada, but they found that, instead of meeting, as they had expected, an enthusiastic reception from the inhabitants, the population was now hostile to them. The exactions of the invading army had been great, and the feeling in favor of the English was now all but universal.
On May 5 two frigates49 and a sloop-of-war made their way up the river to Quebec. The Americans endeavored to embark50 their sick and artillery above the town. Re-enforced by the marines, the garrison sallied out and attacked the enemy, who fled with precipitation, leaving their provisions, cannon, five hundred muskets, and two hundred sick behind them. The British pursued them until they reached the mouth of the Sorrel.
The arrival of the fleet from England brought news of what had taken place since Captain Wilson's company had marched from Boston, a short time after the battle of Bunker's Hill. Immediately after the battle the colonists52 had sent two deputies, Penn and Lee, with a petition to Parliament for the restoration of peace. This petition was supported by a strong body in Parliament. The majority, however, argued that, from the conduct of the Americans, it was clear that they aimed at unconditional53, unqualified, and total independence. In all their proceedings54 they had behaved as if entirely separated from Great Britain. Their professions and petition breathed peace and moderation; their actions and preparations denoted war and defiance55; every attempt that could be made to soften56 their hostility57 had been in vain; their obstinacy58 was inflexible59; and the more England had given in to their wishes, the more insolent60 and overbearing had their demands become. The stamp tax had been repealed61, but their ill will had grown rather than abated62. The taxations on imports had been entirely taken off save on one small item; but, rather than pay this, they had accumulated arms and ammunition, seized cannon belonging to the king, and everywhere prepared for armed resistance. Only two alternatives remained for the British nation to adopt—either to coerce63 the colonists to submission64 or to grant them their entire independence.
These arguments were well founded. The concessions65 which had been made had but encouraged the colonists to demand more. No good whatever would have come from entering into negotiation66; there remained but the two alternatives. It would have been far better had Parliament, instead of deciding on coercion67, withdrawn68 altogether from the colonies, for although hitherto the Americans had shown no great fighting qualities, it was clear that so small an army as England could spare could not permanently69 keep down so vast a country if the people were determined upon independence. They might win every battle,—might overpower every considerable force gathered against them,—but they could only enforce the king's authority over a mere70 fractional portion of so great an area. England, however, was unaccustomed to defeat; her spirit in those days was proud and high; and by a large majority Parliament voted for the continuance of the war. The next step taken was one unworthy of the country. It tended still further to embitter71 the war, and it added to the strength of the party in favor of the colonists at home. Attempts were made by the government to obtain the services of large numbers of foreign troops. Negotiations72 were entered into with Russia, Holland, Hesse, and other countries. Most of these proved ineffectual, but a considerable number of troops was obtained from Hesse.
The news of these proceedings excited the Americans to renewed efforts. The force under Washington was strengthened, and he took possession of Dorchester Heights, commanding the town of Boston. A heavy cannonade was opened on the city. The British guns answered it, but the American position gave them an immense advantage. General Howe, who was in command, at first thought of attempting to storm the heights, but the tremendous loss sustained at the battle of Bunker's Hill deterred73 him from the undertaking74. His supineness during the past four months had virtually lost the American colonies to England. He had under his command 8000 troops, who could have routed, with ease, the undisciplined levies75 of Washington. Instead of leading his men out against the enemy, he had suffered them to be cooped up for months in the city, and had failed to take possession of the various heights commanding the town. Had he done this Boston might have resisted a force many times as strong as that which advanced against it, and there was now nothing left for the English but to storm the heights with enormous loss or to evacuate76 the city.
The first was the alternative which had been chosen when the Americans seized Bunker's Hill; the second was that which was now adopted.
Having adopted this resolution, Howe carried it out in a manner which would in itself be sufficient to condemn77 him as a military leader. Nothing was done to destroy the vast stores of arms and ammunition, and two hundred and fifty pieces of cannon were left for the colonists to use against England. No steps were taken to warn ships arriving from England of the surrender of the town. The consequence was that, in addition to the vast amount of stores captured in the town, numbers of the British storeships fell into the hands of the Americans—among them a vessel78 which, in addition to carbines, bayonets, gun-carriages, and other stores, had on board more than seventy tons of powder, while Washington's whole stock was all but exhausted.
But worse even than this hurried and unnecessary abandonment of vast munitions79 of war was the desertion of the loyalist population. Boston was full of loyalists, among whom were many of the wealthier and better-born persons in the colony, who, from the commencement of the troubles had left their homes, their fortunes, and their families to rally round the standard of their sovereign. The very least that Howe could have done for these loyal men would have been to have entered into some terms of capitulation with Washington, whereby they might have been permitted to depart to their homes and to the enjoyment80 of their property. Nothing of the sort was attempted, and the only choice offered to a loyalist was to remain in the town, exposed to certain insult and ill treatment, perhaps to death, at the hands of the rebels, or to leave in the transports for England or Halifax and to be landed here penniless and starving.
Howe's conduct in this was on a piece with his behavior throughout the campaign; but he was little, if at all, inferior to the other generals, who vied with each other in incapacity and folly81. Never in the whole history of England were her troops led by men so inefficient82, so sluggish83, and so incapable as those who commanded her armies in the American Revolutionary War.
The first ships from England which arrived at Quebec were followed, a few days later, by the Niger and Triton, convoy84 transports, with troops. The British now took the offensive in earnest. From the west Captain Forster marched from Detroit, with 40 men of the Eighth Regiment, 100 Canadians, and some Indians, against a pass called the Cedars85, situated86 fifteen leagues above Montreal. This was held by 400 men with two cannon. As soon as the British force opened fire the Americans surrendered. The following day Forster's force, advancing, came upon 140 men under Major Sherbourne, who were marching to re-enforce the garrison at the Cedars. These were forced to retreat and 100 of them taken prisoners.
Arnold, with 700 men, advanced against the British force. The British officer, fearing that in case of an attack the Indians with him might massacre87 the prisoners, released the whole of them, 474 in number, under the promise that an equal number of British prisoners should be returned. This engagement was shamefully88 broken by the Americans, who raised a number of frivolous89 excuses, among others that prisoners taken by the British were ill treated—an accusation90 which excited the indignation of the prisoners themselves, some of whom wrote to members of Congress, stating that nothing could be kinder or more courteous91 than the treatment which they received.
While Forster was advancing toward Montreal from the west, Carleton was moving up against the Americans at Sorrel from Quebec. At the death of Montgomery, Wooster had taken the command of the main American force. He had been succeeded by Thompson, but the latter dying of smallpox92, Sullivan took his place. The new commander determined to take the offensive against the English, and dispatched a force of about 2000 men to attack General Fraser, who held a post at a place called Three Rivers.
A Canadian peasant brought news to General Fraser of the approach of the Americans, and as he had received re-enforcements from below he determined to anticipate their attack. His movements were completely successful. Some of the Americans fought well, but the rest dispersed93 with but little resistance. Two hundred were killed and 150 taken prisoners. The rest succeeded in returning to Sorrel.
The main body of the British army now came up the river in their ships, and, as they approached Sorrel, Sullivan broke up his camp and retreated. At the same time Arnold, who commanded at Montreal, evacuated94 the town and joined Sullivan's army at St. John's.
Had the English pushed forward with any energy the whole of the American army of invasion would have fallen into their hands. They were completely broken in spirits, suffering terribly from sickness, and were wholly incapable of making any defense. Burgoyne, who commanded the advance of the English army, moved forward very slowly, and the Americans were enabled to take to their boats and cross, first to Isle-aux-Noix and then to Crown Point. An American historian, who saw them after they landed, says: "At the sight of so much privation and distress95 I wept until I had no more power to weep. I did not look into a tent or hut in which I did not find either a dead or dying man. Of about 5000 men full half were invalids96. In little more than two months they had lost by desertion and death more than 5000 men."
Captain Wilson and his company were not present with the advance of the British troops. General Howe, after evacuating97 Boston, had sailed with his army to Halifax, there to wait until a large body of re-enforcements should be sent in the spring from England. General Carleton had, in his dispatches, mentioned favorably the services which the little company of loyalists from Boston had performed, and Lord Howe wrote requesting that the company should be sent down by ship to Halifax, as he was about to sail from New York to undertake operations on a large scale, and should be glad to have with him a body of men accustomed to scouting98 and acquainted with the country. Accordingly, the company was embarked99 in a transport and reached Halifax early in June. On the 11th they sailed with the army and arrived at Sandy Hook on the 29th. On July 3 the army landed on Staten Island, opposite Long Island, and soon afterward100 Lord Howe, brother of General Howe, arrived with the main army from England, raising the total force to nearly 30,000 men. It consisted of two battalions101 of light infantry102, two of grenadiers, the Fourth, Fifth, Tenth, Seventeenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-eighth, Fortieth, Forty-second, Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-ninth, Fifty-second, Fifty-fifth, Sixty-third, and Sixty-fourth regiments of foot, part of the Forty-sixth and Seventy-first regiments, and the Seventeenth Regiment of light dragoons. There were, besides, two battalions of volunteers from New York, each 1000 strong. Had this force arrived, as it should have done, three months earlier, it might have achieved great things; but the delay had enabled the Americans to make extensive preparations to meet the coming storm.
Lord Howe brought with him a communication from Parliament, giving him and his brother full power to treat with the Americans on any terms which they might think fit. Upon his arrival Lord Howe addressed a letter to Dr. Franklin, informing him of the nature of his communication, expressing hopes that he would find in America the same disposition103 for peace that he brought with him, and requesting his aid to accomplish the desired end. Dr. Franklin, in answer, informed Lord Howe that, "prior to the consideration of any proposition for friendship or peace, it would be required that Great Britain should acknowledge the independence of America, should defray the expense of the war, and indemnify, the colonists for all damages committed."
After such a reply as this Lord Howe had no alternative but to commence hostilities104, which he did by landing the army in Gravesend Bay, Long Island. The enemy offered no opposition105 to the landing, but retreated at once, setting fire to all the houses and granaries, and taking up a position on the wooded heights which commanded the line by which the English must advance.
The American main force, 15,000 strong, was posted on a peninsula between Mill Creek106 and Wallabout Bay, and had constructed a strong line of intrenchments across the end of the peninsula. The intrenchments were strengthened by abattis and flanked by strong redoubts. Five thousand remained to guard this post, and 10,000, under General Puttenham, advanced to hold the line of wooded hills which run across the island.
In the center of the plain, at the foot of these hills, stood the village of Flatbush.
The Hessian division of the British army, under General De Heister, advanced against this, while General Clinton, with the right wing of the English army, moved forward to attack the enemy's left.
This force marched at nine o'clock at night on August 26; General Sir William Howe himself accompanied it. The line of hills trended away greatly to the left, and the enemy had neglected to secure the passes over the hills on this flank; consequently, at nine o'clock in the morning, the British passed the range of hills without resistance, and occupied Bedford in its rear. Had Sir William Howe now pushed on vigorously, the whole of Puttenham's force must have been captured.
In the meantime the Hessians from Flatbush attacked the center of the Americans, and after a warm engagement, routed them and drove them into the woods with a loss of three pieces of cannon.
On the British left General Grant also advanced, and at midnight carried a strong pass on the enemy's left. Retiring, they held a still stronger position further back and offered a fierce resistance until the fires at Bedford showed that the English had obtained a position almost in their rear, when they retreated precipitately107.
The victory was a complete one, but it had none of the consequences which would have attended it had the English pushed forward with energy after turning the American left. Six pieces of cannon were captured and 2000 men killed or taken prisoners. The English lost 70 killed and 230 wounded.
So impetuously did the English attack that even Sir William Howe admitted that they could have carried the intrenchments. He alleges109 he did not permit them to do so, because he intended to take the position by regular approaches and wished therefore to avoid the loss of life which an immediate51 assault would have occasioned. On the 27th and 28th regular approaches were commenced, but on the 29th, under cover of a fog, the Americans embarked in boats and succeeded in carrying the whole of their force, without the loss of a man, across to the mainland.
The escape of this body of men was disgraceful in the extreme to the English commanders. They had a great fleet at their disposal, and had they placed a couple of frigates in the East River, between Long Island and New York, the escape would have been impossible, and General Washington and his army of 15,000 men must have been taken prisoners. Whether this misfortune would have proved conclusive110 of the war it is now too late to speculate; but so splendid an opportunity was never before let slip by an English general, and the negligence111 was the more inexcusable inasmuch as the fleet of boats could be seen lying alongside of the American position. Their purpose must have been known, and they could at any moment have been destroyed by the guns of a ship-of-war taking up its position outside them.
Lord Howe dispatched the American General Sullivan, who had been taken prisoner on Long Island, to Congress, repeating his desire to treat. A committee of three members accordingly waited on Lord Howe, who informed them that it was the most ardent112 wish of the king and the government of Great Britain to put an end to the dissatisfaction between the mother country and the colonists. To accomplish this desire every act of Parliament which was considered obnoxious113 to the colonists should undergo a revisal, and every just cause of complaint should be removed, if the colonists would declare their willingness to submit to the authority of the British government. The committee replied that it was not America which had separated herself from Great Britain, but Great Britain had separated herself from America. The latter had never declared herself independent until the former had made war upon her, and even if Congress were willing to place America in her former situation, it could not do so, as the Declaration of Independence had been made in consequence of the congregated114 voice of the whole people, by whom alone it could be abolished. The country was determined not to return under the domination of England.
The negotiations were therefore broken off. Lord Howe published a declaration to the people of America, giving the answer of the committee to his offer of reconciliation115. He acquainted them with the fact that the parent country was willing to receive into its bosom116 and protection all who might be willing to return to their former obedience117. In taking this step, Lord Howe was convinced that a majority of the inhabitants of America were still willing to enter into an accommodation of the differences between the two powers, and the conviction was not ill founded. The declaration, however, produced but little effect, for the dominant118 section, that resolved to break off all connection with England, had acquired the sole management of affairs, and no offers which could possibly have been made would have been accepted by them.
Convinced that all further negotiations would be ineffectual, Lord Howe prepared to carry his army across from Long Island to New York, where the American army had taken up their post after the retreat from Long Island. The armies were separated by the East River, with a breadth of about thirteen hundred yards. A cannonade was kept up for several days. On September 13 some ships-of-war were brought up to cover the passage. Washington, seeing the preparations, began to evacuate the city and to abandon the strong intrenchments which he had thrown up. At eleven o'clock on the morning of the 15th the men-of-war opened a heavy fire, and Clinton's division, consisting of 4000 men in eighty-four boats, sailed up the river, landed on Manhattan Island at a place called Kipp's Bay, and occupied the heights of Inclenberg, the enemy abandoning their intrenchments at their approach. General Washington rode toward Kipp's Bay to take command of the troops stationed there, but found the men who had been posted at the lines running away, and the brigades which should have supported them flying in every direction, heedless of the exertions119 of their generals.
Puttenham's division of 4000 men was still in the lower city, and would be cut off unless the British advance should be checked. Washington therefore made the greatest efforts to rally the fugitives120 and to get them to make a stand to check the advancing enemy, but in vain; for, as soon as even small bodies of redcoats were seen advancing, they broke and fled in panic.
Howe, as usual, delayed giving orders for an advance, and thus permitted the whole of Puttenham's brigade, who were cut off and must have been taken prisoners, to escape unharmed. And thus, with comparatively little loss, the Americans drew off, leaving behind them only a few heavy cannon and some bayonets and stores. So rapid had been their flight at the approach of the English that only fifteen were killed, two men falling on the English side.
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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mortars
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| n.迫击炮( mortar的名词复数 )；砂浆；房产；研钵 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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cataracts
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| n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障 | |
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watershed
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| n.转折点，分水岭，分界线 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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lizard
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| n.蜥蜴，壁虎 | |
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repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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34
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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36
feign
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| vt.假装，佯作 | |
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37
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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38
barricade
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| n.路障，栅栏，障碍；vt.设路障挡住 | |
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39
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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40
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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41
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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42
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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43
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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44
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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45
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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46
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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47
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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48
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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49
frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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50
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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51
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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52
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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53
unconditional
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| adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的 | |
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54
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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55
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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56
soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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57
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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58
obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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59
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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60
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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61
repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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62
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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63
coerce
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| v.强迫，压制 | |
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64
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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65
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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66
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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67
coercion
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| n.强制，高压统治 | |
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68
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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embitter
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| v.使苦；激怒 | |
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72
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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73
deterred
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| v.阻止，制止( deter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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75
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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76
evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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77
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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78
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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79
munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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80
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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81
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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82
inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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83
sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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84
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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85
cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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86
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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87
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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88
shamefully
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| 可耻地； 丢脸地； 不体面地； 羞耻地 | |
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89
frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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90
accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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91
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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92
smallpox
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| n.天花 | |
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93
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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95
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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97
evacuating
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| 撤离，疏散( evacuate的现在分词 )； 排空（胃肠），排泄（粪便）； （从危险的地方）撤出，搬出，撤空 | |
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98
scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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99
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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100
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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101
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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102
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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103
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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104
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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105
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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106
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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107
precipitately
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| adv.猛进地 | |
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108
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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109
alleges
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的第三人称单数 ) | |
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110
conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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111
negligence
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| n.疏忽，玩忽，粗心大意 | |
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112
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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113
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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114
congregated
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| （使）集合，聚集( congregate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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115
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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116
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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117
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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118
dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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119
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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120
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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