Born in Estremadura in 1485, of an ancient and respectable family, he was--like many others who have distinguished7 themselves as great soldiers--while at school and college remarkable8 rather for mischievous9 freaks, and disregard of authority, than for love of learning. At the age of seventeen he had exhausted10 his parents' patience, and was on the point of starting with the expedition of Ovando, the successor to Columbus, when he so injured himself by a fall, incurred11 in one of his wild escapades, that he was unable to sail with it. Two years later, however, he went out in a merchant vessel12 to the Indies.
On reaching Hispaniola Ovando, who was governor of the island, received him kindly13, and gave him a grant of land and a number of Indians to till it. The quiet life of the planter, however, little suited the restless young fellow; and after taking part in several military expeditions against insurgent15 natives, under the command of Diego Velasquez, he sailed in 1511, with that officer, to undertake the conquest of Cuba.
He displayed great courage and activity during the campaign, and his cheerful manner and fund of high spirits made him a great favorite with the soldiers. When the fighting was over, Cortez soon became discontented with the quiet life in the island, and joined a party of men who were disaffected16 to Velasquez, owing to their not having received such rewards as they considered their services merited. Cortez undertook to carry their complaints to the Governor of Hispaniola, and was about starting when the matter came to the ears of Velasquez, who seized him, put him in irons, and threw him into prison. He was not long in making his escape, and sought sanctuary17 in a church; but a few days later, when carelessly strolling outside its walls, he was again seized and imprisoned18.
He was put on board a ship to be sent to Hispaniola, there to be tried for exciting disaffection and revolt; but at night, before she set sail, he managed to free himself from his irons, gain the deck, and swim ashore19, where he again took refuge in the church. Here several influential20 people interfered22 on his behalf--among them the family of Catalina Xuares, a young lady to whom he was engaged--and a reconciliation23 was brought about between him and the governor. Cortez received a large estate, with an ample number of Indians for its cultivation24; married, and settled down, and for some years devoted25 himself to agriculture and gold mining.
Success attended him, and he accumulated some three thousand castalanos--a considerable sum. So he might have lived and died, had not the news of discoveries made by Grijalva--who had sailed west and discovered Yucatan, and traded with Tabasco, and had returned with a good deal of gold and wonderful tales of fabulous26 wealth, existing in a great nation farther to the north--caused an excitement in the islands. The governor at once prepared to fit out a large expedition, and among the many who offered to undertake its command, and to contribute largely towards its expenses, he finally selected Cortez, who had gained the ear and influence of the governor's secretary, Duero, and the royal treasurer27, Lares.
Cortez was appointed captain general of the expedition, and at once set to work, with his accustomed energy, to gather material for it. He not only contributed all the fortune he had made, but raised funds by mortgaging his estates to their full value, and by borrowing money from merchants and others, on security of the wealth that was to be acquired by the expedition.
His personal popularity in the island enabled him to gather numerous recruits, and many of his intimate friends, who joined him, assisted him from their own resources or by raising money on their estates. Velasquez himself contributed comparatively little towards the expenses, which were almost entirely29 borne by Cortez and his friends.
Six ships were fitted out, and three hundred recruits enrolled30. The instructions Cortez received were first to find Grijalva and, joining company with him, to visit Yucatan, and endeavor to rescue six Christians32 who were reported as still living there, the survivors33 of a vessel wrecked34, years before, on the coast. He was to make a survey of the whole coastline, to acquaint himself with the natural productions of the country, and with the character and institutions of the native races. He was to barter35 with the natives, and to treat them with kindness and humanity, and to remember, above all things, that the object the emperor had most at heart was the conversion36 of the Indians. He was to invite them to give in their allegiance to the king, and to send such presents as would ensure his favor and protection. The governor gave no directions for colonizing37 or conquering, having received no warrant from Spain that would enable him to invest his agent with such powers.
But while Cortez was preparing to start, many of the leading men of the island, who were jealous of his rapid rise, roused the suspicions of Velasquez against him; saying that, when he had once sailed, he would no longer recognize the governor's authority, and would be thinking only of winning renown38 and wealth for himself. Velasquez determined39 to appoint another commander, but Duero and Lares, to whom he confided40 his intentions, at once informed Cortez of them. With the same promptitude that always distinguished him in moments of danger, Cortez went round to his officers after nightfall, got them and his men on board, visited the contractor41, carried off all his stock of meat (giving him a massive gold chain in security for payment), and before daybreak the fleet left its moorings and the sails were hoisted42.
As soon as the news was carried to Velasquez, he hurriedly dressed and rowed down to the shore. Cortez, when he saw him, got into a boat and rowed to within speaking distance.
"This is a courteous way of taking leave, indeed!" the angry governor said.
"I was pressed for time," Cortez replied. "There are some things that should be done even before they are thought of. Has your Excellency any orders?"
Velasquez saw, by the innuendo43 in the words of Cortez, that the latter was aware of his intention to deprive him of his command. He had no orders to give, for it was evident that Cortez would not obey them. The latter therefore returned to his vessel, and the fleet instantly set sail for the port of Macaca. This was in November, 1516.
The act of Cortez was doubtless one of insubordination; but, after he had embarked44 the whole of his resources in the expedition, and had received the command from the governor, this being ratified45 by the authorities of Hispaniola, it could hardly be expected that he would submit to disgrace and ruin being brought, not only upon himself, but upon all the friends who had aided him in the enterprise. At Macaca Cortez laid in some more stores, and then sailed for Trinidad, an important town on the southern coast of Cuba. Here he issued proclamations inviting46 recruits to join him. These came in in considerable numbers, among them a hundred men from Grijalva's ship, which had just before reached the port.
What was still more important, several cavaliers of high family and standing47 joined him: among them the Alvarados, Olid, Avila, Velasquez de Leon (a near relation of the governor), and Sandoval. He purchased at Trinidad large military stores and provisions. While he was taking these and other steps to strengthen his position, Verdugo, the commander of the town, received letters from Velasquez ordering him to seize Cortez; but upon his communicating these orders to the principal officers of the expedition, they pointed28 out to him that, if he attempted to take such a grave step, the soldiers and sailors would certainly resist it, and the town would not improbably be laid in ashes. The expedition then sailed round the island to Havana, where Cortez completed his preparations; and in spite of another ineffectual attempt of Velasquez to detain him, set sail.
In the time that had intervened between the inception48 of the expedition and its departure, the historians agree that a remarkable change had come over Cortez. He was still frank and pleasant in his manner, courteous and cheery with all; but he was no longer the gay, careless character who had been liked, but scarcely greatly respected, in the island. His whole actions were marked by an air of resolute49 determination and authority. He himself superintended every detail of work and exhibited a thoughtfulness, prudence50, and caution that seemed alien to his former character. He was immensely popular both among his soldiers and officers, but all felt that he was entitled to their respect as well as their liking51, and that he was not only commander, but thoroughly52 master, of the expedition.
Although extremely careless himself as to food, comfort, or appearance, he now assumed the state befitting his appointment and authority. He dressed handsomely but quietly, appointed officers and domestics for his household, and placed it on the footing of a man of high station. Before sailing he dispatched a letter to Velasquez, begging him to rely on his devotion to his interests.
On February 10th, 1519, the expedition started. It consisted of eleven vessels53, only one of which was as large as a hundred tons; of a hundred and ten sailors, five hundred and fifty-three soldiers, and two hundred Indians of the islands. There were ten heavy guns and four light ones, and sixteen horses.
Before sailing, Cortez gave an address to his soldiers, and aroused their enthusiasm to the utmost. He had the advantage of obtaining the services, as chief pilot, of Alaminos, a veteran who had acted as pilot to Columbus on his last voyage, and to Grijalva in his late expedition. Soon after they started they met with a storm, and put in at the island of Cozumal; and Cortez thence sent Ordaz to Yucatan, to try to recover the captives said to be there. That officer returned without tidings, but before the fleet sailed a canoe arrived containing one of them, Aquilar, who had been wrecked there eight years previously54. He had been a priest, and had so won the esteem55 and reverence56 of the barbarians57 among whom he lived, that they had with great reluctance58 allowed him to depart, in exchange for glass beads59 and other trinkets promised by Ordaz.
The fleet now sailed along the coast of Yucatan, until they reached the mouth of the Tabasco River, where Grijalva had carried on so profitable a trade. Leaving the ships at anchor they ascended60 the river in boats; but instead of meeting with the friendly reception that Grijalva had done, they found the banks lined with the natives, whose menacing attitude showed that a landing would be opposed.
After solemnly summoning them to surrender, Cortez landed. The natives fought bravely, but were unable to resist the astounding61 effect of the Spaniards' firearms; and the invaders62, advancing, drove them back and took possession of the town, which was found to be deserted63.
Two strong parties were sent out next morning to reconnoiter, but were attacked and driven back to the town. They reported that the whole country was under arms. Cortez was much vexed64 at finding himself thus engaged in a war, from which no benefit was to be gained; but he felt that it would impair65 the confidence of his troops, were he now to draw back. He therefore landed six of the guns and the horses, and the following day sallied out to the attack. Ordaz commanded the infantry66, while Cortez himself led the little body of cavalry67, the horses being mounted by the cavaliers of the party.
After marching a league, the infantry came in sight of the enemy. The natives attacked them as they were struggling through deeply irrigated68 ground, poured volleys of missiles of all kinds upon them, and wounded many before they could get across to solid ground, where they could bring the guns into play. But even these, and the discharges of musketry did not appall69 the natives, who pressed forward with such fury that, after the engagement had lasted an hour, the position of the Spaniards became perilous70 in the extreme.
But at this moment Cortez and his companions, who had been compelled to make a great detour71, owing to the difficult nature of the ground, fell suddenly upon the rear of the enemy. The latter, who had never before seen horses, and who believed that horse and rider were the same animal, were seized with a sudden panic at this extraordinary apparition72. The panic speedily communicated itself to the whole army, and while the cavalry trampled73 down and slaughtered74 many in the rear, the infantry charged, and the Indians fled in wild confusion.
Great numbers had fallen, whilst on the Christian31 side a few only were killed, and a hundred wounded. No pursuit was attempted. Cortez released the prisoners taken in battle, among whom were two chiefs, and sent them to their countrymen, with a message that he would forgive the past if they would at once come in and tender their submission75; otherwise he would ride over the land, and put every living creature to the sword. The Tabascans, cowed by the dreadful thunder weapons, and by the astounding armed creatures that had fallen upon them, had no wish for further fighting, and the principal caziques soon came in with offerings to propitiate76 the Spaniards.
Among these were twenty female slaves--one of whom turned out a more valuable gift to the Spaniards than all the other presents, put together. Among the gifts were only a few small gold ornaments77, and when asked where the metal was procured78, they pointed to the northwest and said Mexico. As there was nothing to be done here, the Spaniards prepared to depart; but before doing so insisted on the people consenting to become Christians. As they had but little idea of what was required by them, and were in no mood for argument with the Spaniards, a solemn mass was held, at which the whole people became nominally79 Christians.
Re-embarking, the Spaniards sailed along the coast, until they reached the island of San Juan de Uloa, and anchored in the strait between it and the mainland. A canoe speedily came off from the latter, with presents of fruit and flowers, and small gold trinkets, which the natives willingly bartered80 with the Spaniards. Cortez was, however, unable to converse81 with them; for Aquilar, who had acted as interpreter with the Tabascans, was unable to understand their dialect. Presently, however, the female slaves informed him that one of their number, named Malinche, was a native of Mexico, and spoke82 that language as well as the tongue of the Tabascans. She was at once installed as interpreter--she informing Aquilar what the Mexicans said, and he interpreting it to Cortez. By this means he learned that the Indians were subjects of the great Mexican Empire, which was ruled over by a monarch83 named Montezuma, whose capital lay seventy leagues from the coast.
A strong force at once landed on the mainland, and threw up a fortified84 camp. The Mexicans came in, in crowds, with fruit, vegetables, flowers, and other articles, which they bartered with the Spaniards. They brought news that the Mexican governor of the province intended to visit them, the next day.
Before noon, he arrived with his numerous suite14. A banquet was served to them, and then, in answer to the cazique's inquiries85 as to the objects of their visit, he was informed by Cortez that he was the subject of a great monarch beyond the seas, who ruled over a vast empire; and that, hearing of the greatness of the Mexican Emperor, he had sent him as an envoy86, with a present in token of his goodwill87, and a message which he must deliver in person. The cazique said that he would send couriers with the royal gift to Montezuma; and that, as soon as he had learned his will, he would communicate it.
He then presented ten slave loads of fine cottons, mantles88 of rich feather work, and a basket filled with gold ornaments to Cortez; who then handed over the presents intended for Montezuma. These consisted of a richly carved and painted armchair, a crimson89 cap with a gold medal, and a quantity of collars, bracelets90, and other ornaments of cut glass.
Cortez observed one of the cazique's attendants busy sketching91, and found that he was drawing the Spaniards, their costumes, and arms. This was the picture writing of the Aztecs, and the chief informed him that the pictures would be sent to Montezuma. In order to impress the monarch, Cortez ordered the cavalry to maneuver92, and the cannon93 to be fired; and these exhibitions, as well as the ships, were faithfully depicted94 by the artist. The chief then took his leave.
Eight days later an embassy arrived from Montezuma, with an enormous quantity of extremely valuable presents--shields, helmets, cuirasses, collars and bracelets of gold; crests95 of variegated96 feathers sprinkled with pearls and precious stones; birds and animals in excellent workmanship in gold and silver; curtains, coverings, and robes of the finest cotton of rich colors, interwoven with marvelous feather work. Among the presents were two circular plates of gold and silver, as large as cartwheels--the value of the silver wheel was estimated at five thousand pounds, that of the gold one at fifty-five thousand.
The Spaniards were astounded97 at this display of treasure, and delighted at the prospect98 it opened to them. The ambassadors, however, brought a message from the emperor, saying that he regretted much that he could not have a personal interview with them, the distance from his capital being too great, and the journey beset99 with difficulties and dangers; and that all that could be done, therefore, was for them to return to their own land, with the proofs thus afforded of his friendly disposition100.
Cortez was much mortified101 by the refusal, but requested the envoys102 to lay before the emperor his immense desire for a personal interview with him, and that the dangers of a short land journey were as nothing to one who had accomplished103 so long a voyage over the sea to see him. The Mexicans repeated their assurance that his application would be unavailing, and left with some coldness of manner. The effect of their displeasure at the insistence104 of the Spaniards was soon manifest, the natives ceasing to bring in provisions.
While awaiting the emperor's reply, the soldiers suffered greatly from the heat and the effluvia from the neighboring marshes105. Thirty died, and as the anchorage was exposed to the northern gales106, Cortez decided107 to sail north as soon as the answer to his last application was received, and sent off two vessels to see where a safe port could be found. Ten days after the departure of the envoys they returned with a large quantity of fresh presents, but with a positive refusal on the part of the emperor to allow them to advance near the capital, and a request that, now they had obtained what they most desired, they would at once return to their own country.
Four days later the ships returned, with the news that they had found but one sheltered port, and that the country round it was well watered and favorable for a camp.
The soldiers, however, were now growing discontented. The treasure already acquired was large, the unhealthiness of the climate had alarmed them, and the proofs of the wealth and greatness of the Mexican Empire had convinced them that it needed a vastly larger force than that which Cortez had under his orders to undertake an expedition against it; for the courage showed by the Tabascans had proved conclusively108 that, ill armed as they were, the natives were not to be despised.
Fortunately for Cortez, five Indians made their appearance in camp one morning. Their dress and appearance were wholly different from those of the Aztecs, and they spoke a different language, but Malinche--who had been baptized, and christened Marina, by Father Olmedo, the leading priest of the expedition--found that two of them could converse in Aztec. They said that they were Totonacs, and had come from Cempoalla, their capital. They had been but recently conquered by the Aztecs, and were so oppressed by them that they were anxious to throw off their yoke109, and they came to ask the wonderful strangers, of whom they had heard, to visit them.
Cortez at once saw the immense importance of the communication. Hitherto he had regarded the Mexican Empire as a great and united power, against which success with so small a force was impossible; but now that he saw it was composed of subjugated110 peoples, many of whom would gladly ally themselves with him against their conquerors111, the enterprise wore a far more hopeful aspect. He dismissed the Indians with presents, and a promise to visit their country, shortly.
He talked the matter over with his principal friends, who were as reluctant as he was, himself, to abandon the enterprise and return to Cuba, where the governor would appropriate the largest share of the spoils they had taken. They accordingly went about among the soldiery, urging them to persuade the general to establish a permanent colony in the country. It was true that he had no authority from Velasquez to do so, but the interests of the emperor and of Spain--to say nothing of their own--were of more importance than those of the Governor of Cuba.
This talk reached the ears of the special friends and adherents112 of Velasquez; who, going to Cortez, remonstrated113 with him against such proceedings114. He said that nothing was farther from his desires than to exceed his instructions, and on the following morning issued a proclamation to the troops, ordering them to prepare for embarkation115. The sensation caused among the troops was great, and his partisans116 thronged117 round his tent, calling upon him to countermand118 his orders and form a settlement. Cortez, after due hesitation119, gave in to their wishes, nominated magistrates120, and proclaimed the territory a colony of Spain. As soon as the new magistrates and officers came together, Cortez came before them and tendered his resignation of his office as captain general, but was re-nominated not only captain general, but Chief Justice of the colony.
The partisans of Velasquez were most indignant at the whole proceedings, and so violent were some of the leaders that Cortez put them in irons, and sent them on board ship. Then he set to work with the soldiers, and soon brought them round; and the prisoners on board being also won over, the whole army, re-embarking, sailed up the coast until they reached the port before discovered and, landing, set out for Cempoalla.
They were delighted with the country, which was rich and fertile; and as they neared the town, the natives poured out with lively demonstrations121 of welcome, the women throwing garlands of flowers round the necks of the soldiers. They were greatly struck with the town, although it was but a small place in comparison with those they were afterwards to see. Cortez lost no time in sending off a vessel to Spain, with dispatches to the emperor; and his influence over the soldiers was so great that they, as well as the officers, relinquished122 all their shares of the treasure they had gained, in order that a worthy123 present should be sent home to their monarch.
In his dispatches Cortez related all that had befallen them, dilated124 on the prospect of annexing125 so rich a country to the Spanish dominions126, and asked for a confirmation127 of his acts, and for an authorization128 for the magistrates of the new town, which was called Villa129 Rica de Vera Cruz. The ship touched at Cuba, but continued its voyage before Velasquez, who was furious at the news of the important discoveries made by Cortez, could stop it.
Scarcely had the ship sailed when Cortez discovered that a conspiracy130 was on foot, among the partisans of Velasquez, to seize one of the vessels and to sail away to Cuba. The conspirators131 were seized, two of them executed and others flogged; but the discovery that there were a number of timid spirits in the camp, who might seriously interfere21 with his plans, greatly annoyed Cortez, and he took the extraordinary resolution of destroying all the ships. Through some of his devoted friends he bribed132 the captains of the vessels to fall in with his views; and they appeared before him, and made a solemn report that the ships were worm eaten and unfit for sea. Cortez pretended great surprise, and ordered everything movable to be brought ashore, and the ships to be sunk.
Nine vessels were so destroyed, and but one small craft was left afloat. When the news reached the troops at Cempoalla, they were filled with consternation133. It seemed to them that nothing but destruction awaited them, and from murmurings they broke out into mutiny.
Cortez however, as usual, speedily allayed134 the tumult135. He pointed out that his loss was the greatest, since the ships were his property; and that the troops would in fact derive136 great advantage by it, since it would swell137 their force by a hundred men, who must otherwise have remained in charge of the vessels. He urged them to place their confidence in him, and they might rely upon it that success would attend their efforts. If there were any cowards there, they might take the remaining ship and sail to Cuba with it, and wait patiently there until the army returned, laden138 with the spoils of the Aztecs.
The troops at once returned to their duty, and declared their readiness to follow him, wheresoever he would. Without further delay, Cortez, taking with him a number of natives to act as carriers, set out on his march towards Mexico.
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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conciliation
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| n.调解，调停 | |
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courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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insurgent
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| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
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disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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colonizing
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| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
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renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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41
contractor
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| n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌 | |
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42
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
innuendo
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| n.暗指，讽刺 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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45
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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47
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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48
inception
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| n.开端，开始，取得学位 | |
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49
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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50
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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51
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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52
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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53
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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54
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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55
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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56
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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57
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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58
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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59
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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60
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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62
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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63
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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64
vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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65
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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66
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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67
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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68
irrigated
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| [医]冲洗的 | |
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69
appall
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| vt.使惊骇，使大吃一惊 | |
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70
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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71
detour
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| n.绕行的路，迂回路；v.迂回，绕道 | |
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72
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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73
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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74
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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75
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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76
propitiate
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| v.慰解，劝解 | |
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77
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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78
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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79
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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80
bartered
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| v.作物物交换，以货换货( barter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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82
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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83
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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84
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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85
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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86
envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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87
goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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88
mantles
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| vt.&vi.覆盖（mantle的第三人称单数形式） | |
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89
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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90
bracelets
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| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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91
sketching
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| n.草图 | |
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92
maneuver
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| n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略 | |
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93
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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94
depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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95
crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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96
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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97
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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98
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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99
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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100
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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101
mortified
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| v.使受辱( mortify的过去式和过去分词 )；伤害（人的感情）；克制；抑制（肉体、情感等） | |
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102
envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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103
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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104
insistence
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| n.坚持；强调；坚决主张 | |
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105
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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106
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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107
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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108
conclusively
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| adv.令人信服地，确凿地 | |
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109
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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110
subjugated
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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112
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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113
remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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114
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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115
embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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116
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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117
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
countermand
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| v.撤回(命令)，取消(订货) | |
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119
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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120
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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121
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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122
relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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123
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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124
dilated
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| adj.加宽的，扩大的v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
annexing
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| 并吞( annex的现在分词 )； 兼并； 强占； 并吞（国家、地区等） | |
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126
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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127
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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128
authorization
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| n.授权，委任状 | |
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129
villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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130
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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131
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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132
bribed
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| v.贿赂( bribe的过去式和过去分词 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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133
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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134
allayed
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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135
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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136
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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137
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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138
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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