This interest was rather increased by the fact that I had for many years heard of this class of songs under the name of "Negro Spirituals," and had even heard some of them sung by friends from South Carolina. I could now gather on their own soil these strange plants, which I had before seen as in museums alone. True, the individual songs rarely coincided; there was a line here, a chorus there,—just enough to fix the class, but this was unmistakable. It was not strange that they differed, for the range seemed almost endless, and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida seemed to have nothing but the generic13 character in common, until all were mingled14 in the united stock of camp-melodies.
Often in the starlit evening, I have returned from some lonely ride by the swift river, or on the plover-haunted barrens, and, entering the camp, have silently approached some glimmering15 fire, round which the dusky figures moved in the rhythmical16 barbaric dance the negroes call a "shout," chanting, often harshly, but always in the most perfect time, some monotonous17 refrain. Writing down in the darkness, as I best could,—perhaps with my hand in the safe covert18 of my pocket,—the words of the song, I have afterwards carried it to my tent, like some captured bird or insect, and then, after examination, put it by. Or, summoning one of the men at some period of leisure,—Corporal Robert Sutton, for instance, whose iron memory held all the details of a song as if it were a ford19 or a forest,—I have completed the new specimen20 by supplying the absent parts. The music I could only retain by ear, and though the more common strains were repeated often enough to fix their impression, there were others that occurred only once or twice.
The words will be here given, as nearly as possible, in the original dialect; and if the spelling seems sometimes inconsistent, or the misspelling insufficient21, it is because I could get no nearer. I wished to avoid what seems to me the only error of Lowell's "Biglow Papers" in respect to dialect, the occasional use of an extreme misspelling, which merely confuses the eye, without taking us any closer to the peculiarity22 of sound.
The favorite song in camp was the following, sung with no accompaniment but the measured clapping of hands and the clatter25 of many feet. It was sung perhaps twice as often as any other. This was partly due to the fact that it properly consisted of a chorus alone, with which the verses of other songs might be combined at random26.
I. HOLD YOUR LIGHT.
"Hold your light, Brudder Robert,
Hold your light,
Hold your light on Canaan's shore.
"What make ole Satan for follow me so?
Satan ain't got notin' for do wid me.
Hold your light,
Hold your light,
Hold your light on Canaan's shore."
This would be sung for half an hour at a time, perhaps each person present being named in turn. It seemed the simplest primitive27 type of "spiritual." The next in popularity was almost as elementary, and, like this, named successively each one of the circle. It was, however, much more resounding28 and convivial29 in its music.
II. BOUND TO GO.
"Jordan River, I'm bound to go,
Bound to go, bound to go,—
Jordan River, I'm bound to go,
And bid 'em fare ye well.
"My Brudder Robert, I'm bound to go,
Bound to go," &c.
"My Sister Lucy, I'm bound to go,
Bound to go," &c.
Sometimes it was "tink 'em" (think them) "fare ye well." The ye was so detached that I thought at first it was "very" or "vary well."
Another picturesque30 song, which seemed immensely popular, was at first very bewildering to me. I could not make out the first words of the chorus, and called it the "Roman-dar," being reminded of some Romaic song which I had formerly31 heard. That association quite fell in with the Orientalism of the new tent-life.
III. ROOM IN THERE.
"O, my mudder is gone! my mudder is gone!
My mudder is gone into heaven, my Lord!
I can't stay behind!
Dere's room in dar, room in dar,
Room in dar, in de heaven, my Lord!
I can't stay behind!
Can't stay behind, my dear,
I can't stay behind!
"O, my fader is gone!" &c.
"O, de angels are gone!" &c.
"O, I'se been on de road! I'se been on de road!
I'se been on de road into heaven, my Lord!
I can't stay behind!
O, room in dar, room in dar,
Room in dar, in de heaven, my Lord!
I can't stay behind!
By this time every man within hearing, from oldest to youngest, would be wriggling32 and shuffling33, as if through some magic piper's bewitchment; for even those who at first affected34 contemptuous indifference35 would be drawn36 into the vortex erelong.
Next to these in popularity ranked a class of songs belonging emphatically to the Church Militant38, and available for camp purposes with very little strain upon their symbolism. This, for instance, had a true companion-in-arms heartiness39 about it, not impaired41 by the feminine invocation at the end.
IV. HAIL MARY.
One more valiant soldier here,
One more valiant soldier here,
To help me bear de cross.
O hail, Mary, hail!
Hail, Mary, hail!
Hail, Mary, hail!
To help me bear de cross."
I fancied that the original reading might have been "soul," instead of "soldier,"—with some other syllable43 inserted to fill out the metre,—and that the "Hail, Mary," might denote a Roman Catholic origin, as I had several men from St. Augustine who held in a dim way to that faith. It was a very ringing song, though not so grandly jubilant as the next, which was really impressive as the singers pealed44 it out, when marching or rowing or embarking45.
V. MY ARMY CROSS OVER.
"My army cross over,
My army cross over,
O, Pharaoh's army drowndedl
My army cross over.
My army cross over;
We'll cross de river Jordan,
My army cross over;
We'll cross de danger water,
My army cross over;
We'll cross de mighty Myo,
My army cross over. (Thrice.)
O, Pharaoh's army drowndedl
My army cross over."
I could get no explanation of the "mighty Myo," except that one of the old men thought it meant the river of death. Perhaps it is an African word. In the Cameroon dialect, "Mawa" signifies "to die."
The next also has a military ring about it, and the first line is well matched by the music. The rest is conglomerate47, and one or two lines show a more Northern origin. "Done" is a Virginia shibboleth48, quite distinct from the "been" which replaces it in South Carolina. Yet one of their best choruses, without any fixed49 words, was, "De bell done ringing," for which, in proper South Carolina dialect, would have been substituted, "De bell been a-ring." This refrain may have gone South with our army.
"Ride in, kind Saviour!
No man can hinder me.
O, Jesus is a mighty man!
No man, &c.
We're marching through Virginny fields.
No man, &c.
O, Satan is a busy man,
No man, &c.
And he has his sword and shield,
No man, &c.
O, old Secesh done come and gone!
No man can hinder me."
Sometimes they substituted "binder51 we," which was more spicy52 to the ear, and more in keeping with the usual head-over-heels arrangement of their pronouns.
Almost all their songs were thoroughly53 religious in their tone, however quaint then: expression, and were in a minor54 key, both as to words and music. The attitude is always the same, and, as a commentary on the life of the race, is infinitely55 pathetic. Nothing but patience for this life,—nothing but triumph in the next. Sometimes the present predominates, sometimes the future; but the combination is always implied. In the following, for instance, we hear simply the patience.
VII. THIS WORLD ALMOST DONE.
"Brudder, keep your lamp trimmin' and a-burnin',
Keep your lamp trimmin' and a-burnin',
Keep your lamp trimmin' and a-burnin',
For dis world most done.
So keep your lamp, &c.
Dis world most done."
But in the next, the final reward of patience is proclaimed as plaintively56.
VIII. I WANT TO GO HOME.
"Dere's no rain to wet you,
O, yes, I want to go home.
Dere's no sun to burn you,
O, yes, I want to go home;
O, push along, believers,
O, yes, &c.
Dere's no hard trials,
O, yes, &c.
Dere's no whips a-crackin',
O, yes, &c.
My brudder on de wayside,
O, yes, &c.
O, push along, my brudder,
O, yes, &c.
Where dere's no stormy weather,
O, yes, &c.
Dere's no tribulation57,
O, yes, &c.
IX. THE COMING DAY
"I want to go to Canaan,
I want to go to Canaan,
I want to go to Canaan,
To meet 'em at de comin' day.
O, remember, let me go to Canaan, (Thrice.)
To meet "em, &c.
O brudder, let me go to Canaan, (Thrice.)
To meet 'em, &c.
My brudder, you—oh!—remember, (Thrice.)
To meet 'em at de comin' day."
The following begins with a startling affirmation, yet the last line quite outdoes the first. This, too, was a capital boat-song.
X. ONE MORE RIVER.
"O, Jordan bank was a great old bank,
Dere ain't but one more river to cross.
We have some valiant soldier here,
Dere ain't, &c.
O, Jordan stream will never run dry,
Dere ain't, &c.
Dere's a hill on my leff, and he catch on my right,
Dere ain't but one more river to cross."
I could get no explanation of this last riddle60, except, "Dat mean, if you go on de leff, go to 'struction, and if you go on de right, go to God, for sure."
In others, more of spiritual conflict is implied, as in this next
XI. O THE DYING LAMB!
"I wants to go where Moses trod,
O de dying Lamb!
For Moses gone to de promised land,
O de dying Lamb!
To drink from springs dat never run dry,
O, &c.
Cry O my Lord!
O, &c.
Before I'll stay in hell one day,
O, &c.
I'm in hopes to pray my sins away,
O, &c.
Cry O my Lord!
0,&c.
Brudder Moses promised for be dar too,
O, &c.
To drink from streams dat never run dry,
O de dying Lamb!"
In the next, the conflict is at its height, and the lurid61 imagery of the Apocalypse is brought to bear. This book, with the books of Moses, constituted their Bible; all that lay between, even the narratives62 of the life of Jesus, they hardly cared to read or to hear.
XII. DOWN IN THE VALLEY.
"We'll run and never tire,
We'll run and never tire,
We'll run and never tire,
Jesus set poor sinners free.
Way down in de valley,
Who will rise and go with me?
You've heern talk of Jesus,
Who set poor sinners free.
"De lightnin' and de flashin'
De lightnin' and de flashin',
De lightnin' and de flashin',
Jesus set poor shiners free.
I can't stand the fire. (Thrice.)
Jesus set poor sinners free,
De green trees a-flamin'. (Thrice.)
Jesus set poor shiners free,
Way down in de valley,
Who will rise and go with me?
You've heern talk of Jesus
Who set poor shiners free."
"De valley" and "de lonesome valley" were familiar words in their religious experience. To descend64 into that region implied the same process with the "anxious-seat" of the camp-meeting. When a young girl was supposed to enter it, she bound a handkerchief by a peculiar23 knot over her head, and made it a point of honor not to change a single garment till the day of her baptism, so that she was sure of being in physical readiness for the cleansing65 rite1, whatever her spiritual mood might be. More than once, in noticing a damsel thus mystically kerchiefed, I have asked some dusky attendant its meaning, and have received the unfailing answer,—framed with their usual indifference to the genders66 of pronouns—"He in de lonesome valley, sa."
The next gives the same dramatic conflict, while its detached and impersonal67 refrain gives it strikingly the character of the Scotch68 and Scandinavian ballads.
XIII. CRY HOLY.
"Cry holy, holy!
Look at de people dat is born of God.
And I run down de valley, and I run down to pray,
Says, look at de people dat is born of God.
When I get dar, Cappen Satan was dar,
Says, look at, &c.
Says, young man, young man, dere's no use for pray,
Says, look at, &c.
For Jesus is dead, and God gone away,
Says, look at, &c.
Says, look at, &c.
Sing holy, holy!
"O, Mary was a woman, and he had a one Son,
Says, look at, &c.
And de Jews and de Romans had him hung,
Says, look at, &c. Cry holy, holy!
"And I tell you, sinner, you had better had pray,
Says, look at, &c.
Says, look at, &c.
And I tell you, sinner, and I wouldn't go dar!
Says, look at, &c.
Cry holy, holy!"
Here is an infinitely quaint description of the length of the heavenly road:—
XIV. O'ER THE CROSSING.
"Vender's my old mudder,
Been a-waggin' at de hill so long.
It's about time she'll cross over;
Get home bimeby.
Keep prayin', I do believe
We're a long time waggin' o'er de crossin'.
Keep prayin', I do believe
We'll get home to heaven bimeby.
"Hear dat mournful thunder
Roll from door to door,
Calling home God's children;
Get home bimeby.
Little chil'en, I do believe
We're a long time, &c.
Little chil'en, I do believe
We'll get home, &c.
"See dat forked lightnin'
Flash from tree to tree,
Callin' home God's chil'en;
Get home bimeby.
True believer, I do believe
We're a long time, &c.
O brudders, I do believe,
We'll get home to heaven bimeby."
One of the most singular pictures of future joys, and with fine flavor of hospitality about it, was this:—
XV. WALK 'EM EASY.
"O, walk 'em easy round de heaven,
Walk 'em easy round de heaven,
Walk 'em easy round de heaven,
Dat all de people may join de band.
Walk 'em easy round de heaven. (Thrice.)
O, shout glory till 'em join dat band!"
The chorus was usually the greater part of the song, and often came in paradoxically, thus:—
XVI. O YES, LORD.
"O, must I be like de foolish mans?
O yes, Lord!
Will build de house on de sandy hill.
O yes, Lord!
I'll build my house on Zion hill,
O yes, Lord!
No wind nor rain can blow me down,
O yes, Lord!"
XVII. BOW LOW, MARY.
"Bow low, Mary, bow low, Martha,
For Jesus come and lock de door,
And carry de keys away.
Sail, sail, over yonder,
And view de promised land.
For Jesus come, &c.
Weep, O Mary, bow low, Martha,
For Jesus come, &c.
Sail, sail, my true believer;
Sail, sail, over yonder;
Mary, bow low, Martha, bow low,
For Jesus come and lock de door
And carry de keys away."
But of all the "spirituals" that which surprised me the most, I think,—perhaps because it was that in which external nature furnished the images most directly,—was this. With all my experience of their ideal ways of speech, I was startled when first I came on such a flower of poetry in that dark soil.
XVIII. I KNOW MOON-RISE.
"I know moon-rise, I know star-rise,
Lay dis body down.
I walk in de moonlight, I walk in de starlight,
To lay dis body down.
To lay dis body down.
I'll lie in de grave and stretch out my arms;
Lay dis body down.
When I lay dis body down;
And my soul and your soul will meet in de day
When I lay dis body down."
"I'll lie in de grave and stretch out my arms." Never, it seems to me, since man first lived and suffered, was his infinite longing37 for peace uttered more plaintively than in that line.
The next is one of the wildest and most striking of the whole series: there is a mystical effect and a passionate73 striving throughout the whole. The Scriptural struggle between Jacob and the angel, which is only dimly expressed in the words, seems all uttered in the music. I think it impressed my imagination more powerfully than any other of these songs.
XIX. WRESTLING JACOB.
"O wrestlin' Jacob, Jacob, day's a-breakin';
I will not let thee go!
O wrestlin' Jacob, Jacob, day's a-breakin';
He will not let me go!
O, I hold my brudder wid a tremblin' hand
I would not let him go!
I hold my sister wid a tremblin' hand;
I would not let her go!
"O, Jacob do hang from a tremblin' limb,
He would not let him go!
O, Jacob do hang from a tremblin' limb;
De Lord will bless my soul.
O wrestlin' Jacob, Jacob," &c.
Of "occasional hymns," properly so called, I noticed but one, a funeral hymn74 for an infant, which is sung plaintively over and over, without variety of words.
XX. THE BABY GONE HOME.
"De little baby gone home,
De little baby gone home,
De little baby gone along,
For to climb up Jacob's ladder.
And I wish I'd been dar,
I wish I'd been dar,
I wish I'd been dar, my Lord,
For to climb up Jacob's ladder."
XXI. JESUS WITH US.
"He have been wid us, Jesus
He still wid us, Jesus,
He will be wid us, Jesus,
Be wid us to the end."
The next seemed to be a favorite about Christmas time, when meditations76 on "de rollin' year" were frequent among them.
XXII. LORD, REMEMBER ME.
"O do, Lord, remember me!
O do, Lord, remember me!
O, do remember me, until de year roll round!
Do, Lord, remember me!
"If you want to die like Jesus died,
Lay in de grave,
You would fold your arms and close your eyes
And die wid a free good will.
"For Death is a simple ting,
And he go from door to door,
And he knock down some, and he cripple op some,
And he leave some here to pray.
"O do, Lord remember me!
O do, Lord, remember me!
My old fader's gone till de year roll round;
Do, Lord, remember me!"
The next was sung in such an operatic and rollicking way that it was quite hard to fancy it a religious performance, which, however, it was. I heard it but once.
XXIH. EARLY IN THE MORNING.
"I meet little Rosa early in de mornin',
O Jerusalem! early in de mornin';
And I ax her, How you do, my darter?
O Jerusalem! early in de mornin'.
"I meet my mudder early in de mornin',
O Jerusalem! &c.
And I ax her, How you do, my mudder?
O Jerusalem! &c.
"I meet Brudder Robert early in de mornin',
O Jerusalem! &c.
And I ax him, How you do, my sonny?
O Jerusalem! &c.
"I meet Tittawisa early in de mornin',
O Jerusalem! &c.
And I ax her, How you do, my darter?
O Jerusalem!" &c.
"Tittawisa" means "Sister Louisa." In songs of this class the name of every person present successively appears.
Their best marching song, and one which was invaluable77 to lift their feet along, as they expressed it, was the following. There was a kind of spring and lilt to it, quite indescribable by words.
XXIV. GO IN THE WILDERNESS78.
"Jesus call you. Go in de wilderness,
Go in de wilderness, go in de wilderness,
Jesus call you. Go in de wilderness
To wait upon de Lord.
Go wait upon de Lord,
Go wait upon de Lord,
Go wait upon de Lord, my God,
He take away de sins of de world.
"Jesus a-waitin'. Go in de wilderness,
Go, &c.
All dem chil'en go in de wilderness
To wait upon de Lord."
The next was one of those which I had heard in boyish days, brought North from Charleston. But the chorus alone was identical; the words were mainly different, and those here given are quaint enough.
"O, blow your trumpet, Gabriel,
Blow your trumpet louder;
And I want dat trumpet to blow me home
To my new Jerusalem.
"De prettiest ting dat ever I done
Was to serve de Lord when I was young.
So blow your trumpet, Gabriel, &c.
And if you don't mind, he'll conjure you.
So blow your trumpet, Gabriel, &c.
"O, I was lost in de wilderness.
King Jesus hand me de candle down.
So blow your trumpet, Gabriel," &c.
The following contains one of those odd transformations81 of proper names with which their Scriptural citations82 were often enriched. It rivals their text, "Paul may plant, and may polish wid water," which I have elsewhere quoted, and in which the sainted Apollos would hardly have recognized himself.
XXVI. IN THE MORNING.
"In de mornin',
In de mornin',
Chil'en? Yes, my Lord!
Don't you hear de trumpet sound?
If I had a-died when I was young,
I never would had de race for run.
Don't you hear de trumpet sound?
"O Sam and Peter was fishin' in de sea,
And dey drop de net and follow my Lord.
Don't you hear de trumpet sound?
"Dere's a silver spade for to dig my grave
And a golden chain for to let me down.
Don't you hear de trumpet sound?
In de mornin', In de mornin',
Chil'en? Yes, my Lord!
Don't you hear de trumpet sound?"
These golden and silver fancies remind one of the King of Spain's daughter in "Mother Goose," and the golden apple, and the silver pear, which are doubtless themselves but the vestiges83 of some simple early composition like this. The next has a humbler and more domestic style of fancy.
XXVII. FARE YE WELL.
"My true believers, fare ye well,
Fare ye well, fare ye well,
Fare ye well, by de grace of God,
For I'm going home.
Massa Jesus give me a little broom
For to sweep my heart clean,
And I will try, by de grace of God,
To win my way home."
Among the songs not available for marching, but requiring the concentrated enthusiasm of the camp, was "The Ship of Zion," of which they had three wholly distinct versions, all quite exuberant84 and tumultuous.
XXVIII. THE SHIP OF ZION.
"Come along, come along,
And let us go home,
O, glory, hallelujah?
Dis de ole ship o' Zion,
Halleloo! Halleloo!
Dis de ole ship o' Zion,
Hallelujah!
"She has landed many a tousand,
She can land as many more.
O, glory, hallelujah! &c.
"Do you tink she will be able
For to take us all home?
O, glory, hallelujah! &c.
"You can tell 'em I'm a comin',
Halleloo! Halleloo!
You can tell 'em I'm a comin',
Hallelujah!
Come along, come along," &c.
XXIX. THE SHIP OF ZION. (Second version.)
"Dis de good ole ship o' Zion,
Dis de good ole ship o' Zion,
Dis de good ole ship o' Zion,
And she's makin' for de Promise Land.
She hab angels for de sailors, (Thrice.)
And she's, &c.
And how you know dey's angels? (Thrice.)
And she's, &c.
Good Lord, Shall I be one? (Thrice.)
And she's, &c.
"Dat ship is out a-sailin', sailin', sailin',
And she's, &c.
She's a-sailin' mighty steady, steady, steady,
And she's, &c.
And she's, &c.
She's a-sailin' away cold Jordan, Jordan, Jordan,
And she's, &c.
King Jesus is de captain, captain, captain,
And she's makin' for de Promise Land."
XXX. THE SHIP OF ZION. (Third version.)
"De Gospel ship is sailin',
Hosann—sann.
O, Jesus is de captain,
Hosann—sann.
De angels are de sailors,
Hosann—sann.
O, is your bundle ready?
Hosann—sann.
O, have you got your ticket?
Hosann—sann."
This abbreviated86 chorus is given with unspeakable unction.
The three just given are modifications87 of an old camp-meeting melody; and the same may be true of the three following, although I cannot find them in the Methodist hymn-books. Each, however, has its characteristic modifications, which make it well worth giving. In the second verse of this next, for instance, "Saviour" evidently has become "soldier."
XXXI. SWEET MUSIC
"Sweet music in heaven,
Just beginning for to roll.
Don't you love God?
Glory, hallelujah!
"Yes, late I heard my soldier say,
Come, heavy soul, I am de way.
Don't you love God?
Glory, hallelujah!
"I'll go and tell to sinners round
What a kind Saviour I have found.
Don't you love God?
Glory, hallelujah!
"My grief my burden long has been,
Because I was not cease from sin.
Don't you love God?
Glory, hallelujahl"
XXXII. GOOD NEWS.
"O, good news! O, good news!
De angels brought de tidings down,
Just comin' from de trone.
"As grief from out my soul shall fly,
Just comin' from de trone;
Good news, O, good news!
Just comin' from de trone.
"Lord, I want to go to heaven when I die,
Good news, O, good news! &c.
"De white folks call us a noisy crew,
Good news, O, good news!
But dis I know, we are happy too,
Just comin' from de trone."
XXXIII. THE HEAVENLY ROAD.
"You may talk of my name as much as you please,
And carry my name abroad,
But I really do believe I'm a child of God
As I walk in de heavenly road.
O, won't you go wid me? (Thrice.)
For to keep our garments clean.
"O Satan is a mighty busy ole man,
And roll rocks in my way;
And roll 'em out of de way.
O, won't you go wid me? (Thrice.)
For to keep our garments clean.
"Come, my brudder, if you never did pray,
I hope you may pray to-night;
For I really believe I'm a child of God
As I walk in de heavenly road.
O, won't you," &c.
Some of the songs had played an historic part during the war. For singing the next, for instance, the negroes had been put in jail in Georgetown, S. C., at the outbreak of the Rebellion. "We'll soon be free" was too dangerous an assertion; and though the chant was an old one, it was no doubt sung with redoubled emphasis during the new events. "De Lord will call us home," was evidently thought to be a symbolical90 verse; for, as a little drummer-boy explained to me, showing all his white teeth as he sat in the moonlight by the door of my tent, "Dey tink de Lord mean for say de Yankees."
XXXIV. WE'LL SOON BE FREE.
"We'll soon be free,
We'll soon be free,
We'll soon be free,
When de Lord will call us home.
My brudder, how long,
My brudder, how long,
My brudder, how long,
It won't be long (Thrice.)
'Fore de Lord will call us home.
We'll walk de miry road (Thrice.)
Where pleasure never dies.
We'll walk de golden street (Thrice.)
Where pleasure never dies.
My brudder, how long (Thrice.)
'Fore we done sufferin' here?
We'll soon be free (Thrice.)
When Jesus sets me free.
We'll fight for liberty (Thrice.)
When de Lord will call us home."
The suspicion in this case was unfounded, but they had another song to which the Rebellion had actually given rise. This was composed by nobody knew whom,—though it was the most recent, doubtless, of all these "spirituals,"—and had been sung in secret to avoid detection. It is certainly plaintive enough. The peck of corn and pint91 of salt were slavery's rations92.
XXXV. MANY THOUSAND GO.
"No more peck o' corn for me,
No more, no more,—
No more peck o' corn for me,
Many tousand go.
No more, &c.
"No more pint o' salt for me, (Twice.)
No more, &c.
"No more hundred lash for me, (Twice.)
No more, &c.
"No more mistress' call for me,
No more, no more,—
No more mistress' call for me,
Many tousand go."
Even of this last composition, however, we have only the approximate date and know nothing of the mode of composition. Allan Ramsay says of the Scotch songs, that, no matter who made them, they were soon attributed to the minister of the parish whence they sprang. And I always wondered, about these, whether they had always a conscious and definite origin in some leading mind, or whether they grew by gradual accretion93, in an almost unconscious way. On this point I could get no information, though I asked many questions, until at last, one day when I was being rowed across from Beaufort to Ladies' Island, I found myself, with delight, on the actual trail of a song. One of the oarsmen, a brisk young fellow, not a soldier, on being asked for his theory of the matter, dropped out a coy confession94. "Some good sperituals," he said, "are start jess out o' curiosity. I been a-raise a sing, myself, once."
My dream was fulfilled, and I had traced out, not the poem alone, but the poet. I implored95 him to proceed.
"Once we boys," he said, "went for tote some rice and de nigger-driver he keep a-callin' on us; and I say, 'O, de ole nigger-driver!' Den2 anudder said, 'Fust ting my mammy tole me was, notin' so bad as nigger-driver.' Den I made a sing, just puttin' a word, and den anudder word."
Then he began singing, and the men, after listening a moment, joined in the chorus, as if it were an old acquaintance, though they evidently had never heard it before. I saw how easily a new "sing" took root among them.
XXXVI. THE DRIVER.
"O, de ole nigger-driver!
O, gwine away!
Fust ting my mammy tell me,
O, gwine away!
O, gwine away!
Nigger-driver second devil,
O, gwine away!
Best ting for do he driver,
O, gwine away!
O, gwine away!"
It will be observed that, although this song is quite secular97 in its character, yet its author called it a "spiritual." I heard but two songs among them, at any time, to which they would not, perhaps, have given this generic name. One of these consisted simply in the endless repetition—after the manner of certain college songs—of the mysterious line,—
"Rain fall and wet Becky Lawton."
But who Becky Lawton was, and why she should or should not be wet, and whether the dryness was a reward or a penalty, none could say. I got the impression that, in either case, the event was posthumous98, and that there was some tradition of grass not growing over the grave of a sinner; but even this was vague, and all else vaguer.
The other song I heard but once, on a morning when a squad99 of men came in from picket100 duty, and chanted it in the most rousing way. It had been a stormy and comfortless night, and the picket station was very exposed. It still rained in the morning when I strolled to the edge of the camp, looking out for the men, and wondering how they had stood it. Presently they came striding along the road, at a great pace, with their shining rubber blankets worn as cloaks around them, the rain streaming from these and from their equally shining faces, which were almost all upon the broad grin, as they pealed out this remarkable101 ditty:—
HANGMAN JOHNNY.
"O, dey call me Hangman Johnny!
O, ho! O, ho!
But I never hang nobody,
O, hang, boys, hang!
O dey, call me Hangman Johnny!
O, ho! O, ho!
But we'll all hang togedder,
O, hang, boys, hang!"
My presence apparently102 checked the performance of another verse, beginning, "De buckra 'list for money," apparently in reference to the controversy103 about the pay-question, then just beginning, and to the more mercenary aims they attributed to the white soldiers. But "Hangman Johnny" remained always a myth as inscrutable as "Becky Lawton."
As they learned all their songs by ear, they often strayed into wholly new versions, which sometimes became popular, and entirely104 banished105 the others. This was amusingly the case, for instance, with one phrase in the popular camp-song of "Marching Along," which was entirely new to them until our quartermaster taught it to them, at my request. The words, "Gird on the armor," were to them a stumbling-block, and no wonder, until some ingenious ear substituted, "Guide on de army," which was at once accepted, and became universal.
"We'll guide on de army, and be marching along"
is now the established version on the Sea Islands.
These quaint religious songs were to the men more than a source of relaxation106; they were a stimulus107 to courage and a tie to heaven. I never overheard in camp a profane108 or vulgar song. With the trifling109 exceptions given, all had a religious motive110, while the most secular melody could not have been more exciting. A few youths from Savannah, who were comparatively men of the world, had learned some of the "Ethiopian Minstrel" ditties, imported from the North. These took no hold upon the mass; and, on the other hand, they sang reluctantly, even on Sunday, the long and short metres of the hymn-books, always gladly yielding to the more potent111 excitement of their own "spirituals." By these they could sing themselves, as had their fathers before them, out of the contemplation of their own low estate, into the sublime112 scenery of the Apocalypse. I remember that this minor-keyed pathos113 used to seem to me almost too sad to dwell upon, while slavery seemed destined114 to last for generations; but now that their patience has had its perfect work, history cannot afford to lose this portion of its record. There is no parallel instance of an oppressed race thus sustained by the religious sentiment alone. These songs are but the vocal115 expression of the simplicity116 of their faith and the sublimity117 of their long resignation.
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1
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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ballads
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| 民歌，民谣，特别指叙述故事的歌( ballad的名词复数 )； 讴 | |
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piecemeal
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| adj.零碎的；n.片，块；adv.逐渐地；v.弄成碎块 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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indigenous
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| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
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plaintive
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| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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generic
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| adj.一般的，普通的，共有的 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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rhythmical
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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17
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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18
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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21
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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24
liar
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| n.说谎的人 | |
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25
clatter
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| v./n.(使)发出连续而清脆的撞击声 | |
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random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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27
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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28
resounding
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| adj. 响亮的 | |
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29
convivial
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| adj.狂欢的，欢乐的 | |
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30
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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31
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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32
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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33
shuffling
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| adj. 慢慢移动的, 滑移的 动词shuffle的现在分词形式 | |
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34
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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35
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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36
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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37
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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38
militant
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| adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士 | |
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39
heartiness
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| 诚实，热心 | |
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40
bout
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| n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛 | |
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41
impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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43
syllable
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| n.音节；vt.分音节 | |
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44
pealed
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| v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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46
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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47
conglomerate
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| n.综合商社，多元化集团公司 | |
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48
shibboleth
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| n.陈规陋习；口令；暗语 | |
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49
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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50
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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51
binder
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| n.包扎物，包扎工具；[法]临时契约；粘合剂；装订工 | |
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52
spicy
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| adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的 | |
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53
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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54
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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55
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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56
plaintively
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| adv.悲哀地，哀怨地 | |
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57
tribulation
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| n.苦难，灾难 | |
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58
tug
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| v.用力拖(或拉)；苦干；n.拖；苦干；拖船 | |
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59
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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60
riddle
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| n.谜，谜语，粗筛；vt.解谜，给…出谜，筛，检查，鉴定，非难，充满于；vi.出谜 | |
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61
lurid
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| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
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62
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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63
lash
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| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
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64
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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65
cleansing
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| n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词 | |
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66
genders
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| n.性某些语言的（阳性、阴性和中性，不同的性有不同的词尾等）( gender的名词复数 )；性别；某些语言的（名词、代词和形容词）性的区分 | |
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67
impersonal
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| adj.无个人感情的，与个人无关的，非人称的 | |
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68
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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69
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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70
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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71
graveyard
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| n.坟场 | |
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72
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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73
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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74
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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75
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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76
meditations
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| 默想( meditation的名词复数 )； 默念； 沉思； 冥想 | |
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77
invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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78
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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79
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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80
conjure
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| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
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81
transformations
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| n.变化( transformation的名词复数 )；转换；转换；变换 | |
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82
citations
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| n.引用( citation的名词复数 )；引证；引文；表扬 | |
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83
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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84
exuberant
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| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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85
totter
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| v.蹒跚， 摇摇欲坠；n.蹒跚的步子 | |
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86
abbreviated
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| adj. 简短的，省略的 动词abbreviate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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87
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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88
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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89
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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90
symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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91
pint
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| n.品脱 | |
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92
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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93
accretion
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| n.自然的增长，增加物 | |
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94
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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95
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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97
secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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98
posthumous
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| adj.遗腹的；父亡后出生的；死后的，身后的 | |
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99
squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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100
picket
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| n.纠察队；警戒哨；v.设置纠察线；布置警卫 | |
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101
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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102
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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103
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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104
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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105
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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107
stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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108
profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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109
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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110
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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111
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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112
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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113
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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114
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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115
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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116
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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117
sublimity
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| 崇高，庄严，气质高尚 | |
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