If we were asked (we have not been asked) to name a day the world ought to celebrate and does not, we would name the 16th of May. For on that day, in the year 1763, James Boswell first met Dr. Samuel Johnson.
This great event, which enriched the world with one of the most vivid panoramas1 of human nature known to man, happened in Tom Davies's bookshop in Covent Garden. Mr. and Mrs. Davies were friends of the Doctor, who frequently visited their shop. Of them Boswell remarks quaintly2 that though they had been on the stage for many years, they "maintained an uniform decency3 of character." The shop seems to have been a charming place: one went there not merely to buy books, but also to have a cup of tea in the back parlor5. It is sad to think that though we have been hanging round bookshops for a number of years, we have never yet met a bookseller who invited us into the private office for a quiet cup. Wait a moment, though, we are forgetting Dr. Rosenbach, the famous bookseller of Philadelphia. But his collations, held in amazed memory by many editioneers, rarely descend6 to anything so humble7 as tea. One recalls a confused glamor8 of ortolans, trussed guinea-hens, strawberries reclining in a bowl carved out of solid ice, and what used to be known as vintages. It is a pity that Dr. Johnson died too soon to take lunch with Dr. Rosenbach.
"At last, on Monday, the 16th of May," says Boswell, "when I was sitting in Mr. Davies's back parlor, after having drunk tea with him and Mrs. Davies, Johnson unexpectedly came into the shop; and Mr. Davies, having perceived him through the glass door, announced his awful approach to me. Mr. Davies mentioned my name, and respectfully introduced me to him. I was much agitated9." The volatile10 Boswell may be forgiven his agitation11. We also would have trembled not a little. Boswell was only twenty-two, and probably felt that his whole life and career hung upon the great man's mood. But embarrassment12 is a comely13 emotion for a young man in the face of greatness; and the Doctor was speedily put in a good humor by an opportunity to utter his favorite pleasantry at the expense of the Scotch14. "I do, indeed, come from Scotland," cried Boswell, after Davies had let the cat out of the bag; "but I cannot help it." "That, sir," said Doctor Johnson, "is what a great many of your countrymen cannot help."
The great book that dated from that meeting in Davies's back parlor has become one of the most intimately cherished possessions of the race. One finds its admirers and students scattered15 over the globe. No man who loves human nature in all its quirks16 and pangs17, seasoned with bluff18 honesty and the genuineness of a cliff or a tree, can afford to step into a hearse until he has made it his own. And it is a noteworthy illustration of the biblical saying that whosoever will rule, let him be a servant. Boswell made himself the servant of Johnson, and became one of the masters of English literature.
It used to annoy us to hear Karl Rosner referred to as "the Kaiser's Boswell." For to boswellize (which is a verb that has gone into our dictionaries) means not merely to transcribe19 faithfully the acts and moods and import of a man's life; it implies also that the man so delineated be a good man and a great. Horace Traubel was perhaps a Boswell; but Rosner never.
It is pleasant to know that Boswell was not merely a kind of animated20 note-book. He was a droll21, vain, erring22, bibulous23, warm-hearted creature, a good deal of a Pepys, in fact, with all the Pepysian vices24 and virtues25. Mr. A. Edward Newton's "Amenities27 of Book Collecting" makes Boswell very human to us. How jolly it is to learn that Jamie (like many lesser28 fry since) wrote press notices about himself. Here is one of his own blurbs29, which we quote from Mr. Newton's book:
Boswell, the author, is a most excellent man: he is of an ancient family in the west of Scotland, upon which he values himself not a little. At his nativity there appeared omens30 of his future greatness. His parts are bright, and his education has been good. He has traveled in post chaises miles without number. He is fond of seeing much of the world. He eats of every good dish, especially apple pie. He drinks Old Hock. He has a very fine temper. He is somewhat of a humorist and a little tinctured with pride. He has a good manly31 countenance32, and he owns himself to be amorous33. He has infinite vivacity34, yet is observed at times to have a melancholy35 cast. He is rather fat than lean, rather short than tall, rather young than old. His shoes are neatly36 made, and he never wears spectacles.
This brings the excellent Boswell very close to us indeed: he might almost be a member of the Authors' League. "Especially apple pie, bless his heart!"
When we said that Boswell was a kind of Pepys, we fell by chance into a happy comparison. Not only by his volatile errors was he of the tribe of Samuel, but in his outstanding character by which he becomes of importance to posterity—that of one of the great diarists. Now there is no human failing upon which we look with more affectionate lenience37 than that of keeping a diary. All of us, in our pilgrimage through the difficult thickets38 of this world, have moods and moments when we have to fall back on ourselves for the only complete understanding and absolution we will ever find. In such times, how pleasant it is to record our emotions and misgivings39 in the sure and secret pages of some privy40 notebook; and how entertaining to read them again in later years! Dr. Johnson himself advised Bozzy to keep a journal, though he little suspected to what use it would be put. The cynical41 will say that he did so in order that Bozzy would have less time to pester42 him, but we believe his advice was sincere. It must have been, for the Doctor kept one himself, of which more in a moment.
"He recommended to me," Boswell says, "to keep a journal of my life, full and unreserved. He said it would be a very good exercise and would yield me great satisfaction when the particulars were faded from my remembrance. He counselled me to keep it private, and said I might surely have a friend who would burn it in case of my death."
Happily it was not burned. The Great Doctor never seemed so near to me as the other day when I saw a little notebook, bound in soft brown leather and interleaved with blotting43 paper, in which Bozzy's busy pen had jotted44 down memoranda45 of his talks with his friend, while they were still echoing in his mind. From this notebook (which must have been one of many) the paragraphs were transferred practically unaltered into the Life. This superb treasure, now owned by Mr. Adam of Buffalo46, almost makes one hear the Doctor's voice; and one imagines Boswell sitting up at night with his candle, methodically recording47 the remarks of the day. The first entry was dated September 22, 1777, so Bozzy must have carried it in his pocket when Dr. Johnson and he were visiting Dr. Taylor in Ashbourne. It was during this junket that Dr. Johnson tried to pole the large dead cat over Dr. Taylor's dam, an incident that Boswell recorded as part of his "Flemish picture of my friend." It was then also that Mrs. Killingley, mistress of Ashbourne's leading inn, The Green Man, begged Boswell "to name the house to his extensive acquaintance." Certainly Bozzy's acquaintance was to be far more extensive than good Mrs. Killingley ever dreamed. It was he who "named the house" to me, and for this reason The Green Man profited in fourpence worth of cider, 134 years later.
There is another day we have vowed48 to commemorate49, by drinking great flaggonage of tea, and that is the 18th of September, Dr. Johnson's birthday. The Great Cham needs no champion; his speech and person have become part of our common heritage. Yet the extraordinary scenario50 in which Boswell filmed him for us has attained51 that curious estate of great literature the characteristic of which is that every man imagines he has read it, though he may never have opened its pages. It is like the historic landmark52 of one's home town, which foreigners from overseas come to study, but which the denizen53 has hardly entered. It is like Niagara Falls: we have a very fair mental picture of the spectacle and little zeal54 to visit the uproar55 itself. And so, though we all use Doctor Johnson's sharply stamped coinages, we generally are too lax about visiting the mint.
But we will never cease to pray that every honest man should study Boswell. There are many who have topped the rise of human felicity in that book: when reading it they feel the tide of intellect brim the mind with a unique fullness of satisfaction. It is not a mere4 commentary on life: it is life—it fills and floods every channel of the brain. It is a book that men make a hobby of, as golf or billiards56. To know it is a liberal education. I could have understood Germany yearning57 to invade England in order to annex58 Boswell's Johnson. There would have been some sense in that.
What is the average man's conception of Doctor Johnson? We think of a huge ungainly creature, slovenly59 of dress, addicted60 to tea, the author of a dictionary and the center of a tavern61 coterie62. We think of him prefacing bluff and vehement63 remarks with "Sir," and having a knack64 for demolishing65 opponents in boisterous66 argument. All of which is passing true, just as is our picture of the Niagara we have never seen; but how it misses the inner tenderness and tormented67 virtue26 of the man!
So it is refreshing68 sometimes to turn away from Boswell to those passages where the good old Doctor has revealed himself with his own hand. The letter to Chesterfield is too well known for comment. But no less noble, and not nearly so well known, is the preface to the Dictionary. How moving it is in its sturdy courage, its strong grasp of the tools of expression. In every line one feels the weight and push of a mind that had behind it the full reservoir of language, particularly the Latin. There is the same sense of urgent pressure that one feels in watching a strong stream backed up behind a dam:
I look with pleasure on my book, however defective69, and deliver it to the world with the spirit of a man that has endeavored well. That it will immediately become popular I have not promised to myself: a few wild blunders, and risible70 absurdities71, from which no work of such multiplicity was ever free, may for a time furnish folly72 with laughter, and harden ignorance in contempt, but useful diligence will at last prevail, and there never can be wanting some who distinguish desert; who will consider that no dictionary of a living tongue ever can be perfect, since while it is hastening to publication, some words are budding, and some falling away; that a whole life cannot be spent upon syntax and etymology73, and that even a whole life would not be sufficient; that he, whose design includes whatever language can express, must often speak of what he does not understand; that a writer will sometimes be tarried by eagerness to the end, and sometimes faint with weariness under a task, which Scaliger compares to the labors74 of the anvil75 and the mine; that what is obvious is not always known, and what is known is not always present; that sudden fits of inadvertency will surprise vigilance, slight avocations76 will seduce77 attention, and casual eclipses of the mind will darken learning; and that the writer shall often in vain trace his memory at the moment of need, for that which yesterday he knew with intuitive readiness, and which will come uncalled into his thoughts to-morrow.
I know no better way of celebrating Doctor Johnson's birthday than by quoting a few passages from his "Prayers and Meditations," jotted down during his life in small note-books and given shortly before his death to a friend. No one understands the dear old doctor unless he remembers that his spirit was greatly perplexed78 and harassed79 by sad and disordered broodings. The bodily twitchings and odd gestures which attracted so much attention as he rolled about the streets were symptoms of painful twitchings and gestures within. A great part of his intense delight in convivial80 gatherings81, in conversation and the dinner table, was due to his eagerness to be taken out of himself. One fears that his solitary82 hours were very often tragic83.
There were certain dates which Doctor Johnson almost always commemorated84 in his private notebook—his birthday, the date of his wife's death, the Easter season and New Year's. In these pathetic little entries one sees the spirit that was dogmatic and proud among men abasing85 itself in humility86 and pouring out the generous tenderness of an affectionate nature. In these moments of contrition87 small peccadilloes88 took on tragic importance in his mind. Rising late in the morning and the untidy state of his papers seemed unforgivable sins. There is hardly any more moving picture in the history of mankind than that of the rugged89 old doctor pouring out his innocent petitions for greater strength in ordering his life and bewailing his faults of sluggishness90, indulgence at table and disorderly thoughts. Let us begin with his entry on September 18, 1760, his fifty-second birthday:
RESOLVED, D.J.
To combat notions of obligation.
To apply to study.
To rise early.
To study religion.
To go to church.
To drink less strong liquors.
To keep a journal.
To oppose laziness by doing what is to be done to-morrow.
Rise as early as I can.
Send for books for history of war.
Put books in order.
Scheme of life.
The very human feature of these little notes is that the same good resolutions appear year after year. Thus, four years after the above, we find him writing:
Sept. 18, 1764.
This is my 56th birthday, the day on which I have concluded 55 years.
I have outlived many friends, I have felt many sorrows. I have made few improvements. Since my resolution formed last Easter, I have made no advancement93 in knowledge or in goodness; nor do I recollect94 that I have endeavored it. I am dejected, but not hopeless.
I resolve,
To study the Scriptures95; I hope, in the original languages. Six hundred and forty verses every Sunday will nearly comprise the Scriptures in a year.
To read good books; to study theology.
To treasure in my mind passages for recollection.
To rise early; not later than six, if I can; I hope sooner, but as soon as I can.
To keep a journal, both of employment and of expenses. To keep accounts.
To take care of my health by such means as I have designed.
To set down at night some plan for the morrow.
To-morrow I purpose to regulate my room.
At Easter, 1765, he confesses sadly that he often lies abed until two in the afternoon; which, after all, was not so deplorable, for he usually went to bed very late. Boswell has spoken of "the unseasonable hour at which he had habituated himself to expect the oblivion of repose96." On New Year's Day, 1767, he prays: "Enable me, O Lord, to use all enjoyments97 with due temperance, preserve me from unseasonable and immoderate sleep." Two years later than this he writes:
"I am not yet in a state to form many resolutions; I purpose and hope to rise early in the morning at eight, and by degrees at six; eight being the latest hour to which bedtime can be properly extended; and six the earliest that the present system of life requires."
One of the most pathetic of his entries is the following, on September 18, 1768:
"This day it came into my mind to write the history of my melancholy. On this I purpose to deliberate; I know not whether it may not too much disturb me."
From time to time there have been stupid or malicious98 people who have said that Johnson's marriage with a homely99 woman twenty years older than himself was not a love match. For instance, Mr. E.W. Howe, of Atchison, Kan., in most respects an amiable100 and well-conducted philosopher, uttered in Howe's Monthly (May, 1918) the following words, which (I hope) he will forever regret:
"I have heard that when a young man he (Johnson) married an ugly and vulgar old woman for her money, and that his taste was so bad that he worshiped her."
Against this let us set what Johnson wrote in his notebook on March 28, 1770:
This is the day on which, in 1752, I was deprived of poor dear Tetty. When I recollect the time in which we lived together, my grief of her departure is not abated101; and I have less pleasure in any good that befalls me, because she does not partake it. On many occasions, I think what she would have said or done. When I saw the sea at Brighthelmstone, I wished for her to have seen it with me. But with respect to her, no rational wish is now left but that we may meet at last where the mercy of God shall make us happy, and perhaps make us instrumental to the happiness of each other. It is now 18 years.
Let us end the memorandum102 with a less solemn note. On Good Friday, 1779, he and Boswell went to church together. When they returned the good old doctor sat down to read the Bible, and he says, "I gave Boswell Les Pensées de Pascal, that he might not interrupt me." Of this very copy Boswell says: "I preserve the book with reverence103." I wonder who has it now?
So let us wish Doctor Johnson many happy returns of the day, sure that as long as paper and ink and eyesight preserve their virtue he will bide104 among us, real and living and endlessly loved.
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panoramas
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| 全景画( panorama的名词复数 )； 全景照片； 一连串景象或事 | |
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quaintly
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| adv.古怪离奇地 | |
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decency
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| n.体面，得体，合宜，正派，庄重 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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parlor
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| n.店铺，营业室；会客室，客厅 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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glamor
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| n.魅力，吸引力 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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volatile
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| adj.反复无常的，挥发性的，稍纵即逝的，脾气火爆的；n.挥发性物质 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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quirks
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| n.奇事，巧合( quirk的名词复数 )；怪癖 | |
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pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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transcribe
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| v.抄写，誉写；改编(乐曲)；复制，转录 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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droll
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| adj.古怪的，好笑的 | |
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erring
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| 做错事的，错误的 | |
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bibulous
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| adj.高度吸收的，酗酒的 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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amenities
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| n.令人愉快的事物；礼仪；礼节；便利设施；礼仪( amenity的名词复数 )；便利设施；（环境等的）舒适；（性情等的）愉快 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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blurbs
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| n.（尤指印在书籍等护封上的）简介，推荐广告( blurb的名词复数 ) | |
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omens
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| n.前兆，预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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amorous
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| adj.多情的；有关爱情的 | |
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vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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lenience
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| n.宽大，温和 | |
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thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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misgivings
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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cynical
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| adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的，不信世道向善的 | |
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pester
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| v.纠缠，强求 | |
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blotting
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| 吸墨水纸 | |
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jotted
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| v.匆忙记下( jot的过去式和过去分词 )；草草记下，匆匆记下 | |
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memoranda
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| n. 备忘录, 便条 名词memorandum的复数形式 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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scenario
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| n.剧本，脚本；概要 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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denizen
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| n.居民，外籍居民 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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billiards
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| n.台球 | |
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yearning
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| a.渴望的；向往的；怀念的 | |
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annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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slovenly
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| adj.懒散的，不整齐的，邋遢的 | |
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addicted
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tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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coterie
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| n.(有共同兴趣的)小团体，小圈子 | |
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vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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knack
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| n.诀窍，做事情的灵巧的，便利的方法 | |
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demolishing
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| v.摧毁( demolish的现在分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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tormented
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| 饱受折磨的 | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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risible
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| adj.能笑的；可笑的 | |
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absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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etymology
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| n.语源；字源学 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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anvil
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| n.铁钻 | |
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avocations
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| n.业余爱好，嗜好( avocation的名词复数 )；职业 | |
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seduce
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| vt.勾引，诱奸，诱惑，引诱 | |
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perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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convivial
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| adj.狂欢的，欢乐的 | |
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gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abasing
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| 使谦卑( abase的现在分词 )； 使感到羞耻； 使降低（地位、身份等）； 降下 | |
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humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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contrition
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| n.悔罪，痛悔 | |
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peccadilloes
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| n.轻罪，小过失( peccadillo的名词复数 ) | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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sluggishness
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| 不振，萧条，呆滞；惰性；滞性；惯性 | |
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reclaim
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| v.要求归还，收回；开垦 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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memorandum
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| n.备忘录，便笺 | |
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103
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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bide
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| v.忍耐；等候；住 | |
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