Monotonous1 as the flat-woods were, however, and malarious2 as they looked,—arid wastes and stretches of stagnant3 water flying past the car window in perpetual alternation,—I was impatient to get into them. They were a world the like of which I had never seen; and wherever I went in eastern Florida, I made it one of my earliest concerns to seek them out.
? 2 ?
My first impression was one of disappointment, or perhaps I should rather say, of bewilderment. In fact, I returned from my first visit to the flat-woods under the delusion4 that I had not been into them at all. This was at St. Augustine, whither I had gone after a night only in Jacksonville. I looked about the quaint5 little city, of course, and went to the South Beach, on St. Anastasia Island; then I wished to see the pine lands. They were to be found, I was told, on the other side of the San Sebastian. The sun was hot (or so it seemed to a man fresh from the rigors6 of a New England winter), and the sand was deep; but I sauntered through New Augustine, and pushed on up the road toward Moultrie (I believe it was), till the last houses were passed and I came to the edge of the pine-woods. Here, presently, the roads began to fork in a very confusing manner. The first man I met—a kindly7 cracker—cautioned me against getting lost; but I had no thought of taking the slightest risk of that kind. I was not going to explore the woods, but only to enter them, sit down, look about me, and listen. The difficulty was to get into them. As I ? 3 ? advanced, they receded9. It was still only the beginning of a wood; the trees far apart and comparatively small, the ground covered thickly with saw-palmetto, interspersed10 here and there with patches of brown grass or sedge.
In many places the roads were under water, and as I seemed to be making little progress, I pretty soon sat down in a pleasantly shaded spot. Wagons11 came along at intervals12, all going toward the city, most of them with loads of wood; ridiculously small loads, such as a Yankee boy would put upon a wheelbarrow. “A fine day,” said I to the driver of such a cart. “Yes, sir,” he answered, “it’s a pretty day.” He spoke13 with an emphasis which seemed to imply that he accepted my remark as well meant, but hardly adequate to the occasion. Perhaps, if the day had been a few shades brighter, he would have called it “handsome,” or even “good looking.” Expressions of this kind, however, are matters of local or individual taste, and as such are not to be disputed about. Thus, a man stopped me in Tallahassee to inquire what time it was. I told him, and he said, "Ah, a little sooner than ? 4 ? I thought." And why not “sooner” as well as "earlier"? But when, on the same road, two white girls in an ox-cart hailed me with the question, “What time 'tis?” I thought the interrogative idiom a little queer; almost as queer, shall we say, as “How do you do?” may have sounded to the first man who heard it,—if the reader is able to imagine such a person.
Meanwhile, let the morning be “fine” or “pretty,” it was all one to the birds. The woods were vocal14 with the cackling of robins15, the warble of bluebirds, and the trills of pine warblers. Flickers16 were shouting—or laughing, if one pleased to hear it so—with true flickerish prolixity17, and a single downy woodpecker called sharply again and again. A mocking-bird near me (there is always a mocking-bird near you, in Florida) added his voice for a time, but soon relapsed into silence. The fact was characteristic; for, wherever I went, I found it true that the mocker grew less musical as the place grew wilder. By instinct he is a public performer, he demands an audience; and it is only in cities, like St. Augustine and Tallahassee, that he is heard at his freest and best. A ? 5 ? loggerhead shrike—now close at my elbow, now farther away—was practicing his extensive vocabulary with perseverance18, if not with enthusiasm. Like his relative the “great northern,” though perhaps in a less degree, the loggerhead is commonly at an extreme, either loquacious19 or dumb; as if he could not let his moderation be known unto any man. Sometimes I fancied him possessed20 with an insane ambition to match the mocking-bird in song as well as in personal appearance. If so, it is not surprising that he should be subject to fits of discouragement and silence. Aiming at the sun, though a good and virtuous21 exercise, as we have all heard, is apt to prove dispiriting to sensible marksmen. Crows (fish crows, in all probability, but at the time I did not know it) uttered strange, hoarse22, flat-sounding caws. Every bird of them must have been born without a palate, it seemed to me. White-eyed chewinks were at home in the dense23 palmetto scrub, whence they announced themselves unmistakably by sharp whistles. Now and then one of them mounted a leaf, and allowed me to see his pale yellow iris24. Except for this mark, recognizable almost as ? 6 ? far as the bird could be distinguished25 at all, he looked exactly like our common New England towhee. Somewhere behind me was a king-fisher’s rattle26, and from a savanna27 in the same direction came the songs of meadow larks28; familiar, but with something unfamiliar29 about them at the same time, unless my ears deceived me.
More interesting than any of the birds yet named, because more strictly30 characteristic of the place, as well as more strictly new to me, were the brown-headed nuthatches. I was on the watch for them: they were one of the three novelties which I knew were to be found in the pine lands, and nowhere else,—the other two being the red-cockaded woodpecker and the pine-wood sparrow; and being thus on the lookout31, I did not expect to be taken by surprise, if such a paradox32 (it is nothing worse) may be allowed to pass. But when I heard them twittering in the distance, as I did almost immediately, I had no suspicion of what they were. The voice had nothing of that nasal quality, that Yankee twang, as some people would call it, which I had always associated with the nuthatch family. On the contrary, it was decidedly ? 7 ? finchlike,—so much so that some of the notes, taken by themselves, would have been ascribed without hesitation34 to the goldfinch or the pine finch33, had I heard them in New England; and even as things were, I was more than once deceived for the moment. As for the birds themselves, they were evidently a cheerful and thrifty35 race, much more numerous than the red-cockaded woodpeckers, and much less easily overlooked than the pine-wood sparrows. I seldom entered the flat-woods anywhere without finding them. They seek their food largely about the leafy ends of the pine branches, resembling the Canadian nuthatches in this respect, so that it is only on rare occasions that one sees them creeping about the trunks or larger limbs. Unlike their two Northern relatives, they are eminently36 social, often traveling in small flocks, even in the breeding season, and keeping up an almost incessant37 chorus of shrill38 twitters as they flit hither and thither39 through the woods. The first one to come near me was full of inquisitiveness40; he flew back and forth41 past my head, exactly as chickadees do in a similar mood, and once seemed almost ready to alight on ? 8 ? my hat. “Let us have a look at this stranger,” he appeared to be saying. Possibly his nest was not far off, but I made no search for it. Afterwards I found two nests, one in a low stump43, and one in the trunk of a pine, fifteen or twenty feet from the ground. Both of them contained young ones (March 31 and April 2), as I knew by the continual goings-in-and-out of the fathers and mothers. In dress the brown-head is dingy44, with little or nothing of the neat and attractive appearance of our New England nuthatches.
In this pine-wood on the road to Moultrie I found no sign of the new woodpecker or the new sparrow. Nor was I greatly disappointed. The place itself was a sufficient novelty,—the place and the summer weather. The pines murmured overhead, and the palmettos rustled45 all about. Now a butterfly fluttered past me, and now a dragonfly. More than one little flock of tree swallows went over the wood, and once a pair of ph?bes amused me by an uncommonly46 pretty lover’s quarrel. Truly it was a pleasant hour. In the midst of it there came along a man in a cart, with a load of wood. We exchanged the time of day, and I remarked ? 9 ? upon the smallness of his load. Yes, he said; but it was a pretty heavy load to drag seven or eight miles over such roads. Possibly he understood me as implying that he seemed to be in rather small business, although I had no such purpose, for he went on to say: “In 1861, when this beautiful war broke out between our countries, my father owned niggers. We didn’t have to do this. But I don’t complain. If I hadn’t got a bullet in me, I should do pretty well.”
“Then you were in the war?” I said.
“Oh, yes, yes, sir! I was in the Confederate service. Yes, sir, I’m a Southerner to the backbone47. My grandfather was a ----” (I missed the patronymic), “and commanded St. Augustine.”
The name had a foreign sound, and the man’s complexion48 was swarthy, and in all simplicity49 I asked if he was a Minorcan. I might as well have touched a lighted match to powder. His eyes flashed, and he came round the tail of the cart, gesticulating with his stick.
“Minorcan!” he broke out. “Spain and the island of Minorca are two places, ain’t they?”
? 10 ?
“You are English, ain’t you?” he went on. “You are English,—Yankee born,—ain’t you?”
I owned it.
“Well, I’m Spanish. That ain’t Minorcan. My grandfather was a ——, and commanded St. Augustine. He couldn’t have done that if he had been Minorcan.”
By this time he was quieting down a bit. His father remembered the Indian war. The son had heard him tell about it.
“Those were dangerous times,” he remarked. “You couldn’t have been standing51 out here in the woods then.”
“There is no danger here now, is there?” said I.
“No, no, not now.” But as he drove along he turned to say that he wasn’t afraid of any thing; he wasn’t that kind of a man. Then, with a final turn, he added, what I could not dispute, “A man’s life is always in danger.”
After he was gone, I regretted that I had offered no apology for my unintentionally offensive question; but I was so taken by surprise, and so much interested in the man ? 11 ? as a specimen52, that I quite forgot my manners till it was too late. One thing I learned: that it is not prudent53, in these days, to judge a Southern man’s blood, in either sense of the word, by his dress or occupation. This man had brought seven or eight miles a load of wood that might possibly be worth seventy-five cents (I questioned the owner of what looked like just such a load afterward42, and found his asking price half a dollar), and for clothing had on a pair of trousers and a blue cotton shirt, the latter full of holes, through which the skin was visible; yet his father was a —— and had “owned niggers.”
A still more picturesque54 figure in this procession of wood-carters was a boy of perhaps ten or eleven. He rode his horse, and was barefooted and barelegged; but he had a cigarette in his mouth, and to each brown heel was fastened an enormous spur. Who was it that infected the world with the foolish and disastrous55 notion that work and play are two different things? And was it Emerson, or some other wise man, who said that a boy was the true philosopher?
When it came time to think of returning to St. Augustine for dinner, I appreciated ? 12 ? my cracker’s friendly warning against losing my way; for though I had hardly so much as entered the woods, and had taken, as I thought, good heed56 to my steps, I was almost at once in a quandary57 as to my road. There was no occasion for worry,—with the sun out, and my general course perfectly58 plain; but here was a fork in the road, and whether to bear to the left or to the right was a simple matter of guess-work. I made the best guess I could, and guessed wrong, as was apparent after a while, when I found the road under deep water for several rods. I objected to wading59, and there was no ready way of going round, since the oak and palmetto scrub crowded close up to the roadside, and just here was all but impenetrable. What was still more conclusive60, the road was the wrong one, as the inundation61 proved, and, for aught I could tell, might carry me far out of my course. I turned back, therefore, under the midday sun, and by good luck a second attempt brought me out of the woods very near where I had entered them. I visited this particular piece of country but once afterward, having in the mean time discovered a better place of the same ? 13 ? sort along the railroad, in the direction of Palatka. There, on a Sunday morning, I heard my first pine-wood sparrow. Time and tune62 could hardly have been in truer accord. The hour was of the quietest, the strain was of the simplest, and the bird sang as if he were dreaming. For a long time I let him go on without attempting to make certain who he was. He seemed to be rather far off: if I waited his pleasure, he would perhaps move toward me; if I disturbed him, he would probably become silent. So I sat on the end of a sleeper63 and listened. It was not great music. It made me think of the swamp sparrow; and the swamp sparrow is far from being a great singer. A single prolonged, drawling note (in that respect unlike the swamp sparrow, of course), followed by a succession of softer and sweeter ones,—that was all, when I came to analyze64 it; but that is no fair description of what I heard. The quality of the song is not there; and it was the quality, the feeling, the soul of it, if I may say what I mean, that made it, in the true sense of a much-abused word, charming.
There could be little doubt that the bird was ? 14 ? a pine-wood sparrow; but such things are not to be taken for granted. Once or twice, indeed, the thought of some unfamiliar warbler had crossed my mind. At last, therefore, as the singer still kept out of sight, I leaped the ditch and pushed into the scrub. Happily I had not far to go; he had been much nearer than I thought. A small bird flew up before me, and dropped almost immediately into a clump65 of palmetto. I edged toward the spot and waited. Then the song began again, this time directly in front of me, but still faraway-sounding and dreamy. I find that last word in my hasty note penciled at the time, and can think of no other that expresses the effect half so well. I looked and looked, and all at once there sat the bird on a palmetto leaf. Once again he sang, putting up his head. Then he dropped out of sight, and I heard nothing more. I had seen only his head and neck,—enough to show him a sparrow, and almost of necessity the pine-wood sparrow. No other strange member of the finch family was to be looked for in such a place.
On further acquaintance, let me say at once, Puc?a ?stivalis proved to be a more ? 15 ? versatile66 singer than the performances of my first bird would have led me to suppose. He varies his tune freely, but always within a pretty narrow compass; as is true, also, of the field sparrow, with whom, as I soon came to feel, he has not a little in common. It is in musical form only that he suggests the swamp sparrow. In tone and spirit, in the qualities of sweetness and expressiveness67, he is nearly akin8 to Spizella pusilla. One does for the Southern pine barren what the other does for the Northern berry pasture. And this is high praise; for though in New England we have many singers more brilliant than the field sparrow, we have none that are sweeter, and few that in the long run give more pleasure to sensitive hearers.
I found the pine-wood sparrow afterward in New Smyrna, Port Orange, Sanford, and Tallahassee. So far as I could tell, it was always the same bird; but I shot no specimens69, and speak with no authority.[1] Living ? 16 ? always in the pine lands, and haunting the dense undergrowth, it is heard a hundred times where it is seen once,—a point greatly in favor of its effectiveness as a musician. Mr. Brewster speaks of it as singing always from an elevated perch70, while the birds that I saw in the act of song, a very limited number, were invariably perched low. One that I watched in New Smyrna (one of a small chorus, the others being invisible) sang for a quarter of an hour from a stake or stump which rose perhaps a foot above the dwarf71 palmetto. It was the same song that I had heard in St. Augustine; only the birds here were in a livelier mood, and sang out instead of sotto voce. The long introductory note sounded sometimes as if it were indrawn, and often, if not always, had a considerable burr in it. Once in a while the strain was caught up at the end and sung over again, after the manner of the field sparrow,—one of that bird’s prettiest tricks. At other times the song was delivered with full voice, and then repeated almost under the singer’s breath. This was done beautifully in the Port Orange flat-woods, the bird being almost at my feet. I had seen him a moment before, and saw him ? 17 ? again half a minute later, but at that instant he was out of sight in the scrub, and seemingly on the ground. This feature of the song, one of its chief merits and its most striking peculiarity72, is well described by Mr. Brewster. “Now,” he says, “it has a full, bell-like ring that seems to fill the air around; next it is soft and low and inexpressibly tender; now it is clear again, but so modulated73 that the sound seems to come from a great distance.”[2]
[1] Two races of the pine-wood sparrow are recognized by ornithologists, Puc?a ?stivalis and P. ?stivalis bachmanii, and both of them have been found in Florida; but, if I understand the matter right, Puc?a ?stivalis is the common and typical Florida bird.
[2] Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological74 Club, vol. vii. p. 98.
Not many other birds, I think (I cannot recall any), habitually75 vary their song in this manner. Other birds sing almost inaudibly at times, especially in the autumnal season. Even the brown thrasher, whose ordinary performance is so full-voiced, not to say boisterous76, will sometimes soliloquize, or seem to soliloquize, in the faintest of undertones. The formless autumnal warble of the song sparrow is familiar to every one. And in this connection I remember, and am not likely ever to forget, a winter wren77 who favored me with what I thought the most bewitching bit of vocalism to which I had ? 18 ? ever listened. He was in the bushes close at my side, in the Franconia Notch78, and delivered his whole song, with all its customary length, intricacy, and speed, in a tone—a whisper, I may almost say—that ran along the very edge of silence. The unexpected proximity79 of a stranger may have had something to do with his conduct, as it often appears to have with the thrasher’s; but, however that may be, the cases are not parallel with that of the pine-wood sparrow, inasmuch as the latter bird not merely sings under his breath on special occasions, whether on account of the nearness of a listener or for any other reason, but in his ordinary singing uses louder and softer tones interchangeably, almost exactly as human singers and players do; as if, in the practice of his art, he had learned to appreciate, consciously or unconsciously (and practice naturally goes before theory), the expressive68 value of what I believe is called musical dynamics80.
I spent many half-days in the pine lands (how gladly now would I spend another!), but never got far into them. (“Into their depths,” my pen was on the point of making me say; but that would have been a false ? 19 ? note. The flat-woods have no “depths.”) Whether I followed the railway,—in many respects pretty satisfactory method,—or some roundabout, aimless carriage road, a mile or two was generally enough. The country offers no temptation to pedestrian feats81, nor does the imagination find its account in going farther and farther. For the reader is not to think of the flat-woods as in the least resembling a Northern forest, which at every turn opens before the visitor and beckons82 him forward. Beyond and behind, and on either side, the pine-woods are ever the same. It is this monotony, by the bye, this utter absence of landmarks83, that makes it so unsafe for the stranger to wander far from the beaten track. The sand is deep, the sun is hot; one place is as good as another. What use, then, to tire yourself? And so, unless the traveler is going somewhere, as I seldom was, he is continually stopping by the way. Now a shady spot entices84 him to put down his umbrella,—for there is a shady spot, here and there, even in a Florida pine-wood; or blossoms are to be plucked; or a butterfly, some gorgeous and nameless creature, brightens the wood ? 20 ? as it passes; or a bird is singing; or an eagle is soaring far overhead, and must be watched out of sight; or a buzzard, with upturned wings, floats suspiciously near the wanderer, as if with sinister85 intent (buzzard shadows are a regular feature of the flat-wood landscape, just as cloud shadows are in a mountainous country); or a snake lies stretched out in the sun,—a “whip snake,” perhaps, that frightens the unwary stroller by the amazing swiftness with which it runs away from him; or some strange invisible insect is making uncanny noises in the underbrush. One of my recollections of the railway woods at St. Augustine is of a cricket, or locust87, or something else,—I never saw it,—that amused me often with a formless rattling88 or drumming sound. I could think of nothing but a boy’s first lesson upon the bones, the rhythm of the beats was so comically mistimed and bungled89.
One fine morning,—it was the 18th of February,—I had gone down the railroad a little farther than usual, attracted by the encouraging appearance of a swampy90 patch of rather large deciduous91 trees. Some of them, I remember, were red maples92, already ? 21 ? full of handsome, high-colored fruit. As I drew near, I heard indistinctly from among them what might have been the song of a black-throated green warbler, a bird that would have made a valued addition to my Florida list, especially at that early date.[3] No sooner was the song repeated, however, than I saw that I had beep, deceived; it was something I had never heard before. But it certainly had much of the black-throated green’s quality, and without question was the note of a warbler of some kind. What a shame if the bird should give me the slip! Meanwhile, it kept on singing at brief intervals, and was not so far away but that, with my glass, I should be well able to make it out, if only I could once get my eyes on it. That was the difficulty. Something stirred among the branches. Yes, a yellow-throated warbler (Dendroica dominica) a bird of which I had seen my first specimens, all of them silent, during the last eight days. Probably he was the singer. I hoped so, at any rate. That would be an ideal case of a ? 22 ? beautiful bird with a song to match. I kept him under my glass, and presently the strain was repeated, but not by him. Then it ceased, and I was none the wiser. Perhaps I never should be. It was indeed a shame. Such a taking song; so simple, and yet so pretty, and so thoroughly93 distinctive94. I wrote it down thus: tee-koi, tee-koo,—two couplets, the first syllable95 of each a little emphasized and dwelt upon, not drawled, and a little higher in pitch than its fellow. Perhaps it might be expressed thus:—
Musical notes
I cannot profess96 to be sure of that, however, nor have I unqualified confidence in the adequacy of musical notation97, no matter how skillfully employed, to convey a truthful98 idea of any bird song.
[3] As it was, I did not find Dendroica virens in Florida. On my way home, in Atlanta, April 20, 1 saw one bird in a dooryard shade-tree.
The affair remained a mystery till, in Daytona, nine days afterward, the same notes were heard again, this time in lower trees that did not stand in deep water. Then it transpired99 that my mysterious warbler was not a warbler at all, but the Carolina chickadee. That was an outcome quite unexpected, ? 23 ? although I now remembered that chickadees were in or near the St. Augustine swamp; and what was more to the purpose, I could now discern some relationship between the tee-koi, tee-koo (or, as I now wrote it, see-toi, see-too), and the familiar so-called ph?be whistle of the black-capped titmouse. The Southern bird, I am bound to acknowledge, is much the more accomplished100 singer of the two. Sometimes he repeats the second dissyllable, making six notes in all. At other times he breaks out with a characteristic volley of fine chickadee notes, and runs without a break into the see-toi, see-too, with a highly pleasing effect. Then if, on the top of this, he doubles the see-too, we have a really prolonged and elaborate musical effort, quite putting into the shade our New England bird’s hear, hear me, sweet and welcome as that always is.
The Southern chickadee, it should be said, is not to be distinguished from its Northern relative—in the bush, I mean—except by its notes. It is slightly smaller, like Southern birds in general, but is practically identical in plumage. Apart from its song, what most impressed me was its scarcity101. It was ? 24 ? found, sooner or later, wherever I went, I believe, but always in surprisingly small numbers, and I saw only one nest. That was built in a roadside china-tree in Tallahassee, and contained young ones (April 17), as was clear from the conduct of its owners.
It must not be supposed that I left St. Augustine without another search for my unknown “warbler.” The very next morning found me again at the swamp, where for at least an hour I sat and listened. I heard no tee-koi, tee-koo, but was rewarded twice over for my walk. In the first place, before reaching the swamp, I found the third of my flat-wood novelties, the red-cockaded woodpecker. As had happened with the nuthatch and the sparrow, I heard him before seeing him: first some notes, which by themselves would hardly have suggested a woodpecker origin, and then a noise of hammering. Taken together, the two sounds left little doubt as to their author; and presently I saw him,—or rather them, for there were two birds. I learned nothing about them, either then or afterwards (I saw perhaps eight individuals during my ten weeks' visit), but it was worth something barely to ? 25 ? see and hear them. Henceforth Dryobates borealis is a bird, and not merely a name. This, as I have said, was among the pines, before reaching the swamp. In the swamp itself, there suddenly appeared from somewhere, as if by magic (a dramatic entrance is not without its value, even out-of-doors), a less novel but far more impressive figure, a pileated woodpecker; a truly splendid fellow, with the scarlet102 cheek-patches. When I caught sight of him, he stood on one of the upper branches of a tall pine, looking wonderfully alert and wide-awake; now stretching out his scrawny neck, and now drawing it in again, his long crest103 all the while erect104 and flaming. After a little he dropped into the underbrush, out of which came at intervals a succession of raps. I would have given something to have had him under my glass just then, for I had long felt curious to see him in the act of chiseling105 out those big, oblong, clean-cut, sharp-angled “peck-holes” which, close to the base of the tree, make so common and notable a feature of Vermont and New Hampshire forests; but, though I did my best, I could not find him, till all at once he came up again and took to ? 26 ? a tall pine,—the tallest in the wood,—where he pranced106 about for a while, striking sundry107 picturesque but seemingly aimless attitudes, and then made off for good. All in all, he was a wild-looking bird, if ever I saw one.
I was no sooner in St. Augustine, of course, than my eyes were open for wild flowers. Perhaps I felt a little disappointed. Certainly the land was not ablaze108 with color. In the grass about the old fort there was plenty of the yellow oxalis and the creeping white houstonia; and from a crevice109 in the wall, out of reach, leaned a stalk of goldenrod in full bloom. The reader may smile, if he will, but this last flower was a surprise and a stumbling-block. A vernal goldenrod! Dr. Chapman’s Flora110 made no mention of such an anomaly. Sow thistles, too, looked strangely anachronistic111. I had never thought of them as harbingers of springtime. The truth did not break upon me till a week or so afterward. Then, on the way to the beach at Daytona, where the pleasant peninsula road traverses a thick forest of short-leaved pines, every tree of which leans heavily inland at the same angle (“the leaning pines of Daytona,” I always said to myself, ? 27 ? as I passed), I came upon some white beggar’s-ticks,—like daisies; and as I stopped to see what they were, I noticed the presence of ripe seeds. The plant had been in flower a long time. And then I laughed at my own dullness. It fairly deserved a medal. As if, even in Massachusetts, autumnal flowers—the groundsel, at least—did not sometimes persist in blossoming far into the winter! A day or two after this, I saw a mullein stalk still presenting arms, as it were (the mullein always looks the soldier to me), with one bright flower. If I had found that in St. Augustine, I flatter myself I should have been less easily fooled.
There were no such last-year relics112 in the flat-woods, so far as I remember, but spring blossoms were beginning to make their appearance there by the middle of February, particularly along the railroad,—violets in abundance (Viola cucullata), dwarf orange-colored dandelions (Krigia), the Judas-tree, or redbud, St. Peter’s-wort, blackberry, the yellow star-flower (Hypoxis juncea), and butterworts. I recall, too, in a swampy spot, a fine fresh tuft of the golden club, with its gorgeous yellow spadix,—a plant that I had ? 28 ? never seen in bloom before, although I had once admired a Cape86 Cod113 “hollow” full of the rank tropical leaves. St. Peter’s-wort, a low shrub114, thrives everywhere in the pine barrens, and, without being especially attractive, its rather sparse115 yellow flowers—not unlike the St. John’s-wort—do something to enliven the general waste. The butterworts are beauties, and true children of the spring. I picked my first ones, which by chance were of the smaller purple species (Pinguicula pumila), on my way down from the woods, on a moist bank. At that moment a white man came up the road. “What do you call this flower?” said I. “Valentine’s flower,” he answered at once. “Ah,” said I, “because it is in bloom on St. Valentine’s Day, I suppose?” “No, sir,” he said. “Do you speak Spanish?” I had to shake my head. “Because I could explain it better in Spanish,” he continued, as if by way of apology; but he went on in perfectly good English: “If you put one of them under your pillow, and think of some one you would like very much to see,—some one who has been dead a long time,—you will be likely to dream of him. It is a very pretty flower,” he added. ? 29 ? And so it is; hardly prettier, however, to my thinking, than the blossoms of the early creeping blackberry (Rubus trivialis). With them I fairly fell in love: true white roses, I called them, each with its central ring of dark purplish stamens; as beautiful as the cloudberry, which once, ten years before, I had found on the summit of Mount Clinton, in New Hampshire, and refused to believe a Rubus, though Dr. Gray’s key led me to that genus again and again. There is something in a name, say what you will.
Some weeks later, and a little farther south,—in the flat-woods behind New Smyrna,—I saw other flowers, but never anything of that tropical exuberance116 at which the average Northern tourist expects to find himself staring. Boggy117 places were full of blue iris (the common Iris versicolor of New England, but of ranker growth), and here and there a pool was yellow with bladderwort. I was taken also with the larger and taller (yellow) butterwort, which I used never to see as I went through the woods in the morning, but was sure to find standing in the tall dry grass along the border of the sandy road, here one and ? 30 ? there one, on my return at noon. In similar places grew a “yellow daisy” (Leptopoda), a single big head, of a deep color, at the top of a leafless stem. It seemed to be one of the most abundant of Florida spring flowers, but I could not learn that it went by any distinctive vernacular118 name. Beside the railway track were blue-eyed grass and pipewort, and a dainty blue lobelia (L. Feayana), with once in a while an extremely pretty coreopsis, having a purple centre, and scarcely to be distinguished from one that is common in gardens. No doubt the advancing season brings an increasing wealth of such beauty to the flat-woods. No doubt, too, I missed the larger half of what might have been found even at the time of my visit; for I made no pretense119 of doing any real botanical work, having neither the time nor the equipment. The birds kept me busy, for the most part, when the country itself did not absorb my attention.
More interesting, and a thousand times more memorable120, than any flower or bird was the pine barren itself. I have given no true idea of it, I am perfectly aware: open, ? 31 ? parklike, flooded with sunshine, level as a floor. “What heartache,” Lanier breaks out, poor exile, dying of consumption,—“what heartache! Ne’er a hill!” A dreary121 country to ride through, hour after hour; an impossible country to live in, but most pleasant for a half-day winter stroll. Notwithstanding I never went far into it, as I have already said, I had always a profound sensation of remoteness; as if I might go on forever, and be no farther away.
Yet even here I had more than one reminder122 that the world is a small place. I met a burly negro in a cart, and fell into talk with him about the Florida climate, an endless topic, out of which a cynical123 traveler may easily extract almost endless amusement. How about the summers here? I inquired. Were they really as paradisaical (I did not use that word) as some reports would lead one to suppose? The man smiled, as if he had heard something like that before. He did not think the Florida summer a dream of delight, even on the east coast. “I’m tellin' you the truth, sah; the mosquiters an' sand-flies is awful.” Was he born here? I No; he came from B——, Alabama. ? 32 ? Everybody in eastern Florida came from somewhere, as well as I could make out. “Oil, from B——,” said I. “Did you know Mr. W——, of the —— Iron Works?” He smiled again. “Yes, sah; I used to work for him. He’s a nice man.” He spoke the truth that time beyond a peradventure. He was healthier here than in the other place, he thought, and wages were higher; but he liked the other place better “for pleasure.” It was an odd coincidence, was it not, that I should meet in this solitude124 a man who knew the only citizen of Alabama with whom I was ever acquainted.
At another time I fell in with an oldish colored man, who, like myself, had taken to the woods for a quiet Sunday stroll. He was from Mississippi, he told me. Oh, yes, he remembered the war; he was a slave, twenty-one years old, when it broke out. To his mind, the present generation of “niggers” were a pretty poor lot, for all their “edication.” He had seen them crowding folks off the sidewalk, and puffing125 smoke in their faces. All of which was nothing new; I had found that story more or less common among negroes of his age. He didn’t believe much ? 33 ? in “edication;” but when I asked if he thought the blacks were better off in slavery times, he answered quickly, “I’d rather be a free man, I had.” He wasn’t married; he had plenty to do to take care of himself. We separated, he going one way and I the other; but he turned to ask, with much seriousness (the reader must remember that this was only three months after a national election), “Do you think they’ll get free trade?” “Truly,” said I to myself, “‘the world is too much with us.’ Even in the flat-woods there is no escaping the tariff126 question.” But I answered, in what was meant to be a reassuring127 tone, “Not yet awhile. Some time.” “I hope not,” he said,—as if liberty to buy and sell would be a dreadful blow to a man living in a shanty128 in a Florida pine barren! He was taking the matter rather too much to heart, perhaps; but surely it was encouraging to see such a man interested in broad economical questions, and I realized as never before the truth of what the newspapers so continually tell us, that political campaigns are educational.
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1
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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malarious
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| （患）疟疾的，（有）瘴气的 | |
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stagnant
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| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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rigors
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| 严格( rigor的名词复数 )； 严酷； 严密； （由惊吓或中毒等导致的身体）僵直 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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receded
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的过去式和过去分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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robins
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| n.知更鸟，鸫( robin的名词复数 )；（签名者不分先后，以避免受责的）圆形签名抗议书（或请愿书） | |
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flickers
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| 电影制片业； （通常指灯光）闪烁，摇曳( flicker的名词复数 ) | |
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prolixity
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| n.冗长，罗嗦 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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loquacious
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| adj.多嘴的，饶舌的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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iris
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| n.虹膜，彩虹 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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savanna
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| n.大草原 | |
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larks
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| n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了 | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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paradox
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| n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物) | |
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finch
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| n.雀科鸣禽(如燕雀，金丝雀等) | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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inquisitiveness
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| 好奇，求知欲 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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dingy
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| adj.昏暗的，肮脏的 | |
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rustled
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| v.发出沙沙的声音( rustle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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backbone
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| n.脊骨，脊柱，骨干；刚毅，骨气 | |
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48
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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49
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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50
meekly
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| adv.温顺地，逆来顺受地 | |
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51
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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52
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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55
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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56
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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57
quandary
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| n.困惑，进迟两难之境 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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59
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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62
tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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sleeper
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| n.睡眠者，卧车，卧铺 | |
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64
analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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clump
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| n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走 | |
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versatile
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| adj.通用的，万用的；多才多艺的，多方面的 | |
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expressiveness
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| n.富有表现力 | |
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expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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modulated
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| 已调整[制]的，被调的 | |
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ornithological
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| adj.鸟类学的 | |
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habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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wren
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| n.鹪鹩；英国皇家海军女子服务队成员 | |
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notch
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| n.(V字形)槽口，缺口，等级 | |
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proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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dynamics
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| n.力学，动力学，动力，原动力；动态 | |
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81
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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82
beckons
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| v.（用头或手的动作）示意，召唤( beckon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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landmarks
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| n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 )；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑 ~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址） | |
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entices
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| 诱惑，怂恿( entice的第三人称单数 ) | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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locust
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| n.蝗虫；洋槐，刺槐 | |
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88
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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89
bungled
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| v.搞糟，完不成( bungle的过去式和过去分词 )；笨手笨脚地做；失败；完不成 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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91
deciduous
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| adj.非永久的；短暂的；脱落的；落叶的 | |
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92
maples
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| 槭树，枫树( maple的名词复数 )； 槭木 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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syllable
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| n.音节；vt.分音节 | |
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profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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notation
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| n.记号法，表示法，注释；[计算机]记法 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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100
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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102
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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103
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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104
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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105
chiseling
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| v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的现在分词 ) | |
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pranced
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| v.（马）腾跃( prance的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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ablaze
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| adj.着火的，燃烧的；闪耀的，灯火辉煌的 | |
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109
crevice
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| n.(岩石、墙等)裂缝；缺口 | |
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110
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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111
anachronistic
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| adj.时代错误的 | |
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112
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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113
cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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114
shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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115
sparse
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| adj.稀疏的，稀稀落落的，薄的 | |
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116
exuberance
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| n.丰富；繁荣 | |
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117
boggy
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| adj.沼泽多的 | |
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118
vernacular
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| adj.地方的，用地方语写成的；n.白话；行话；本国语；动植物的俗名 | |
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119
pretense
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| n.矫饰，做作，借口 | |
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120
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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121
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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122
reminder
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| n.提醒物，纪念品；暗示，提示 | |
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123
cynical
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| adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的，不信世道向善的 | |
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124
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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125
puffing
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| v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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126
tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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127
reassuring
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| a.使人消除恐惧和疑虑的，使人放心的 | |
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128
shanty
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| n.小屋，棚屋；船工号子 | |
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