Fling mud enough and some of it will stick. This noble maxim1 has been the favorite of traducers in all ages and climes. They know that the object of their malignity2 cannot always be on the alert to cleanse3 himself from the filth4 they fling, especially if cast behind his back; they know that lies, and especially slanderous5 lies, are hard to overtake, and when caught harder to strangle; and therefore they feel confident as to the ultimate fate of their victim if they can only persevere6 long enough in their vile7 policy of defamation8. For human nature being more prone9 to believe evil than good of others, it generally happens that the original traducers are at length joined by a host of kindred spirits almost as eager and venomous as themselves, "the long-neck'd geese of the world, who are ever hissing10 dispraise because their natures are little;" while a multitude of others, not so much malignant11 as foolish and given to scandal, lend their cowardly assistance, and help to vilify13 characters far beyond the reach of their emulation14. And should such characters be those of men who champion unpopular causes, there is no lie too black for belief concerning them, no accusation15 of secret theft or hateful meanness or loathsome16 lust17, that will not readily gain credence18. Mr. Tennyson speaks of—
That fierce light which beats upon a throne,
but what is that to the far fiercer and keener light which beats upon the lives of the great heroes of progress? With all due deference20 to the Poet Laureate, we conceive that kings and their kind have usually extended to them a charity which covers a multitude of their sins. The late king of Italy, for instance, was said to have had "the language of a guardroom, the manners of a trooper, and the morals of a he-goat," yet at his death how tenderly his faults were dealt with by the loyal press, and how strongly were all his merits brought into relief. Our own royal Sardanapalus, George the Fourth, although Leigh Hunt had the courage to describe him aright and went to the gaol21 for so doing, was styled by Society "the first gentleman in Europe." Yet Mazzini, Vittor Emmanuel's great contemporary, whose aims were high and noble as his life was pure, got little else than abuse from this same loyal press; and the Society which adored George the Fourth charged Shelley himself with unspeakable vices23 equalled only by the native turpitude24 of his soul.
Perhaps no man has suffered more from calumny25 than Thomas Paine. During his lifetime, indeed, his traducers scarcely ever dared to vent26 their malice27 in public, doubtless through fear of receiving a castigation28 from his vigorous and trenchant29 pen. But after his death they rioted in safety, and gave free play to the ingenuity30 of their malevolence31. Gradually their libels became current; thousands of people who knew almost nothing of his life and less of his writings were persuaded that Thomas Paine, "the Infidel," was a monster of iniquity32, in comparison with whom Judas appeared a saint, and the Devil himself nearly white; and this estimate finally became a tradition, which the editors of illustrated33 religious papers and the writers of fraudulent "Death-Bed Scenes" did their best to perpetuate34. In such hands the labor35 of posthumous36 vilification37 might have remained without greatly troubling those who feel an interest in Thomas Paine's honor through gratitude38 for his work. The lowest scavengers of literature, who purvey39 religious offal to the dregs of orthodoxy, were better employed thus than in a reverse way, since their praise is so very much more dishonorable and appalling40 than their blame. But when other literary workmen of loftier repute descend41 to the level of these, and help them in their villainous task, it becomes advisable that some one who honors the memory of the man thus aspersed42 should interpose, and attempt that vindication43 which he can no longer make for himself.
In reviewing Mr. Edward Smith's "Life of Cobbett," our principal literary paper, the Athen?um, in its number for January 11th, went out of its way to defame Paine's character. This is what it said:—
"A more despicable man than Tom Paine cannot easily be found among the ready writers of the eighteenth century. He sold himself to the highest bidder44, and he could be bought at a very low price. He wrote well; sometimes he wrote as pointedly45 as Junius or Cobbett. Neither excelled him in coining telling and mischievous46 phrases; neither surpassed him in popularity-hunting. He had the art, which was almost equal to genius, of giving happy titles to his productions. When he denounced the British Government in the name of 'Common Sense' he found willing readers in the rebellious47 American colonists48, and a rich reward from their grateful representatives. When he wrote on behalf of the 'Rights of Man,' and in furtherance of the 'Age of Reason,' he convinced thousands by his title-pages who were incapable49 of perceiving the inconclusiveness of his arguments. His speculations50 have long since gone the way of all shams51; and his charlatanism52 as a writer was not redeemed53 by his character as a man. Nothing could be worse than his private life; he was addicted54 to the most degrading of vices. He was no hypocrite, however, and he cannot be charged with showing that regard for appearances which constitutes the homage55 paid by vice22 to virtue56. Such a man was well qualified57 for earning notoriety by insulting Washington. Only a thorough-paced rascal58 could have had the assurance to charge Washington with being unprincipled and unpatriotic. Certainly Mr. Smith has either much to learn, or else he has forgotten much, otherwise he could not venture to suggest the erection of a monument 'recording59 the wisdom and political virtues60 of Thomas Paine.'"
Now we have in this tirade61 all the old charges, with a new one which the critic has either furnished himself or derived62 from an obscure source—namely, that Paine "sold himself to the highest bidder." Let us examine the last charge first. The critic curiously64 contradicts himself. Paine, he admits, could "sometimes write as pointedly as Junius or Cobbett," whose works sold enormously, and he had the art of devising happy titles for his productions; yet, although he sold himself to the highest bidder, he could be bought at a very low price! The fact is, Paine was never bought at all. His was not a hireling pen. Whatever he wrote he put his name to, and he never parted with the copyright of any of his works, lest the Government or some friend of despotism should procure65 their suppression. He also published his writings at a ridiculously low price, so low indeed that he lost by them instead of gaining. Of his "Common Sense," that fine pamphlet which stirred the American colonists to battle against their oppressors, not less than a hundred thousand copies were sold; yet he found himself finally indebted to his printer ￡29 12s. 1d. Fifteen years later the English Government tried through the publisher to get the copyright of the "Rights of Man;" but though a large sum was offered, Paine refused on principle to let it pass out of his own hands. The first part of this work was published at a price which precluded66 any chance of profit; the publication of the second part caused him to be tried and condemned67 for treason, the penalty of the law being escaped only by flight. All publication of his works, whether political or religious, was afterwards illegal. Thousands of copies were circulated surreptitiously, or openly by men like Richard Carlile, who spent nine years in prison for his sale of prohibited books. But clearly Paine could derive63 no profit from this traffic in his works, for he never set foot in England again. Thomas Paine wrote in order to spread his political and religious views, and for no other purpose. He was not a professional author, nor a professional critic, and never needed payment for his literary work. And assuredly he got none. Let the Athen?um critic inform the world to whom Paine sold himself, or who ever paid him a penny for his writings. Until he does so we shall believe that the author of "Common Sense," the "Rights of Man," and the "Age of Reason," was honest in saying: "In a great affair, where the good of mankind is at stake, I love to work for nothing; and so fully68 am I under the influence of this principle, that I should lose the spirit, the pride, and the pleasure of it, were I conscious that I looked for reward."
Popularity-hunting, to use the critic's graceless phrase, was Paine's next fault; but as, according to the same authority, he was guilty in this respect only in the same sense as Junius was, the burden of his iniquity cannot be very great.
Addiction70 to the most degrading of vices, is a charge difficult to confute until we know specifically what vice is meant. Paine has been accused of drunkenness; but by whom? Not by his intimate acquaintances, who would have detected his guilt69, but by his enemies who were never in his society, and therefore could know nothing of his habits. Cheetham, who first disseminated71 this accusation, was a notorious libeller, and was more than once compelled to make a public apology for his lies; but he was a shameless creature, and actually in his "Life" of Paine resuscitated72 and amplified73 falsehoods for which he had tendered abject74 apologies while his victim was alive. Even, however, if Paine had yielded to the seductions of strong drink, he should be judged by the custom of his own age, and not that of ours.
Mr. Leslie Stephen does not rail against Boswell for his drinking powers; Burns is not outlawed75 for his devotion to John Barlycorn; Byron and Sheridan are not beyond pardon because they often went drunk to bed; and some of the greatest statesmen of last century and this, including Pitt and Fox, are not considered the basest of men because they exercised that right which Major O'Gorman claims for all Irishmen—"to drink as much as they can carry." But no such plea is necessary, for Paine was not addicted to drink, but remarkably76 abstemious77. Mr. Fellows, with whom he lived for more than six months, said that he never saw him the worse for drink. Dr. Manley said, "while I attended him he never was inebriated78." Colonel Burr said, "he was decidedly temperate79." And even Mr. Jarvis, whom Cheetham cited as his authority for charging Paine with drunkenness, authorised Mr. Vale, of New York, editor of the Beacon80, to say that Cheetham lied. Amongst the public men who knew Paine personally were Burke, Home Tooke, Priestley, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Dr. Moore, Jefferson, Washington, Volney and Condorcet: but none of these ever hinted at his love of drink. The charge of drunkeness is a posthumous libel, circulated by a man who had publicly quarrelled with Paine, who had been obliged to apologise for former aspersions, and who after Paine's death was prosecuted81 and condemned for libelling a lady whom he had accused of undue82 familiarity with the principal object of his malice.
Finding the charge of drunkenness unequivocally rebutted83, Paine's traducers advance that of licentiousness84. But this is equally unsuccessful. The authority relied on is still Cheetham, who in turn borrowed from a no less disreputable source. A man named Carver had quarrelled with Paine over money matters; in fact, he had been obliged with a loan which he forgot to pay, and like all base natures he showed his gratitude to his benefactor85, when no more favors could be expected, by hating and maligning86 him. A scurrilous87 letter written by this fellow fell into the hands of Cheetham, who elaborated it in his "Life." It broadly hinted that Madame Bonneville, the by no means youthful wife of a Paris bookseller who had sheltered Paine when he was threatened with danger in that city, was his paramour; for no other reason than that he had in turn sheltered her when she repaired with her children to America, after her home had been broken up by Buonaparte's persecution88 of her husband. This lady prosecuted Cheetham for libel, and a jury of American citizens gave her a verdict and damages.
Here the matter might rest, but we are inclined to urge another consideration. No one of his many enemies ever accused Paine of licentiousness in his virile89 manhood; and can we believe that he began a career of licentiousness in his old age, when, besides the infirmities natural to his time of life, he suffered dreadful tortures from an internal abscess brought on by his confinement90 in the reeking91 dungeons92 of the Luxembourg, which made life a terror and death a boon94? Only lunatics or worse would credit such a preposterous95 story.
The Athenoum critic alleges96 that Paine insulted Washington, and was therefore a "thorough-paced rascal." But he did nothing of the kind. He very properly remonstrated97 with Washington for coolly allowing him to rot in a French dungeon93 for no crime except that he was a foreigner, when a word from the President of the United States, of which he was a citizen, would have effected his release. Washington was aware of Paine's miserable98 plight99, yet he forgot the obligations of friendship; and notwithstanding frequent letters from Munro, the American ambassador at Paris, he supinely suffered the man he had once delighted to honor to languish100 in wretchedness, filth, and disease. George Washington did much for American Independence, but Thomas Paine did perhaps more, for his writings animated101 the oppressed Colonists with an enthusiasm for liberty without which the respectable generalship of Washington might have been exerted in vain. The first President of the United States was, as Carlyle grimly says, "no immeasurable man," and we conceive that Paine had earned the right to criticise102 even him and his policy.
Every person is of course free to hold what opinion he pleases of Paine's writings. The Athenoum critic thinks they have "gone the way of all shams." He is wrong in fact, for they circulate very extensively still. And he may also be wrong in his literary judgment103. William Hazlitt, whose opinion on any subject connected with literature is at least as valuable as an Athenoum critic's, ranked Paine very high as a political writer, and affirmed of his "Rights of Man" that it was "a powerful and explicit104 reply to Burke." But Hazlitt had read Paine, which we suspect many glib105 critics of to-day have not; for we well remember how puzzled some of them were to explain whence Shelley took the motto "We pity the Plumage, but Forget the Dying Bird" prefixed to his Address to the People on the death of the Princess Charlotte. It was taken, as they should have known, from one of the finest passages of the "Rights of Man." Critics, it is well known, sometimes write as Artemus Ward12 proposed to lecture on science, "with an imagination untrammeled by the least knowledge of the subject."
Let us close this vindication of Paine by citing the estimate of him formed by Walt Whitman, an authority not to be sneered106 at now even by Athenoum critics. In 1877 the Liberal League of Philadelphia celebrated107 the 140th birthday of Thomas Paine, and a large audience was gathered by the announcement that Whitman would speak. The great poet, according to the Index report, after telling how he had become intimate with some of Paine's friends thirty-five years before, went on to say:—
"I dare not say how much of what our union is owning and enjoying to-day, its independence, its ardent108 belief in, and substantial practice of, Radical109 human rights, and the severance110 of its Government from all ecclesiastical and superstitious111 dominion—I dare not say how much of all this is owing to Thomas Paine; but I am inclined to think a good portion of it decidedly is. Of the foul112 and foolish fictions yet told about the circumstances of his decease, the absolute fact is that, as he lived a good life after its kind, he died calmly, philosophically113, as became him. He served the embryo114 union with the most precious service, a service that every man, woman, and child in the thirty-eight States is to some extent receiving the benefit of to-day, and I for one here cheerfully and reverently115 throw one pebble116 on the cairn of his memory."
We are content to let the reader decide between Whitman and the Athenoum critic in their respective estimates of him who wrote, and as we think acted up to it—"All the world is my country, and to do good my religion."
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1
maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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cleanse
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| vt.使清洁，使纯洁，清洗 | |
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filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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slanderous
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| adj.诽谤的，中伤的 | |
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persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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defamation
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| n.诽谤；中伤 | |
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prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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hissing
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| n. 发嘶嘶声, 蔑视 动词hiss的现在分词形式 | |
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malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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vilify
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| v.诽谤，中伤 | |
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emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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blot
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| vt.弄脏（用吸墨纸）吸干；n.污点，污渍 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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turpitude
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| n.可耻；邪恶 | |
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calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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castigation
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| n.申斥，强烈反对 | |
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trenchant
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| adj.尖刻的，清晰的 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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malevolence
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| n.恶意，狠毒 | |
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iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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posthumous
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| adj.遗腹的；父亡后出生的；死后的，身后的 | |
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vilification
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| n.污蔑，中伤，诽谤 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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purvey
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| v.（大量）供给，供应 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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aspersed
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| v.毁坏（名誉），中伤，诽谤( asperse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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bidder
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| n.(拍卖时的)出价人，报价人，投标人 | |
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pointedly
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| adv.尖地，明显地 | |
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mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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shams
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| 假象( sham的名词复数 )； 假货； 虚假的行为（或感情、言语等）； 假装…的人 | |
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charlatanism
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| n.庸医术，庸医的行为 | |
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redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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tirade
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| n.冗长的攻击性演说 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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precluded
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| v.阻止( preclude的过去式和过去分词 )；排除；妨碍；使…行不通 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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addiction
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| n.上瘾入迷，嗜好 | |
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disseminated
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| 散布，传播( disseminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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resuscitated
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| v.使（某人或某物）恢复知觉，苏醒( resuscitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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amplified
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的过去式和过去分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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outlawed
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| 宣布…为不合法（outlaw的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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abstemious
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| adj.有节制的，节俭的 | |
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inebriated
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| adj.酒醉的 | |
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temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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beacon
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| n.烽火，（警告用的）闪火灯，灯塔 | |
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prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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rebutted
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| v.反驳，驳回( rebut的过去式和过去分词 )；击退 | |
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licentiousness
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| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
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benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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maligning
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| vt.污蔑，诽谤（malign的现在分词形式） | |
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scurrilous
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| adj.下流的，恶意诽谤的 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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virile
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| adj.男性的；有男性生殖力的；有男子气概的；强有力的 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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dungeon
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| n.地牢，土牢 | |
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boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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alleges
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的第三人称单数 ) | |
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remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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languish
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| vi.变得衰弱无力，失去活力，（植物等）凋萎 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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criticise
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| v.批评，评论；非难 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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glib
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| adj.圆滑的，油嘴滑舌的 | |
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sneered
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| 讥笑，冷笑( sneer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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severance
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| n.离职金；切断 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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philosophically
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| adv.哲学上；富有哲理性地；贤明地；冷静地 | |
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embryo
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| n.胚胎，萌芽的事物 | |
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reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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pebble
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| n.卵石，小圆石 | |
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