By G. W. FOOTE.
The Bible story of the Deluge1 is at once the biggest and the most ridiculous in the whole volume. Any person who reads it with the eyes of common sense, and some slight knowledge of science, must admit that it is altogether incredible and absurd, and that the book which contains it cannot be the Word of God.
About 1,656 years after God created Adam, and placed him in the garden of Eden, the world had become populous2 and extremely wicked; indeed, every thought and imagination of man's heart was evil continually. What was the cause of all this wickedness we are not informed; but we are told that the sons of God took unto them wives of the daughters of men because they were fair, and we are led to suppose that these matches produced giants and other incurably3 wicked offspring. No physiological4 reason is assigned for this Strange result, nor perhaps was there any present to the mind of the writer, who probably had witnessed unhappy marriages in his own family, and was anxious to warn his readers, however vaguely5, against allowing their daughters to be inveigled6 into matrimonial bonds with pious7 sniffling fellows, who professed8 themselves peculiarly the children of their Father in heaven. However, the narrative9 is clear as to the fact itself: men had all gone irrecoverably astray, and God had repented10 that he ever made them. In such a case an earthly human father would naturally have attempted to improve his family; but the Almighty11 Father either was too indifferent to do so, or was too well aware of the impossibility of reforming his own wretched offspring; and therefore he determined12 to drown them all at one fell swoop13, just as cat-loving old ladies dispose of a too numerous and embarrassing feline14 progeny15. Bethinking him, however, God resolved to save alive one family to perpetuate16 the race: he was willing to give his creatures another chance, and then, if they persisted in going the wrong way, it would still be easy to drown the lot of them again, and that without any reservation. He had also resolved at first to destroy every living thing from off the face of the earth; but he afterwards decided17 to spare from destruction two of every species of unclean beasts, male and female, and fourteen, male and female, of all clean beasts and of all fowls18 of the air and of every creeping thing. Noah, his wife, his three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, and their wives (eight persons in all), were the only human beings to be preserved from the terrible fate of drowning.
Noah was commanded by God to build an ark for the reception-of the precious living freight, the dimensions of which were to be, in English measure, 550 feet long, 93 feet wide, and 55 feet deep. Into this floating box they all got; the flood then came and covered the earth, and all besides were drowned.
Now this is a very strange, a very startling story; it seems more like a chapter from the "Arabian Nights" or the "Adventures of Baron20 Munchausen" than from the sacred Scriptures21 of any Religion. Carnal reason prompts us to ask many questions about it.
1. How did Noah contrive23 to bring these beasts, birds, and insects all together in one spot? The task seems superhuman. Some species could be found only in very remote places—the kangaroo only in Australia, the sloth24 only in South America, the polar bear only in the Arctic regions. How could Noah, in those days of difficult locomotion25, have journeyed in search of these across broad rivers, and over continents and oceans? Did he bring them singly to his dwelling-place in Asia, or did he travel hither and thither26 with his menagerie, and finish the collection before returning home? There are, according to Hugh Miller27, 1,658 known species of mammalia, 6,266 of birds, 642 of reptiles28, and 550,000 of insects; how could one man, or a hundred men, have collected specimens29 of these in those days, and in such & brief space of time? The beasts, clean and unclean, male and female, might be got together by means of terrible exertion30; but surely to assemble the birds and reptiles and insects must transcend31 human capacity. Some of the last class would of course not require much seeking; they visit us whether we desire their company or not; and the difficulty would not be how to get them into the ark, but how on earth to keep them out. Others, however, would give infinite trouble. Fancy Noah occupied in a wild-goose chase, or selecting specimens from a wasps32' or hornets' nest, or giving assiduous chase to a vigilant33 and elusive34 bluebottle fly!
But suppose Noah to have succeeded in his arduous35 enterprise, the question still remains36, how did he keep his wonderful zoological collection alive? Some of them could live only in certain latitudes37; the inhabitants of cold climates would melt away amidst the torrid heat of Central Asia. Then, again, there are some insects that live only a few hours, and some that live a few days at the utmost: what means were adopted for preserving these? Some animals, too, do not pair, but run in herds39; many species of fish swim in shoals; sometimes males and sometimes females predominate, as in the case of deer, where one male heads and appropriates a whole herd38 of females, or in the case of bees, where many males are devoted40 to the queen of the hive. These could not have gone in pairs, or lived in pairs; their instincts pointed41 to another method of grouping. How did Noah provide for their due preservation42? When these questions are answered others speedily arise; in fact, there is no end to the difficulties of this marvellous story.
2. Whence and how did Noah procure43 the food for his huge menagerie? That he was obliged to do so, that the animals were not miraculously45 preserved without food, we are certain; for he was expressly commanded by God to gather food for himself and for them. "Take thou unto thee," it was said to him, "of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them." What provision was made for the carnivorous animals, for lions, tigers, vultures, kites, and hawks46? Some of these would require not simply meat, but fresh meat, which could not be provided for them unless superfluous47 animals were taken into the ark to be killed, or Noah had learned the art of potting flesh. Otters48 would require fish, chameleons49 flies, woodpeckers grubs, night-hawks moths50, and humming-birds the honey of flowers. What vast quantities of water also would be consumed! In fact, the task of collecting food to last all the inmates51 of the ark, including the eight human beings, for more than a year, must have been greater even than that of bringing them together in the first place from every zone. The labors52 of Hercules were mere53 trifles compared with those of Noah. Poor old patriarch! He amply earned his salvation54. Had he been possessed55 of one tithe56 of Jacob's cunning and business sagacity, he would have struck a better bargain with God, and have got into the ark on somewhat easier terms. Few men would have undertaken so much to gain so little.
3. How were all the animals, with their food, got into the ark? The dimensions as given in the Bible would be insufficient57 to accommodate a tithe of them; the ark could not have contained them all, if they were packed together like herrings or sardines58. Even if they were so packed, space would still be required for their food; and for what a vast quantity! An animal even with man's moderate appetite would consume in the course of twelve months solid matter to the extent of four or five times its own weight, and some animals are of course far more voracious59. This difficulty as to stowing the animals and their food into the ark is quite insuperable; it is not to be obviated60 by any employment of miraculous44 intervention61. Not even omnipotence62 can make a clock strike less than one, and God himself must fail to make two things occupy the same space at the same time.
4. How where the inmates of this floating menagerie, supposing them got in, supplied with fresh air? According to the Bible narrative the ark was furnished with but one window of a cubit square, and one door which was shut by God himself, and it may be presumed, quite securely fastened. Talk about the Black-hole of Calcutta, why it was nothing to this! What a scramble63 there must have been for that solitary64 window and a mouthful of fresh air! Lions, tigers, jackals, hyaenas, boa-constrictors, kangaroos, eagles, owls19, bees, wasps, bluebottles, with Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, and their wives, all in one fierce melee65. But the contention66 for the precious vital air must, however violent, have soon subsided68: fifteen minutes would have settled them all. Yet curiously69 enough the choking animals-suffered no appreciable70 injury; by some occult means they were all preserved from harm; which furnishes another illustration of the mysterious ways of God. What powerful perfumes, too, must have arisen from all those animals! So powerful indeed that even the rancid flavor of foxes and skunks71 must have been undistinguishable from the blended scents72 of all their fellow passengers. Those who have visited Wombwell's menagerie, or stood in the monkey-house of the Zoological Gardens, doubtless retain a lively recollection of olfactory73 disgust, even although in those places the must scrupulous74 cleanliness is observed; but their experience of such smells would have been totally eclipsed if they could but for a moment have stood within Noah's ark amidst all its heterogeneous75 denizens76. However the patriarch and his sons managed to cleanse77 this worse than Augean stable passes all understanding. And then what trampings they must have had up and down those flights of stairs communicating with the three storeys of the ark, in order to cast all the filth78 out of that one window. No wonder their children afterwards began to build a tower of Babel to reach unto heaven; it was quite natural that they should desire plenty of steps, to mount, so as to gratify fully79 the itch80 of climbing they had inherited from their parents.
5. Where did all the water come from? According to the Bible story the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fifty days, and covered all the high hills and mountains under the whole heaven. Now mount Ararat itself, on which the Ark eventually rested, is seventeen thousand feet high, and the utmost peaks of Himalaya are nearly twice as high as that; and to cover the whole earth with water to such a tremendous height would require an immense quantity of water; in fact, about eight times as much as is contained in all the rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans of our globe. Whence did all this water come? The Scripture22 explanation is sadly insufficient; the fountains of the great deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened, and the rain was upon the earth for forty days and forty nights. The writer evidently thought that there were great fountains at the bottom of the sea, capable of supplying water in unlimited81 quantities from some central reservoir; but science knows nothing whatever about them; nay82, science tells us that the internal reservoir, if there be one, must contain not water, but liquid fire. If this great reservoir poured its contents into the sea, the result would be similar to that frightful83 catastrophe84 imagined by the Yankee who wished to see Niagara Falls pour into Mount Vesuvius.
The supply from that quarter thus failing, we are forced back upon the rain which descended85 from the windows of heaven, wherever they may be. It rained forty days and forty nights. Forty days and forty nights! Why forty million days and nights of rain would not have sufficed. The writer was evidently in total ignorance of the laws of hydrology. The rain which falls from the clouds originally comes from the waters of the earth, being absorbed into the atmosphere by the process of evaporation86. The utmost quantity of water that can thus be held in suspense87 throughout the entire atmosphere is very small; in fact, if precipitated88, it would only cover the ground to the depth of about five inches. After the first precipitation of rain, the process of evaporation would have to be repeated; that is, for every additional descent of rain a proportionate quantity of water would have to be extracted from the rivers, lakes, and seas below. Now, surely every sane89 man must perceive that this pretty juggle90 could not add one single drop to the previously91 existing amount of water, any more than a man could make himself rich by taking money out of one pocket and putting it into another. The fabled92 man who is reported to have occupied himself with dipping up water from one side of a boat and emptying it over on the other, hoping thereby93 to bale the ocean dry, must have been the real author of this story of Noah and his wonderful ark.
Some Christian94 writers, such as Dr. Pye Smith, Dr. Barry, and Hugh Miller, have contended that the author of the book of Genesis is describing not a universal but a partial deluge; not a flood which submerged the whole earth, out one that merely covered some particular part of the great Central Asian plains. But surely, apart from any consideration pertaining95 to the very emphatic96 language of the text, rational men must perceive that the difficulty is not obviated by this explanation, but rather increased. How could the waters ascend97 in one place to the height of seventeen thousand feet (the height of Mount Ararat) without overflowing98 the adjacent districts, and, indeed, the whole earth, in conformity99 to the law of gravitation? Delitzch is bold enough to assert that the flood of water was ejected with such force from the fountains beneath that it assumed quite naturally a conical shape. But then, even supposing that this explication were anything but sheer silliness, which it is not, how would the learned commentator100 account for the water retaining its conical shape for months after the force of upheaval101 had expended102 itself? These explanations are entirely103 fanciful and groundless. The language of the narrative is sufficiently104 explicit105 "And all flesh died that moved upon the earth;" "all in whose nostrils106 was the breath of life;" "and every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground;" and "Noah only remained alive and they that were with him in the ark." Such are the precise unmistakeable words of Scripture, which no sophistry107 can explain away. But even if the contention for a partial deluge could be made good, the fundamental difficulties would still remain. As Colenso observes, the flood, "whether it be regarded as a universal or a partial deluge, is equally incredible and impossible."
Geology absolutely contradicts the possibility of any such catastrophe as the deluge within the historic period. According to Sir Charles Lyell, no devastating108 flood could have passed over the forest zone of ?tna during the last twelve thousand years; and the volcanic109 cones110 of Auvergne, which enclose in their ashes the remains of extinct animals, and present an outline as perfect as that of ?tna, are deemed older still. Kalisch forcibly presents this aspect of the question: "Geology teaches the impossibility of a universal deluge since the last six thousand years, but does not exclude a partial destruction of the earth's surface within that period. The Biblical text, on the other hand, demands the supposition of a universal deluge, and absolutely excludes a partial flood."
6. What became of all the fish? In such a deluge the rivers and seas must have mingled111 their waters, and this, in conjunction with the terrific outpour from the windows of heaven, must have made the water brackish112, too salt for fresh-water fish, and too fresh for salt-water fish; and consequently the aquatic113 animals must all have perished, unless, indeed, they were miraculously preserved—a contingency114 which anyone is free to conjecture115, out no one is at liberty to assert, seeing that the inspired writer never even hints such a possibility. Now there is no evidence whatever that Noah took and fish with him into the ark; under natural circumstances they must have perished outside; yet the seas and rivers still teem116 with life. When did the new creation of fish take place?
7. What became of all the vegetation? Every particle of it must have rotted during such a long submergence. But even if mysteriously preserved from natural decay, it must still have been compressed into a mere pulp117 by the terrific weight of the super-incumbent water. Colenso estimates that the pressure of a column of water 17,000 feet high would be 474 tons upon each square foot of surface—a pressure which nothing could have resisted. Yet, wonderful to relate, just prior to the resting of the ark on Mount Ararat, the dove sent out therefrom returned with an olive leaf in her mouth just pluckt off. A fitting climax118 to this wonderful story.
Finally the story relates how the ark rested on the top of Mount Ararat, whence its inmates descended to the plains below, which were then quite dry. Mount Ararat towers aloft three thousand feet above the region of eternal snow. How the poor animals, aye, even the polar bear, must have shivered! And what a curious sight it must have been to witness their descent from such a height Often have I speculated on the probable way in which the elephant got down, and after much careful thought I have concluded thus: either he had waxed so fat with being fed so long on miraculous food that he rolled pleasantly down like a ball, with no other injury than a few scratches; or he had become so very, very thin with living simply on expectations, in default of more substantial fare, that he gently floated down by virtue119 of levity120, like a descending121 feather.
And then what journeys some of the poor animals would have to make; the kangaroo back to Australia, the sloth to South America, the polar bear to the extreme north. How they lived on the road to their ultimate destinations the Lord only knows. There was no food for them; the deluge had destroyed all vegetation for the herbiverous animals, all flesh for the carniverous. Not even a nibble122 was left for the sheep.
As for poor Noah, the first thing recorded of him after his watery123 expedition is that he drank heavily of wine and got into a state of beastly inebriation124. And who can wonder that he did so? The poor old man had floated about on oceans of water for more than a year, and probably he was heartily125 sick of his watery prospect126. The astonishing thing is that he did not get water on the brain. It was quite natural that he should swill127 deep potations of some stronger fluid on the first available opportunity. Surely he had water enough during that twelve months to last a lifetime; enough to justify128 his never touching129 the wretched fluid again.
While Noah was dead drunk, his second son. Ham, saw "the nakedness of his father," and reported the fact to his two brethren, who took a garment and, walking backwards130 so that they might not see, covered the patriarch's nudity. On recovering from his drunken stupor131, Noah discovered "what his younger son had done unto him," and proceeded at once to vigorous cursing. Ham was the offender132, if there was any offence at all, which is not very clear; but punishment in the Bible is generally vicarious, and we read that the irate133 patriarch cursed Canaan, the son of Ham, for his father's misdemeanor. Flagitiously unjust as it is, this proceeding134 thoroughly135 accords with Jehovah's treatment of Adam's posterity136 after he and Eve had committed their first sin by eating of the forbidden fruit.
Before Noah got drunk he had received from God the assurance that the world should never more be destroyed by a flood. As a perpetual sign of this covenant137 the rainbow was set in the heavens. But the rainbow must have been a common sight for centuries before. This phenomenon of refraction is the result of natural causes which operated before the Flood, as well as after. The earth yielded its fruits for human sustenance138, and therefore rain must have fallen. If rain fell before the Deluge, as we are bound to conclude, the rainbow must have been then as now. The usual practice of commentators139 is to explain this portion of the narrative by assuming that the rainbow was visible before the covenant with Noah, but only after the covenant had a special significance. But, as Colenso observes, the writer of the story supposes the rainbow was then first set in the clouds, and is evidently accounting140 for the origin of this beautiful phenomenon, which might well appear supernatural to his uninstructed imagination.
Besides the manifold absurdities141 of this story there are other aspects of it even more startling. What a picture it presents of fiendish cruelty and atrocious vindictiveness142! What an appalling143 exhibition of divine malignity144! God, the omnipotent145 and omniscient146 ruler of the universe, is represented as harboring and executing the most diabolical147 intentions. He ruthlessly exterminates148 all his children except a favored few, and includes in his vengeance149 the lower animals also, although they were innocent of offence against his laws. Every creature in whose nostrils was the breath of life, with the exception of those persevered150 in the ark, was drowned, and the earth was turned into a vast slaughter-house. How imagination pictures the terrible scene as the waters rise higher and higher, and the ravening151 waves speed after their prey152! Here some wretched being, baffled and hopeless, drops supinely into the raging flood; there a stronger and stouter153 heart struggles to the last. Here selfish ones battling for their own preservation; there husbands and wives, parents and children, lovers and maidens154, affording mutual155 aid, or at last, in utter despair, locked in a final embrace and meeting death together. And when the waters subside67, what a sickening scene presents itself! Those plains, once decked with verdure, and lovely in the sun and breeze, are covered with the bones of a slaughtered156 world. How can the Christian dare to justify such awful cruelty? The God of the Pentateuch is not a beneficent universal father, but an almighty fiend.
This story of Noah's Flood is believed still because people never examine what is taught them as the word of God. Every one who analyses the story must pronounce it the most extraordinary amalgam157 of immorality158 and absurdity159 ever palmed off on a credulous160 world.
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1
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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incurably
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| ad.治不好地 | |
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physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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vaguely
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| adv.含糊地，暖昧地 | |
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inveigled
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| v.诱骗，引诱( inveigle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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swoop
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| n.俯冲，攫取；v.抓取，突然袭击 | |
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feline
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| adj.猫科的 | |
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progeny
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| n.后代，子孙；结果 | |
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perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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contrive
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| vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 | |
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sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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locomotion
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| n.运动，移动 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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transcend
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| vt.超出，超越(理性等)的范围 | |
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wasps
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| 黄蜂( wasp的名词复数 )； 胡蜂； 易动怒的人； 刻毒的人 | |
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vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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elusive
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| adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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miraculously
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| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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hawks
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| 鹰( hawk的名词复数 )； 鹰派人物，主战派人物 | |
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superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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otters
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| n.（水）獭( otter的名词复数 )；獭皮 | |
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chameleons
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| n.变色蜥蜴，变色龙( chameleon的名词复数 ) | |
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moths
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| n.蛾( moth的名词复数 ) | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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53
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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54
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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55
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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56
tithe
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| n.十分之一税；v.课什一税，缴什一税 | |
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57
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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58
sardines
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| n. 沙丁鱼 | |
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59
voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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60
obviated
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| v.避免，消除（贫困、不方便等）( obviate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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62
omnipotence
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| n.全能，万能，无限威力 | |
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63
scramble
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| v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料 | |
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64
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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65
melee
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| n.混战；混战的人群 | |
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66
contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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67
subside
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| vi.平静，平息；下沉，塌陷，沉降 | |
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68
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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69
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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70
appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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71
skunks
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| n.臭鼬( skunk的名词复数 )；臭鼬毛皮；卑鄙的人；可恶的人 | |
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72
scents
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| n.香水( scent的名词复数 )；气味；（动物的）臭迹；（尤指狗的）嗅觉 | |
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73
olfactory
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| adj.嗅觉的 | |
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74
scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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75
heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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76
denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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77
cleanse
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| vt.使清洁，使纯洁，清洗 | |
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78
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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79
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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80
itch
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| n.痒，渴望，疥癣；vi.发痒，渴望 | |
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81
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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82
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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83
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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84
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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85
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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86
evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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87
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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88
precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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89
sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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90
juggle
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| v.变戏法，纂改，欺骗，同时做；n.玩杂耍，纂改，花招 | |
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91
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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92
fabled
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| adj.寓言中的，虚构的 | |
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93
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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94
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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95
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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96
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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97
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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98
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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99
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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100
commentator
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| n.注释者，解说者；实况广播评论员 | |
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101
upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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102
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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103
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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104
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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105
explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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106
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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107
sophistry
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| n.诡辩 | |
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108
devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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109
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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110
cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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111
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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112
brackish
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| adj.混有盐的；咸的 | |
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113
aquatic
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| adj.水生的，水栖的 | |
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114
contingency
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| n.意外事件，可能性 | |
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115
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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116
teem
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| vi.(with)充满，多产 | |
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117
pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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118
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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119
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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120
levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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121
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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122
nibble
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| n.轻咬，啃；v.一点点地咬，慢慢啃，吹毛求疵 | |
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123
watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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124
inebriation
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| n.醉，陶醉 | |
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125
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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126
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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127
swill
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| v.冲洗；痛饮；n.泔脚饲料；猪食；（谈话或写作中的）无意义的话 | |
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128
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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129
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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130
backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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131
stupor
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| v.昏迷；不省人事 | |
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132
offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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133
irate
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| adj.发怒的，生气 | |
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134
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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135
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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136
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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137
covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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138
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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139
commentators
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| n.评论员( commentator的名词复数 )；时事评论员；注释者；实况广播员 | |
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140
accounting
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| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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141
absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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142
vindictiveness
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| 恶毒；怀恨在心 | |
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143
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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144
malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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145
omnipotent
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| adj.全能的，万能的 | |
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146
omniscient
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| adj.无所不知的；博识的 | |
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147
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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148
exterminates
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| n.消灭，根绝( exterminate的名词复数 )v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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149
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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150
persevered
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| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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151
ravening
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| a.贪婪而饥饿的 | |
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152
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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153
stouter
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| 粗壮的( stout的比较级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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154
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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155
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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156
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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157
amalgam
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| n.混合物；汞合金 | |
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158
immorality
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| n. 不道德, 无道义 | |
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159
absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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160
credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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