As the Freethinker was published at the people's price of a penny, and was always edited in a lively style, with a few short articles and plenty of racy paragraphs, it succeeded from the first; and becoming well known, not through profuse10 advertisement, but through the recommendation of its readers, its circulation increased every week. Within a year of its birth it had outdistanced all its predecessors11. No Freethought journal ever progressed with such amazing rapidity. True, this was largely due to the fact that the Freethought party had immensely increased in numbers; but much of it was also due to the policy of the paper, which supplied, as the advertising13 gentry14 say, "a long-felt want." Although the first clause of its original programme was never wholly forgotten, we gradually paid the greatest attention to the second, indulging more and more in Ridicule and Sarcasm, and more and more cultivating Common Sense. A dangerous policy, as I was sometimes warned; but for that very reason all the more necessary. The more Bigotry15 writhed16 and raged, the more I felt that our policy was telling. Borrowing a metaphor17 from Carlyle's "Frederick," I likened Superstition to the boa, which defies all ponderous18 assaults, and will not yield to the pounding of sledge-hammers, but sinks dead when some expert thrusts in a needle's point and punctures19 the spinal20 column.
I had a further incentive21. Mr. Bradlaugh's infamous22 treatment by the bigots had revolutionised my ideas of Freethought policy. Although never timid, I was until then practically ignorant of the horrible spirit of persecution23; and with the generous enthusiasm of youth I fondly imagined that the period of combat was ended, that the liberty of platform and press was finally won, that Supernaturalism was hopelessly scotched24 although obviously not slain25, and that Freethinkers should now devote themselves to cultivating the fields they had won instead of raiding into the enemy's territory. Alas26 for the illusions of hope! They were rudely dispelled27 by a few "scenes" in the House of Commons, and barred from all chance of re-gathering by the wild display of intolerance outside. I saw, in quite another sense than Garth Wilkinson's, the profound truth of his saying that—
"The Duke of Wellington's advice, Do not make a little war, is
applicable to internal conflicts against evil in society. For
little wars have no background of resources, they do not know
the strength of the enemy, and the peace that follows them for
the most part leaves the evil in dispute nearly its whole territory;
perhaps is purchased by guaranteeing the evil by treaty; and
leaves the case of offence more difficult of attack by reason
("Human Science and Divine Revelation," Preface, p. vi.)
Yes, the war with Superstition must be fought a outrance. We must decline either treaty or truce30. I hold that the one great work of our time is the destruction of theology, the immemorial enemy of mankind, which has wasted in the chase of chimeras31 very much of the world's best intellect, fatally perverted32 our moral sentiments, fomented33 discord34 and division, supported all the tyranny of privilege and sanctioned all debasement of the people. Far be it from me to argue this point with any dissident. I prefer to leave him to the logic35 of events, which has convinced me, and may some day convince him.
But to recur36. Before the Freethinker had reached its third number I began to reflect on the advisability of illustrating37 it, and bringing in the artist's pencil to aid the writer's pen. I soon resolved to do this, and the third and fourth numbers contained a woodcut on the front page. In the fifth number there appeared an exquisite38 little burlesque39 sketch40 of the Calling of Samuel, by a skilful41 artist whose name I cannot disclose. Although not ostensibly, it was actually, the first of those Comic Bible Sketches42 for which the Freethinker afterwards became famous; and from that date, with the exception of occasional intervals43 due to difficulties there is no need to explain, my little paper was regularly illustrated44. During the whole twelve months of my imprisonment45 the illustrations were discontinued by my express order. I was not averse46 to their appearing, but I knew the terrible obstacles and dangers my temporary successor would have to meet, and I left him a written prohibition47 of them, which he was free to publish, in order to shield him against the possible charge of cowardice48. Since my release from prison they have been resumed, and they will be continued until I go to prison again, unless I see some better reason than Christian menace for their cessation.
The same fifth number of the Freethinker contained an account of the first part of "La Bible Amusante," issued by the Anti-Clerical publishing house in the Rue12 des Ecoles. That notice was from my own pen, and I venture to reprint the opening paragraphs.
"Voltaire's method of attacking Christianity has always approved
itself to French Freethinkers. They regard the statement that
deadliest enemies of their faith. Superstition dislikes argument,
but it hates laughter. Nimble and far-flashing wit is more
and the great humorists and wits of the world have done far
more to clear its head and sweeten its heart than all its
sober philosophers from Aristotle to Kant.
"We in England have Comic Histories, Comic Geographies, and
would scream with terror. But Bumble and Mrs. Grundy are less
important personages in France, and so the country of Rabelais
and Voltaire produces what we are unable to tolerate in thought."
I concluded by saying—"We shall introduce the subsequent numbers to the attention of our readers, and, if possible, we shall reproduce in the Freethinker some of the raciest plates. We shall be greeted with shrieks54 of pious55 wrath56 if we do so, but we are not easily frightened."
There was really more than editorial fashion in this "we," for at that time Mr. Ramsey was half proprietor57 of the Freethinker, and his consent had of course to be obtained before I could undertake such a dangerous enterprise. I gladly avow1 that he showed no hesitation58; on the contrary, he heartily59 fell in with the project. He frankly60 left the editorial conduct of our paper in my hands, despised the accusation61 of Blasphemy, and defied its law. His half-proprietorship of the Freethinker has terminated, but we still work together in our several ways for the cause of Freethought. Mr. Ramsey went with me into the furnace of persecution, and he bore his sufferings with manly62 fortitude63.
The Freethinker steadily64 progressed in circulation, and in January, 1882, I was able to secure the services of my old friend, Joseph Mazzini Wheeler, as sub-editor. He had for long years contributed gratuitously65 to my literary ventures, and those who ever turn over a file of the Secularist67 or the Liberal will see with what activity he wielded68 his trenchant69 pen. When he became my paid sub-editor, our relations remained unchanged. We worked as loyal colleagues for a cause we both loved, and treated as a mere70 accident the fact of my being his principal. The same feeling animates71 us still, nor do I think it can ever suffer alteration72.
The new year's number, dated January 1, 1882, referred to Mr. Wheeler's accession, and to that of Dr. Edward Aveling, who then became a member of the regular staff. It also referred to the policy of the Freethinker, and to another subject of the gravest interest—namely, the threats of prosecution73 which had appeared in several Christian journals. As "pieces of justification," to use a French phrase, I quote these two passages:
"Our ill-wishers (what journal has none?) have been of two kinds.
In the first place, the Christians74, disgusted with our "blasphemy,"
predicted a speedy failure. The wish was father to the thought.
These latter-day prophets were just as false as their predecessors.
Now that they witness our indisputable success, they shake their
heads, look at us askance, mutter something like curses, and pray
the Lord to turn us from our evil ways. One or two bigots, more
than ordinarily foolish, have threatened to suppress us with the
strong arm of the law. We defy them to do their worst. We have
part in dragging the monster of persecution into the light of day,
even at the cost of some bites and scratches. As the Freethinker
and more. The war with superstition should be ruthless. We ask
no quarter and we shall give none.
"Secondly, we have had to encounter the dislike of mealy-mouthed
Freethinkers, who want omelettes without breaking of eggs
and revolutions without shedding of blood. They object to
ridiculing people who say that twice two are five. They even
resent a dogmatic statement that twice two are four. Perhaps
they think four and a half a very fair compromise. Now this
cause was ever won by the half-hearted. Let us be faithful
assail error without tenderness or mercy. And if, as we believe,
ridicule is the most potent weapon against superstition, we
shall not scruple to use it."
These extracts from my old manifestoes may possess little other value, but they at least show this, that the peculiar85 policy of the Freethinker was not adopted in a moment of levity, but was from the first deliberately86 pursued; and that while I held on the even tenor87 of my way, I was fully88 conscious of its dangers.
Early in January there fell into my hands a copy of a circular to Members of Parliament by Henry Varley, the Notting Hill revivalist. This person was a notorious trader in scandal, and he still pursues that avocation89. Many of his discourses90 are "delivered to men only," an advertisement which is sure to attract a large audience; and one of them, which he has published, is just on a level with the quack91 publications that are thrust into young men's hands in the street. Henry Varley had already issued one private circular about Mr. Bradlaugh, full of the most brazen92 falsehoods and the grossest defamation93; and containing, as it did, garbled94 extracts from Mr. Bradlaugh's writings, and artfully-manipulated quotations95 from books he had never written or published, it undoubtedly96 did him a serious injury. The new circular was worthy97 of the author of the first. It was addressed "To the Members of the House of Commons," and was "for private circulation only." The indignant butcher, for that is his trade, wished "to submit to their notice the horrible blasphemies98 that are appended, and quoted from a new weekly publication issued from the office where Mr. Bradlaugh's weekly journal, the National Reformer, is published. The paper is entitled the Freethinker, and is edited by G. W. Foote, one of Mr. Bradlaugh's prominent supporters, and one of his right hand men at the Hall of Science." The Commons of England were also requested to notice that "Dr. Aveling, who for some years has been one of Mr. Bradlaugh's chief helpers, is another contributor to this disgraceful product of Atheism99." In conclusion, they were called upon to "devise means to stay this hideous100 prostitution of the liberty of the Press, by making these shameless blasphemers amenable101 to the existing law."
It is a curious thing that such a fervid102 champion of religion should always attack unbelievers with private circulars. Yet this is the policy that Henry Varley has always pursued. He is a religious bravo, who lurks103 in the dark, and strikes at Freethinkers with a poisoned dagger104. More than once he has flooded Northampton with the foulest105 libels on Mr. Bradlaugh, invariably issued without the printer's name, in open violation106 of the law. He is liable for a fine of five pounds for every copy circulated, but the action must be initiated107 by the Attorney-General, and our Christian Government refuses to punish when the offence is committed by one of their own creed108, and the sufferer is only an Atheist109.
Varley's circular served its evil purpose, for soon after Parliament assembled in February, Mr. C. K. Freshfield, member for Dover, asked the Home Secretary whether the Government intended to prosecute110 the Freethinker.
Sir William Harcourt gave the following reply:
"I am sorry to say my attention has been called to a paper
bearing the title of the Freethinker, published in Northampton,
and I agree that nothing can be more pernicious to the minds of
right-thinking people than publications of that description—
(cheers)—but I think it has been the view for a great many
years of all persons responsible in these matters, that more
harm than advantage is produced to public morals by Government
prosecutions in cases of this kind. (Hear, hear). I believe
they are better left to the reprobation111 which they will meet
in this country from all decent members of society. (Cheers)."
This highly disingenuous112 answer was characteristic of the member for Derby. His reference to the Freethinker as published at Northampton, clearly proves that he had never seen it; and his unctuous113 allusions114 to "public morals" and "decent members of society" are further evidence in the same direction. The Freethinker was accused of blasphemy, but until Sir William Harcourt gave the cue not even its worst enemies charged it with indecency. In a later stage of my narrative115 I shall have to show that the "Liberal" Home Secretary has acted the part of an unscrupulous bigot, utterly116 regardless of truth, justice and honor.
I thought it my duty to write an open letter to Sir William Harcourt on the subject of his answer to Mr. Freshfield, in which I said—"I tell you that you could not suppress the Freethinker if you tried. The martyr spirit of Freethought is not dead, and the men who suffered imprisonment for liberty of speech a generation ago have not left degenerate117 successors. Should the necessity arise, there are Freethinkers who will not shrink from the same sacrifice for the same cause." The sequel has shown that this was no idle boast.
A few days later the Freethinker was again the subject of a question in the House. Mr. Redmond, member for New Ross, asked the Home Secretary "whether the Government had power to seize and summarily suppress newspapers which they considered pernicious to public morals; and, if so, why that power was not exercised in the case of the Freethinker and other papers now published and circulated in England." Sir William Harcourt repeated the answer he gave to Mr. Freshfield, and added that it would not be discreet118 to say whether the Government had power to seize obnoxious119 publications.
Mr. Redmond's question was a fine piece of impudence120. Assuming that he represented all the voters in New Ross, his constituents121 numbered two hundred and sixty-one; and they could all be conveyed to Westminster in a tithe122 of the vehicles that brought people to Holloway Gaol123 to welcome me on the morning of my release. The total population of New Ross, including men, women and children, is less than seven thousand; a number that fell far short of the readers of the Freethinker even then. Representing a mere handful of people, Mr. Redmond had the audacity124 to ask for the summary suppression of a journal which is read in every part of the English-speaking world.
Nothing further of an exciting nature in connexion with my case occurred until early in May, when a prosecution for Blasphemy was instituted at Tunbridge Wells against Mr. Henry Seymour, Honorary Secretary of the local branch of the National Secular66 Society. This Branch had been the object of continued outrage125 and persecution, chiefly instigated126, I have reason to believe, by Canon Hoare. The printed announcements outside their meeting-place were frequently painted over in presence of the police, who refused to interfere127. Finally the police called on all the local bill-posters and warned them against exhibiting the Society's placards. Stung by these disgraceful tactics, Mr. Seymour issued a jocular programme of an evening's entertainment at the Society's hall, one profane128 sentence of which, while it in no way disturbed the peace or serenity129 of the town, aroused intense indignation in the breasts of the professional guardians130 of religion and morality. They therefore cited Mr. Seymour before the Justices of the Peace, and charged him with publishing a blasphemous131 libel. He was committed for trial at the next assizes, and in the meantime liberated132 on a hundred pounds bail133. Acting134 under advice, Mr. Seymour pleaded guilty, and was discharged on finding sureties for his appearance when called up for judgment135. This grievous error was a distinct encouragement to the bigots. Their appetite was whetted136 by this morsel137, and they immediately sought a full repast.
My own attitude was one of defiance138. In the Freethinker of May 14 I denounced the bigots as cowards for pouncing139 on a comparatively obscure member of the Freethought party, and I challenged them to attack its leaders before they assailed140 the rank and file. This challenge was cited against me on my own trial, but I do not regret it; and indeed I doubt if any man ever regretted that his sense of duty triumphed over his sense of danger.
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1
avow
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| v.承认，公开宣称 | |
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avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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sarcasm
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| n.讥讽，讽刺，嘲弄，反话 （adj.sarcastic） | |
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profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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advertising
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| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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writhed
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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metaphor
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| n.隐喻，暗喻 | |
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ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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punctures
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| n.（尖物刺成的）小孔( puncture的名词复数 )；（尤指）轮胎穿孔；（尤指皮肤上被刺破的）扎孔；刺伤v.在（某物）上穿孔( puncture的第三人称单数 )；刺穿（某物）；削弱（某人的傲气、信心等）；泄某人的气 | |
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spinal
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| adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的 | |
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incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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persecution
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scotched
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| v.阻止( scotch的过去式和过去分词 )；制止（车轮）转动；弄伤；镇压 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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chimeras
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| n.（由几种动物的各部分构成的）假想的怪兽( chimera的名词复数 )；不可能实现的想法；幻想；妄想 | |
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perverted
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| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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fomented
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| v.激起，煽动（麻烦等）( foment的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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recur
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| vi.复发，重现，再发生 | |
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illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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burlesque
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| v.嘲弄，戏仿；n.嘲弄，取笑，滑稽模仿 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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horrify
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| vt.使恐怖，使恐惧，使惊骇 | |
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blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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heartily
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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64
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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65
gratuitously
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| 平白 | |
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66
secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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67
secularist
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| n.现世主义者，世俗主义者；宗教与教育分离论者 | |
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68
wielded
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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69
trenchant
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| adj.尖刻的，清晰的 | |
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70
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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71
animates
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| v.使有生气( animate的第三人称单数 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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72
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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73
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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74
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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75
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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76
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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77
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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78
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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79
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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80
recreancy
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| n.胆小；怯懦；不忠；变节 | |
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81
shun
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| vt.避开，回避，避免 | |
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82
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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83
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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84
innuendo
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| n.暗指，讽刺 | |
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85
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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86
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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87
tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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88
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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89
avocation
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| n.副业，业余爱好 | |
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90
discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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91
quack
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| n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人；骗子 | |
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92
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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93
defamation
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| n.诽谤；中伤 | |
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94
garbled
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| adj.（指信息）混乱的，引起误解的v.对（事实）歪曲，对（文章等）断章取义，窜改( garble的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
quotations
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| n.引用( quotation的名词复数 )；[商业]行情（报告）；（货物或股票的）市价；时价 | |
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96
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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97
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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98
blasphemies
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| n.对上帝的亵渎，亵渎的言词[行为]( blasphemy的名词复数 )；侮慢的言词（或行为） | |
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99
atheism
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| n.无神论，不信神 | |
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100
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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101
amenable
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| adj.经得起检验的；顺从的；对负有义务的 | |
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102
fervid
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| adj.热情的；炽热的 | |
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103
lurks
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| n.潜在，潜伏；（lurk的复数形式）vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的第三人称单数形式） | |
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104
dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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105
foulest
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| adj.恶劣的( foul的最高级 )；邪恶的；难闻的；下流的 | |
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106
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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107
initiated
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| n. 创始人 adj. 新加入的 vt. 开始，创始，启蒙，介绍加入 | |
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108
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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109
atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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110
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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111
reprobation
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| n.斥责 | |
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112
disingenuous
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| adj.不诚恳的，虚伪的 | |
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113
unctuous
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| adj.油腔滑调的，大胆的 | |
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114
allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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115
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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116
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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117
degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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118
discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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119
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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120
impudence
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| n.厚颜无耻；冒失；无礼 | |
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121
constituents
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| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
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122
tithe
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| n.十分之一税；v.课什一税，缴什一税 | |
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123
gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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124
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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125
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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126
instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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128
profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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129
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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130
guardians
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| 监护人( guardian的名词复数 )； 保护者，维护者 | |
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131
blasphemous
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| adj.亵渎神明的，不敬神的 | |
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132
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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133
bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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134
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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135
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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136
whetted
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| v.（在石头上）磨（刀、斧等）( whet的过去式和过去分词 )；引起，刺激（食欲、欲望、兴趣等） | |
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137
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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138
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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139
pouncing
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| v.突然袭击( pounce的现在分词 )；猛扑；一眼看出；抓住机会（进行抨击） | |
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140
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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